The evaporation of droplets of 1 to 2 mm. diameter into still air has been studied with nine liquids forming a series of graded volatility from toluene to aniline and including water. The experimental results agreed with calculations based on diffusion and heat transfer theory. The surface temperature of the more volatile droplets was found to be significantly lower than the bulk temperature, in contrast to Johnson's results for water. Convection effects were found to be present with 43 mm. diameter evaporation vessels in confirmation of Gilliland's suggestion, but were absent in the smaller vessels used in the main investigation.
{"title":"THE EVAPORATION OF DROPLETS IN STILL AIR","authors":"G. Langstroth, C. Diehl, E. Winhold","doi":"10.1139/CJR50A-049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50A-049","url":null,"abstract":"The evaporation of droplets of 1 to 2 mm. diameter into still air has been studied with nine liquids forming a series of graded volatility from toluene to aniline and including water. The experimental results agreed with calculations based on diffusion and heat transfer theory. The surface temperature of the more volatile droplets was found to be significantly lower than the bulk temperature, in contrast to Johnson's results for water. Convection effects were found to be present with 43 mm. diameter evaporation vessels in confirmation of Gilliland's suggestion, but were absent in the smaller vessels used in the main investigation.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"208 1","pages":"580-595"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75800174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has been customary in applications of diffusion theory to evaporation problems to consider the liquid surface as fixed in solving for the vapor distribution in the adjacent space. A more rigorous treatment, involving solution of the diffusion equation with moving boundaries, has been applied to the problem of evaporation from droplets and flat surfaces. The results indicate that the equations obtained by the method of quasi-stationary states are good to a high degree of approximation under ordinary circumstances.
{"title":"APPLICATIONS OF DIFFUSION THEORY TO EVAPORATION FROM DROPLETS AND FLAT SURFACES","authors":"G. Luchak, G. Langstroth","doi":"10.1139/CJR50A-048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50A-048","url":null,"abstract":"It has been customary in applications of diffusion theory to evaporation problems to consider the liquid surface as fixed in solving for the vapor distribution in the adjacent space. A more rigorous treatment, involving solution of the diffusion equation with moving boundaries, has been applied to the problem of evaporation from droplets and flat surfaces. The results indicate that the equations obtained by the method of quasi-stationary states are good to a high degree of approximation under ordinary circumstances.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"13 1","pages":"574-579"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82079196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2-Cyclohexanone acetic acid ethyl ester oxime was hydrogenated in acidic medium to the corresponding amino ester, which is of the cis form, as by ring closure it gives a hexahydrooxindole which in turn is reduced by lithium aluminum hydride to cis-octahydroindole. Also, it has been shown that the amino ester can be transformed into cis-aminoethylcyclohexane. The high pressure Raney nickel hydrogenation of the oxime ester followed by lithium aluminum hydride reduction gave also cis-octahydroindole, although in neutral medium the trans form could have been expected.
{"title":"SYNTHESIS IN THE SERIES OF ERYTHRINA ALKALOIDS: II. STERIC CONFIGURATION OF THE SYNTHETIC BASE","authors":"E. Clair, F. H. Clarke, W. Edmiston, K. Wiesner","doi":"10.1139/CJR50B-090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50B-090","url":null,"abstract":"2-Cyclohexanone acetic acid ethyl ester oxime was hydrogenated in acidic medium to the corresponding amino ester, which is of the cis form, as by ring closure it gives a hexahydrooxindole which in turn is reduced by lithium aluminum hydride to cis-octahydroindole. Also, it has been shown that the amino ester can be transformed into cis-aminoethylcyclohexane. The high pressure Raney nickel hydrogenation of the oxime ester followed by lithium aluminum hydride reduction gave also cis-octahydroindole, although in neutral medium the trans form could have been expected.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"12 1","pages":"745-749"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72724090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The acetals, 1,1,3-trimethoxybutane, 1,1,3-triethoxybutane, and 1,1,3-tri-n-propoxybutane have been pyrolyzed by passage over a synthetic barium silicate at various temperatures. The yields of the 1-alkoxy-1,3-butadienes isolated from the products of pyrolysis were 80, 45, and 36% respectively. A limited number of catalysts of compositions varying from BaO: 2SiO2 to BaO: 10SiO2 have been prepared, including the recommended, BaO: 5SiO2. The qualitative effect of catalyst composition of some of these silicates on the yield of 1-methoxy-1,3-butadiene has been described. trans-1-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene has been isolated and characterized by means of reactions with maleic anhydride, and a solution containing cis and trans molecules has been analyzed and shown to contain 60% cis-1-methoxy-1,3-butadiene.
{"title":"THE PREPARATION OF 1-ALKOXY-1,3-BUTADIENES BY PYROLYSIS OF TRIALKOXYBUTANES: II. CIS- AND TRANS-1-METHOXY-, 1-ETHOXY-, AND 1-n-PROPOXY-1,3-BUTADIENES","authors":"C. G. Farmilo, R. V. V. Nicholls","doi":"10.1139/CJR50B-084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50B-084","url":null,"abstract":"The acetals, 1,1,3-trimethoxybutane, 1,1,3-triethoxybutane, and 1,1,3-tri-n-propoxybutane have been pyrolyzed by passage over a synthetic barium silicate at various temperatures. The yields of the 1-alkoxy-1,3-butadienes isolated from the products of pyrolysis were 80, 45, and 36% respectively. A limited number of catalysts of compositions varying from BaO: 2SiO2 to BaO: 10SiO2 have been prepared, including the recommended, BaO: 5SiO2. The qualitative effect of catalyst composition of some of these silicates on the yield of 1-methoxy-1,3-butadiene has been described. trans-1-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene has been isolated and characterized by means of reactions with maleic anhydride, and a solution containing cis and trans molecules has been analyzed and shown to contain 60% cis-1-methoxy-1,3-butadiene.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"1 1","pages":"689-700"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86439579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. F. Crawford, A. Schawlow, F. M. Kelly, W. M. Gray
An atomic beam source and a fast spectrograph which have been used effectively in hyperfine structure investigations are described. The camera objective of the spectrograph is an off-axis paraboloidal mirror. The procedures used to determine the nuclear moments of the two silver isotopes, I = 1/2 for each isotope, μ(Ag107) = − 0.087 n.m. and μ(Ag109) = − 0.160 n.m., are reported.
{"title":"AN ATOMIC BEAM SOURCE AND SPECTROGRAPH FOR HYPERFINE STRUCTURE. NUCLEAR MOMENTS OF SILVER","authors":"M. F. Crawford, A. Schawlow, F. M. Kelly, W. M. Gray","doi":"10.1139/CJR50A-047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50A-047","url":null,"abstract":"An atomic beam source and a fast spectrograph which have been used effectively in hyperfine structure investigations are described. The camera objective of the spectrograph is an off-axis paraboloidal mirror. The procedures used to determine the nuclear moments of the two silver isotopes, I = 1/2 for each isotope, μ(Ag107) = − 0.087 n.m. and μ(Ag109) = − 0.160 n.m., are reported.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"2012 1","pages":"558-573"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86431230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Turnip plants, heavily infested with the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), were inoculated with a virulent strain of Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel), the causal organism of black rot disease of turnips, and placed in special cages together with healthy turnip plants. Some aphids of both species were allowed to migrate naturally, and others were transferred mechanically from the diseased to the healthy plants, but no symptoms of black rot ever appeared in any of the latter plants. X. campestris was isolated from only 15% of the B. brassicae and from less than 1% of the M. persicae taken from the diseased plants. Aphids of both species were artificially contaminated externally with X. campestris by exposures to Petri plate and broth cultures of the pathogen. Internal contamination of other aphids of both species was accomplished by feeding them 0.2% aqueous dextrose solutions containing X. campestris. The pathogen was isolated from individuals m bo...
{"title":"The role of the aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae, in the spread of Xanthomonas campestris, the causal organism of black rot of Turnips.","authors":"Norma M. Stapleton, L. Mcdermott","doi":"10.1139/CJR50C-043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50C-043","url":null,"abstract":"Turnip plants, heavily infested with the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), were inoculated with a virulent strain of Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel), the causal organism of black rot disease of turnips, and placed in special cages together with healthy turnip plants. Some aphids of both species were allowed to migrate naturally, and others were transferred mechanically from the diseased to the healthy plants, but no symptoms of black rot ever appeared in any of the latter plants. X. campestris was isolated from only 15% of the B. brassicae and from less than 1% of the M. persicae taken from the diseased plants. Aphids of both species were artificially contaminated externally with X. campestris by exposures to Petri plate and broth cultures of the pathogen. Internal contamination of other aphids of both species was accomplished by feeding them 0.2% aqueous dextrose solutions containing X. campestris. The pathogen was isolated from individuals m bo...","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"2013 1","pages":"699-705"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87726264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clumps of Gracilaria confervoides (L.) Grev. several meters long and several kilograms in weight have been found growing on clean sand bottom. These plants do not arise from the usual discoid holdfast on a buried stone, etc., but each is anchored by enwrapment of main strands to the tube of a worm, Diopatra ornata Moore. This enwrapping was observed to occur by mechanical obstruction of loose hanks of the alga by projecting worm tubes during extreme low tides on winter nights. In three months the alga was cemented to the tube by unexplained action. A coaction of alga and tube worm apparently exists that establishes plant shelter for small animals on an otherwise unsuitable substratum, thus increasing the complexity of the community on such sites. It is suggested that perennating marine algae produce much the same seasonal shelter for animals as do the deciduous plants of terrestrial communities.
{"title":"NATURAL ANCHORING OF THE RED ALGA, GRACILARIA CONFERVOIDES (L.) GREV. ON UNSTABLE BOTTOM BY ASSOCIATION WITH AN ANNELID WORM","authors":"R. W. Pillsbury","doi":"10.1139/CJR50C-026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50C-026","url":null,"abstract":"Clumps of Gracilaria confervoides (L.) Grev. several meters long and several kilograms in weight have been found growing on clean sand bottom. These plants do not arise from the usual discoid holdfast on a buried stone, etc., but each is anchored by enwrapment of main strands to the tube of a worm, Diopatra ornata Moore. This enwrapping was observed to occur by mechanical obstruction of loose hanks of the alga by projecting worm tubes during extreme low tides on winter nights. In three months the alga was cemented to the tube by unexplained action. A coaction of alga and tube worm apparently exists that establishes plant shelter for small animals on an otherwise unsuitable substratum, thus increasing the complexity of the community on such sites. It is suggested that perennating marine algae produce much the same seasonal shelter for animals as do the deciduous plants of terrestrial communities.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"17 1","pages":"471-476"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73672350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. C. Coffin, J. Devins, J. Dingle, J. Greenblatt, T. .. Ingraham, S. Schrage
An 80° isothermal naphthalene calorimeter analogous to the Bunsen ice calorimeter has been constructed and calibrated. The heat to be measured is made to change the solid/liquid ratio of naphthalene at its melting point, and the resulting volume change is determined by the displacement of mercury in a horizontal capillary tube. The naphthalene chamber is surrounded by the vapor of benzene boiling under an automatically controlled pressure at the melting point of naphthalene. The benzene vapor and the partially frozen naphthalene are separated by an evacuated space.This 80° calorimeter is four times as sensitive as the ice calorimeter and is much more convenient to operate. It is readily adapted to micro work and can be used for fast or slow endothermic or exothermic processes. In the setup described, heats up to about 400 cal. may be measured with a reproducibility of the order of 0.1%. Two different methods of calibration, however, gave "constants" differing by almost 1%. It is thus evident that the inst...
{"title":"AN 80 °C. ISOTHERMAL CALORIMETER","authors":"C. C. Coffin, J. Devins, J. Dingle, J. Greenblatt, T. .. Ingraham, S. Schrage","doi":"10.1139/CJR50B-070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50B-070","url":null,"abstract":"An 80° isothermal naphthalene calorimeter analogous to the Bunsen ice calorimeter has been constructed and calibrated. The heat to be measured is made to change the solid/liquid ratio of naphthalene at its melting point, and the resulting volume change is determined by the displacement of mercury in a horizontal capillary tube. The naphthalene chamber is surrounded by the vapor of benzene boiling under an automatically controlled pressure at the melting point of naphthalene. The benzene vapor and the partially frozen naphthalene are separated by an evacuated space.This 80° calorimeter is four times as sensitive as the ice calorimeter and is much more convenient to operate. It is readily adapted to micro work and can be used for fast or slow endothermic or exothermic processes. In the setup described, heats up to about 400 cal. may be measured with a reproducibility of the order of 0.1%. Two different methods of calibration, however, gave \"constants\" differing by almost 1%. It is thus evident that the inst...","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"208 1","pages":"579-592"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74587005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The heat of the "explosive" crystallization of electrolytically deposited amorphous antimony has been directly determined at 40 °C. in a modified Bunsen-type calorimeter using benzalacetone as the working substance. Correction was made for the amount of antimony trichloride in the deposits and for the crystallization that had taken place between their preparation and explosion. Sixteen runs on exceptionally uniform specimens containing between 4.0 and 7.9% antimony trichloride gave 21.8 cal. per gm. for the heat of explosion, which thus appears to be independent of the antimony trichloride content.
{"title":"STUDIES ON EXPLOSIVE ANTIMONY: IV. THE HEAT OF EXPLOSION AT 40 °C.","authors":"C. C. Coffin, C. Hubley","doi":"10.1139/CJR50B-076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50B-076","url":null,"abstract":"The heat of the \"explosive\" crystallization of electrolytically deposited amorphous antimony has been directly determined at 40 °C. in a modified Bunsen-type calorimeter using benzalacetone as the working substance. Correction was made for the amount of antimony trichloride in the deposits and for the crystallization that had taken place between their preparation and explosion. Sixteen runs on exceptionally uniform specimens containing between 4.0 and 7.9% antimony trichloride gave 21.8 cal. per gm. for the heat of explosion, which thus appears to be independent of the antimony trichloride content.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"6 1","pages":"644-647"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89040531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalytic dehydrogenation of 4-methylquinoline and 6-methylquinoline has been shown to give the corresponding dimethyl-2,2′-biquinolyls. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of the quinolines and biquinolyls have been measured, and the color reaction of the dimethylbiquinolyls with cuprous ion investigated. In all properties examined the dimethylbiquinolyls and biquinolyl behave in a parallel manner.
{"title":"DIMETHYL-2,2′-BIQUINOLYLS","authors":"J. Breckenridge","doi":"10.1139/CJR50B-071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50B-071","url":null,"abstract":"Catalytic dehydrogenation of 4-methylquinoline and 6-methylquinoline has been shown to give the corresponding dimethyl-2,2′-biquinolyls. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of the quinolines and biquinolyls have been measured, and the color reaction of the dimethylbiquinolyls with cuprous ion investigated. In all properties examined the dimethylbiquinolyls and biquinolyl behave in a parallel manner.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"100 ","pages":"593-598"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91551889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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