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A Case of Multiple Tongue Hamartomas with Cleft Palate: 7 Years of Follow-Up. 一例伴有腭裂的多发性舌咸疣:7年随访
Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1177/01455613241272494
Yuelin Qin, Ningning Hu, Runze Zhang, Xuecai Yang, Junwei Wang

Hamartoma is a congenital benign lesion commonly found in the lungs, kidneys, colon, and other regions, but it is seldom seen in the oral cavity. Multiple hamartoma occurrences in the tongue are particularly rare. This article describes a 7-day-old female infant with multiple tongue tumors and a cleft palate, who had difficulty feeding and subsequently underwent tumor removal under general anesthesia. Nine months later, a cleft palate repair was performed. No genetic abnormalities were detected in the genetic testing. After the tumor removal, follow-ups were conducted every year to observe any recurrence of the tumors, the morphology and function of the tongue, and any systemic abnormalities. After 7 years of follow-up, there was no recurrence of the tumors, and the morphology and function of the tongue were normal, with no systemic diseases found. It is crucial to conduct multidisciplinary consultations for children diagnosed with multiple tongue hamartomas and to monitor their overall development while addressing oral lesions.

火腿肠瘤是一种先天性良性病变,常见于肺、肾、结肠等部位,但很少见于口腔。舌头上出现多个火腿肠瘤尤为罕见。本文描述了一名出生 7 天的女婴,她患有多发性舌肿瘤和腭裂,喂养困难,随后在全身麻醉下接受了肿瘤切除手术。九个月后,进行了腭裂修复手术。基因检测未发现异常。肿瘤切除后,每年进行一次随访,以观察肿瘤是否复发、舌头的形态和功能以及是否出现全身异常。经过 7 年的随访,肿瘤没有复发,舌头的形态和功能正常,也没有发现全身性疾病。对确诊为多发性舌体火腿肠瘤的儿童进行多学科会诊,并在处理口腔病变的同时监测其整体发育情况至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
An Unusual Case of Fibrous Dysplasia Mimicking Frontal Mucocele. 一个罕见的纤维增生症病例,模仿额部淤血。
Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1177/01455613241291677
Elif Gozgec, Abdulkadir Sahin
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引用次数: 0
Reliability of a Tailored Tele-Medicine Model for Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS) Clinical Practice in Remote Areas of Nepal: A Pilot Study from Tertiary Referral Center. 尼泊尔偏远地区耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(ORL-HNS)临床实践中定制远程医疗模式的可靠性:来自三级转诊中心的试点研究。
Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1177/01455613241291168
Bigyan Raj Gyawali, Obaidullah, Saurav Ghimire, Ashutosh Kashyap, Umesh Jang Rai, Prashant Tripathi, Kunjan Acharya

Introduction: Despite the ever-expanding scope of telemedicine, studies regarding its application in the field of otorhinolaryngology-head and neck surgery (ORL-HNS) in remote parts of the world are lacking. This pilot study aims to bridge the research gap and to assess the efficacy of our tailored telemedicine clinic model, operating in an "asynchronous" mode, in diagnosing various ORL-HNS diseases. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care center of Nepal. An asynchronous telemedicine portal was used with a store and share approach to telecast the pen endoscopic camera findings to the consultant in order to formulate a diagnosis and a management plan. Interobserver reliability was assessed using SPSS version 26 based on Cohen's kappa. The association between the results of the Mimi Hearing App (v. 5.0) and pure tone audiometry were performed using chi-square test. Results: The overall diagnostic agreement in our study was substantial to almost perfect with kappa values of .843, .784, .737, and .764 for rhinology, head and neck, otology, and pediatric cases. Chronic otitis media was the predominant diagnosis across all age groups. Various head and neck swellings, symptomatic deviated nasal septum and chronic rhinosinusitis with polyposis followed closely. Discussion: The future of telemedicine in otorhinolaryngology can be gauged to be effective in reducing cost and human resource use in the limited setting of Nepal with the model allowing for remote but effective communication between the concerned patients and the expert doctor in clarifying doubts and making diagnosis, early recognition of diseases and preventing or decreasing complications of those diseases.

导言:尽管远程医疗的范围不断扩大,但在世界偏远地区的耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(ORL-HNS)领域却缺乏对其应用的研究。本试点研究旨在弥补这一研究空白,并评估我们以 "异步 "模式运行的定制远程医疗诊所模式在诊断各种 ORL-HNS 疾病方面的疗效。研究方法这是一项在尼泊尔一家三级医疗中心进行的横断面研究。使用异步远程医疗门户网站,以存储和共享的方式将笔式内窥镜摄像结果远程传输给顾问,以便制定诊断和管理计划。使用 SPSS 26 版基于 Cohen's kappa 评估了观察者之间的可靠性。米米听力应用程序(5.0 版)的结果与纯音测听结果之间的关联采用卡方检验。结果显示在我们的研究中,鼻科、头颈部、耳科和儿科病例的总体诊断一致性非常高,几乎达到完美,卡帕值分别为 0.843、0.784、0.737 和 0.764。慢性中耳炎是所有年龄组的主要诊断。紧随其后的是各种头颈部肿胀、有症状的鼻中隔偏曲和伴有息肉的慢性鼻炎。讨论:在尼泊尔有限的环境中,远程医疗可有效降低成本和人力资源的使用,其模式允许相关患者与专家医生之间进行远程但有效的沟通,以澄清疑虑、做出诊断、早期识别疾病并预防或减少这些疾病的并发症。
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引用次数: 0
Benign Solitary Schwannoma of the Cheek: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature. 颊部良性单发性许旺瘤:病例报告和文献综述。
Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1177/01455613241290178
Amin Khbou, Samia Meherzi, Ons Mnif, Oumaima Beldi, Afifa Charfi

Schwannomas are generally known to be benign tumors that arise from Schwann cells. The most frequently encountered tumors of this type in ENT are vestibular schwannomas or acoustic neuromas. However, head and neck localization, although rare, has been documented in the literature. We present the case of a 13-year-old girl who presented with chronic swelling of the left cheek, leading to aesthetic discomfort. Clinical examination objectified a palpable swelling on both the external and internal sides of the left cheek. No other abnormalities were detected during the clinical examination. Ultrasound of the soft tissues identified the left cheek swelling as corresponding to a subcutaneous cyst. No further investigations were indicated for this patient. The treatment consisted of surgical excision via an intraoral approach with an internal buccal incision. Histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of schwannoma. Schwannoma, a benign neurologic tumor, is rarely located in the face, particularly in the jaw. Its diagnosis is confirmed through histopathological examination, and treatment typically involves complete surgical removal when feasible.

众所周知,许旺瘤是由许旺细胞产生的良性肿瘤。耳鼻喉科最常见的此类肿瘤是前庭裂神经瘤或听神经瘤。不过,头颈部局部肿瘤虽然罕见,但也有文献记载。我们介绍了一例 13 岁女孩的病例,她的左脸颊长期肿胀,导致美观不适。临床检查发现,左侧脸颊外侧和内侧均可触及肿物。临床检查未发现其他异常。软组织超声波检查发现,左脸颊肿胀与皮下囊肿相对应。该患者无需进行进一步检查。治疗包括通过口腔内切口进行手术切除。组织学分析证实了裂隙瘤的诊断。分裂瘤是一种良性神经系统肿瘤,很少位于面部,尤其是下颌。其诊断需要通过组织病理学检查来确认,治疗方法通常是在可行的情况下进行彻底的手术切除。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Hyaluronic Acid Nasal Injections in the Treatment of Traumatic Olfactory Dysfunction. 富血小板血浆和透明质酸鼻腔注射治疗外伤性嗅觉功能障碍的效果。
Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1177/01455613241291710
Rong-San Jiang, Yi-Fang Chiang

Objective: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been injected into the olfactory cleft to treat olfactory dysfunction related to coronavirus disease 2019. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of PRP combined with hyaluronic acid (HA) nasal injection in the treatment of traumatic olfactory dysfunction. Methods: Patients who had lost olfactory function after experiencing head trauma and were willing to receive PRP and HA nasal injections for treatment were enrolled. Before nasal injection, 10 cc of blood was drawn from the patients. The drawn blood was injected into a centrifuge tube for processing, and finally, 5 cc of the PRP mixed with HA was drawn out using an empty syringe. The PRP mixed with HA was injected into the upper part of the middle nasal septum and the medial side of the middle turbinate of the patient's nasal cavity under a nasal endoscope. The olfactory function of each patient was evaluated by the phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) odor detection threshold test before and at both 1 and 3 months after nasal injection and the traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test at 3 months after nasal injection. Results: A total of 28 patients received PRP and HA nasal injections between August and December of 2023 and came back for evaluation of the effect. In all, 20 (71.4%) patients felt their olfactory function improved 1 month after injection, and 24 of 28 (85.7%) patients reported their olfactory function improved at 3 months after injection. The bilateral or unilateral PEA threshold decreased in 22 (78.6%) patients 1 month after injection, and decreased in 15 (53.6%) patients 3 months after injection. Conclusions: Our results show that PRP and HA nasal injections were associated with favored patient-reported outcomes and improved the olfactory threshold in the treatment of traumatic olfactory dysfunction.

目的:富血小板血浆(PRP)已被注射到嗅裂,用于治疗与冠状病毒病有关的嗅觉功能障碍。本研究旨在评估 PRP 与透明质酸(HA)鼻腔注射相结合治疗外伤性嗅觉功能障碍的效果。研究方法入选患者均为头部外伤后丧失嗅觉功能且愿意接受PRP和HA鼻腔注射治疗的患者。鼻腔注射前,从患者体内抽取 10 毫升血液。将抽出的血液注入离心管进行处理,最后用空注射器抽出 5 cc PRP 混合 HA。在鼻内窥镜下,将混有 HA 的 PRP 注入患者鼻腔的中鼻中隔上部和中鼻甲内侧。在鼻腔注射前、注射后 1 个月和 3 个月,通过苯乙醇(PEA)气味检测阈值测试对每位患者的嗅觉功能进行评估;在鼻腔注射后 3 个月,通过宾夕法尼亚大学气味识别测试的繁体中文版对每位患者的嗅觉功能进行评估。结果2023年8月至12月期间,共有28名患者接受了PRP和HA鼻腔注射,并再次进行了效果评估。共有 20 名(71.4%)患者在注射 1 个月后感觉嗅觉功能有所改善,28 名患者中有 24 名(85.7%)在注射 3 个月后表示嗅觉功能有所改善。注射 1 个月后,22 名患者(78.6%)的双侧或单侧 PEA 阈值下降,注射 3 个月后,15 名患者(53.6%)的 PEA 阈值下降。结论:我们的研究结果表明,在治疗外伤性嗅觉功能障碍的过程中,PRP 和 HA 鼻腔注射与患者报告的良好疗效相关,并能改善嗅觉阈值。
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引用次数: 0
Extended Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery with Total Cyst Wall Decollement for Suprasellar Cystic Craniopharyngioma: Case Report and Literature Review. 扩展内窥镜经蝶窦手术治疗星状上囊性颅咽管瘤:病例报告和文献综述。
Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1177/01455613241291744
Jie Liu, Junwei Wang, Pan Wang, Nan Wu

For most cystic craniopharyngiomas, intracapsular debulking is a good strategy to get a large operation space and protect vital structures. However, this surgical strategy may lead to the residual and recurrence of the tumor capsule wall. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new surgical strategy without residual capsule walls for the removal of cystic craniopharyngiomas. We reviewed a 45-year-old male with vision loss and visual field defects, whose head MRI revealed a suprasellar cystic lesion. The patient underwent extended endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. The surgical strategy of total cystic wall decollement was adopted, which was that the lesion surrounded by the capsule was completely separated from the surrounding tissue without destroying the capsule and maintaining the tension of the capsule. The lesion was totally resected and pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of craniopharyngioma. After the operation, both the visual acuity and pituitary function were significantly improved. In addition, he suffered from transient diabetes insipidus, which was subsequently relieved. During the 33-month follow-up, there was no tumor recurrence. Compared with the traditional surgical strategy of intracapsular debulking, the surgical strategy of total cystic wall decollement has the advantages of less residual tumor capsules, low tumor recurrence rates, etc. Therefore, for specific cystic craniopharyngiomas, the surgical strategy of total cystic wall decollement may be an effective surgical strategy to reduce tumor recurrence.

对于大多数囊性颅咽管瘤而言,囊内剥除术是获得较大手术空间和保护重要结构的良好策略。然而,这种手术策略可能会导致肿瘤囊壁的残留和复发。因此,切除囊性颅咽管瘤急需一种无残留囊壁的新手术策略。我们对一名视力下降和视野缺损的45岁男性患者进行了回顾性研究,其头部磁共振成像显示其为鞍上囊性病变。患者接受了扩大内窥镜经蝶手术。手术采用了全囊壁切除策略,即在不破坏囊的情况下将囊内病灶与周围组织完全分离,并保持囊的张力。病灶被完全切除,病理结果确诊为颅咽管瘤。术后,患者的视力和垂体功能均有明显改善。此外,他还患上了一过性糖尿病,随后病情得到缓解。在 33 个月的随访中,肿瘤没有复发。与传统的囊内剥除术相比,全囊壁切除术具有肿瘤残囊少、肿瘤复发率低等优点。因此,对于特殊的囊性颅咽管瘤,全囊壁剥脱术可能是减少肿瘤复发的有效手术策略。
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引用次数: 0
Psychopathologic Evaluation in Patients With Nasal Bone Fractures. 鼻骨骨折患者的心理病理学评估
Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1177/01455613241290498
Songul Demir, M Mahir Akbudak, Bilal Sizer

Background: Nasal bone fractures are pretty common. The most common causes include interpersonal violence, traffic accidents, sports injuries, and falls. This study aimed to assess patients presenting with nasal bone fractures not only for nasal trauma but also for personality disorders, impulsivity, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using psychiatric questionnaires. Methods: The study included 41 patients, and the control group consisted of 43 volunteers without nasal bone fracture; neither the patients nor the volunteers had previously been diagnosed with or treated for psychiatric disorders. The psychiatric questionnaires administered were the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Short Form (EPQR-S), the Barratt Impulsivity Scale-Short Form (BIS-11-SF), and Turgay's Adult ADD/ADHD DSM-IV-based Scale. Results: The most common cause of nasal bone fractures in our study was violence (41.5%), followed by traffic accidents (29.3%), falls (17%), and sports injuries (12.2%). In the EPQR-S assessment, the nasal bone fracture (NBF) group had significantly-higher total scores than the control group (CG) (P < .001). In the subscales of the questionnaire, extroversion, psychoticism, and lie subscale scores were higher in the NBF group than in the CG. In the BIS-11-SF assessment, the NBF group had higher total scores than the CG (P < .001). Assessment using Turgay's adult ADD/ADHD DSM IV-based diagnostic screening and rating scale revealed no statistically-significant difference between the NBF group and the CG in terms of attention deficit and hyperactivity. Conclusion: We found that psychoticism patterns and impulsivity were more prevalent in the patient group, whereas ADD/ADHD was not. The results of our study suggest that performing a psychiatric assessment may be the right decision in patients presenting with NBFs caused by violence, whether they are the aggressor or the victim.

背景介绍鼻骨骨折相当常见。最常见的原因包括人际暴力、交通事故、运动损伤和跌倒。本研究旨在使用精神科问卷评估鼻骨骨折患者不仅是否有鼻部创伤,还包括人格障碍、冲动和注意力缺陷/多动症(ADHD)。研究方法研究对象包括 41 名患者,对照组包括 43 名没有鼻骨骨折的志愿者;患者和志愿者之前均未被诊断出患有精神障碍或接受过精神障碍治疗。所使用的精神病学问卷包括艾森克人格问卷修订版-简表(EPQR-S)、巴拉特冲动量表-简表(BIS-11-SF)和基于 DSM-IV 的图尔盖成人注意力缺失/多动症量表。研究结果在我们的研究中,最常见的鼻骨骨折原因是暴力(41.5%),其次是交通事故(29.3%)、跌倒(17%)和运动损伤(12.2%)。在 EPQR-S 评估中,鼻骨骨折组(NBF)的总分明显高于对照组(CG)(P < .001)。在问卷的分量表中,NBF 组的外向性、精神病性和谎言分量表得分均高于对照组。在 BIS-11-SF 评估中,NBF 组的总分高于 CG 组(P < .001)。使用 Turgay 基于 DSM IV 的成人注意力缺失/多动症诊断筛查和评级量表进行的评估显示,在注意力缺失和多动方面,NBF 组与 CG 组之间没有显著的统计学差异。结论我们发现,精神病模式和冲动在患者组中更为普遍,而注意力缺陷障碍/多动症则不然。我们的研究结果表明,对于因暴力引起的 NBF 患者,无论他们是施暴者还是受害者,进行精神病学评估都可能是正确的决定。
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引用次数: 0
Adult Simultaneous Cochlear Implantation: Local Anesthesia. 成人同步耳蜗植入术:局部麻醉。
Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1177/01455613241291166
Nawaf Fatani, Asma Alahmadi, Yousef Almassalmeh, Ahmad M Abdelrahman, Nasser Alotaibi, Medhat Yousef, Mohammed Alotaibi, Fares Aldokhayel, Abdulrahman Hagr

Purpose: Cochlear implant (CI) surgery is conventionally done under general anesthesia (GA). However, many patients are unable to undergo GA due to various reasons, raising the need for an alternative safe option. CI under local anesthesia is feasible and safely done in patients who can't tolerate GA. This approach allows for device fitting immediately after surgery. This study aims to evaluate simultaneous bilateral cochlear implant (BiCI) surgery performed under local anesthesia with sedation in adults. To our knowledge, this is the largest cohort of patients who underwent this approach. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review in a tertiary center. We included all adult patients who underwent simultaneous BiCI under local anesthesia with sedation from 2018 to 2024. The feasibility of BiCI under local anesthesia with sedation was assessed through clinical, surgical, audiological, and patient questionnaire data. Results: Six patients underwent simultaneous BiCI with local anesthetic and sedation. Mean age was 41.7 ± 16.0, comprising 66.7% male and 33.3% female. No intraoperative problems were encountered. All woke up from sedation without any agitation or difficulties. Their recovery was uneventful. No dizziness, nausea, or vomiting were reported. The device was activated immediately postoperatively. Pure tone audiometry, speech reception threshold, and word recognition score were significantly improved. Positive experiences were reported in all patients. Conclusion: Bilateral simultaneous cochlear implantation under local anesthesia in adults is achievable, through a multidisciplinary approach. This approach is a potential alternative option for some patients and could optimize their hearing rehabilitation.

目的:人工耳蜗植入(CI)手术通常在全身麻醉(GA)下进行。然而,许多患者由于各种原因无法接受全身麻醉,因此需要另一种安全的选择。对于无法忍受全身麻醉的患者来说,在局部麻醉下进行 CI 是可行且安全的。这种方法允许术后立即安装设备。本研究旨在评估在局部麻醉和镇静下同时进行的成人双侧人工耳蜗植入(BiCI)手术。据我们所知,这是接受这种方法的最大一批患者。方法:这是在一家三级医疗中心进行的回顾性病历审查。我们纳入了 2018 年至 2024 年期间在局麻镇静下接受同步 BiCI 的所有成人患者。通过临床、手术、听力学和患者问卷调查数据评估了镇静局部麻醉下 BiCI 的可行性。结果:六名患者在局部麻醉和镇静的情况下同时进行了 BiCI。平均年龄为(41.7 ± 16.0)岁,其中男性占 66.7%,女性占 33.3%。术中未出现任何问题。所有人都从镇静中醒来,没有任何躁动或困难。术后恢复顺利。没有头晕、恶心或呕吐的报告。术后立即启动了设备。纯音测听、言语接收阈值和单词识别评分均有明显改善。所有患者都获得了积极的体验。结论通过多学科方法,在局部麻醉下对成人进行双侧同步人工耳蜗植入是可行的。这种方法对某些患者来说是一种潜在的替代选择,可以优化他们的听力康复。
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引用次数: 0
Sudden Blindness as the Only Symptom Caused by a Small Sphenoid Sinus Mucocele in a Young Child. 幼童突发性失明是鼻小窦腔粘液瘤引起的唯一症状
Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1177/01455613241290174
Feng-Li Cheng, Lan Han, Dan-Ni Xu, Fei-Yang Li, Ting-Ting Li, Shi-Yong Liang, Yun-Fang An, Chang-Qing Zhao

Background: Sphenoid sinus mucocele (SSM) represents a relatively rare disease among pediatric population as compared to adults, with a 1% to 3% incidence of all paranasal sinus mucoceles. Since the initial symptoms varied often, SSM caused blindness was scarcely seen. Case Presentation: Here we described an unusual case of small, isolated SSM causing acute visual loss in a 9-year-old girl. The patient first consulted an ophthalmologist for her right blindness. A diagnosis of SSM was suspected indicated by an orbital MRI scan. Thereafter the patient was referred to our department and an endoscopic sphenoidotomy and optic nerve decompression was performed. Surprisingly, her vision was relieved immediately after surgery, followed by dramatic improvement during the postoperative 20-month follow-up period. Conclusion: To our knowledge, a better understanding of SSM in pediatrics is essential for clinicians, including neurologists, ophthalmologists, and otolaryngologists to make early diagnoses and correct treatment by MRI and CT scan. Prompt surgical intervention of endoscopic transnasal sphenoidectomy is a quite safe, effective, and minimally invasive method for patients.

背景:与成人相比,蝶窦粘液瘤(SSM)在儿童中是一种相对罕见的疾病,发病率占所有副鼻窦粘液瘤的 1%至 3%。由于最初的症状往往不尽相同,导致失明的鼻窦粘液瘤很少见。病例介绍:我们在此描述了一例不寻常的病例,患者是一名 9 岁女孩,因小而孤立的 SSM 导致急性视力丧失。患者因右眼失明首先就诊于眼科医生。眼眶磁共振成像扫描显示,患者被怀疑诊断为 SSM。随后,患者被转诊至我科,并接受了内窥镜蝶鞍切除术和视神经减压术。令人惊讶的是,她的视力在术后立即得到缓解,并在术后 20 个月的随访期间得到显著改善。结论:据我们所知,临床医生(包括神经科医生、眼科医生和耳鼻喉科医生)必须更好地了解儿科的 SSM,才能通过核磁共振成像和 CT 扫描做出早期诊断和正确治疗。对患者来说,及时进行内窥镜下经鼻鼻翼切除术是一种相当安全、有效和微创的手术干预方法。
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引用次数: 0
Keratocystoma of the Parotid Gland: A Rare Case and Review of the Literature. 腮腺角化囊肿:罕见病例与文献综述
Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1177/01455613241287012
Liyan Liu, Haoyue Xu, Yi Ren, Xiaohong Zhan, Lingxue Bu

Keratocystoma of the parotid gland is a rare benign salivary gland tumor. In 2022, the World Health Organization added keratocystoma to the classification of benign parotid tumors. Recently, our hospital encountered a case involving a 2-year-old child, making this the youngest patient reported to date. We excised part of the parotid gland and lesion under general anesthesia while preserving the facial nerve. There was no local recurrence during the 1-year follow-up period after surgery. Despite its rarity, it is essential to consider the possibility of keratocystoma and distinguish it from other benign neoplastic lesions of the parotid gland.

腮腺角化囊肿是一种罕见的良性唾液腺肿瘤。2022 年,世界卫生组织将角化囊肿列入腮腺良性肿瘤分类。最近,我院接诊了一例2岁的患儿,这也是迄今为止报道的年龄最小的患者。我们在全身麻醉下切除了部分腮腺和病灶,同时保留了面神经。术后 1 年随访期间,局部未见复发。尽管角化囊肿非常罕见,但考虑到其可能性并将其与腮腺的其他良性肿瘤病变区分开来是非常重要的。
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引用次数: 0
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Ear, nose, & throat journal
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