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Background: Literacy campaigns stand as the most common approach to raising awareness of mental health problems, increasing the use of services, and reducing stigma. However, research suggests that more informed public beliefs may have little effect or even trigger the stigma backlash. We aim to provide a wider, cross-national examination of how stigma varies globally and to examine whether the ability to recognize a mental health problem and see it as "a disease like any other" is the optimal roadmap for stigma reduction.

Methods: Data came from the Stigma in Global Context - Mental Health Study (SGC-MHS), which were collected from non-institutionalized adults 18 years of age or older through face-to-face interviews using vignettes meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4^th edition clinical criteria for schizophrenia and major depression in 17 countries (N = 18,342; response rate 65.9%). Analyses of association between the public's endorsement of problem recognition, disease attributions, and severity on the desire for social distance were conducted using multivariate regression models in the structural equation modeling framework.

Results: For both depression and schizophrenia, countries fell into three groups of low, medium and high levels of public stigma. Consistently, Brazil and Germany anchored the lowest levels, Bangladesh and Hungary reported the highest levels, with Great Britain, USA, Belgium falling in midrange. Measures of mental health literacy did not have uniform effects, but, where significant, tended to align with expectations under labelling theory's ideas about rejection rather than attribution theory's claims for mental health literacy. Ironically, the most stable factor associated with lower stigma is the assessment that the situation will improve on its own, in direct contradiction to literacy theories.

Conclusion: Overall results suggest that anti-stigma efforts should move past a focus on mental health literacy or at least recognize its limitation and potential unintended consequences. Recognizing a situation as a mental illness can change the public's support for mental health services to some extent. The association between seeing the problem resolving on its own and lower stigma levels suggests that newer approaches that focus on connectedness and mental health may hold greater purchase to decrease public stigma and increase recovery.

Background and objectives: Despite its extensive utilization, research on Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT)'s potential negative impact on specific cognitive processes is scarce. This article explores the widespread use of ChatGPT in educational, corporate, and various other sectors, focusing on its interaction with distinct cognitive domains such as attention, executive function, language, memory, visuospatial abilities, and social cognition.

Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, identifying 256 articles, with 29 peer-reviewed articles analyzed after screening for relevance.

Results: The review emphasizes the extraordinary capabilities of the human brain, which often go unrecognized, and argues for the importance of maintaining and enhancing natural cognitive abilities using artificial intelligence tools like ChatGPT as an aid rather than a replacement. The findings highlight the advanced reasoning capabilities of ChatGPT, blending intuitive and deliberate cognitive processes.

Conclusion: Building a socio-cognitive architecture for collective human-machine intelligence has significant potential. While ChatGPT offers impressive capabilities, over-reliance on it for cognitive tasks can lead to the erosion of essential skills. It is crucial to find a balance between leveraging artificial intelligence's advantages and preserving our natural cognitive abilities, ensuring continuous practice and engagement in traditional cognitive exercises.

Respiratory fluid dynamics is integral to comprehending the transmission of infectious diseases and the effectiveness of interventions such as face masks and social distancing. In this research, we present our recent studies that investigate respiratory particle transport via high-fidelity large eddy simulation coupled with the Lagrangian particle tracking method. Based on our numerical simulation results for human respiratory events with and without face masks, we demonstrate that facial masks could significantly suppress particle spreading. The studied respiratory events include coughing and normal breathing through mouth and nose. Using the Lagrangian particle tracking simulation results, we elucidated the transport pathways of saliva particles during inhalation and exhalation of breathing cycles, contributing to our understanding of respiratory physiology and potential disease transmission routes. Our findings underscore the importance of respiratory fluid dynamics research in informing public health strategies to reduce the spread of respiratory infections. Combining advanced mathematical modeling techniques with experimental data will help future research on airborne disease transmission dynamics and the effectiveness of preventive measures such as face masks.

Background: In recent years, cervical cancer screening among Black women in the United States has declined, followed by increased incidence and mortality. We aim to evaluate the individual, sociocultural, and structural barriers to cervical cancer screening in relationship to the exam technique barriers.

Methods: Participants received cervical cancer self-screening kits in the mail. They returned their samples and a quantitative survey developed from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) modules designed to address the known individual, sociocultural, and structural barriers to screening. We established the fourteen attributes of cervical cancer screening techniques from prior work. Participants then shared their experiences in a semi-structured qualitative interview informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to explore the answers to the survey questions. We coded themes from the interviews. Women were grouped as younger (30-45 years) and older (46-65 years).

Results: Of the 41 women completing the study, 21 were in the younger age group (mean 37.3, SD 4.7), and 20 were in the older age group (56.5 (5.5)). All participants self-identified as African American/Black and were due for cervical cancer screening. Women indicated that individual, sociocultural, and structural barriers influenced their cervical cancer screening, but the most significant barrier was the speculum-based technique itself. Three positive attributes and eight negative attributes significantly differed by screening technique, favoring the self-screening technique.

Conclusions: The self-screening technique for screening for cervical cancer is feasible and acceptable to this group of Black women.

Purpose of review: Our review aims to compare and contrast Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19's impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes. We have made significant progress in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome prevention and treatment over the last few decades. Drawing on empirical evidence with past public health crises can offer valuable insights into dealing with current and future pandemics. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct a comparative analysis of the resemblances and disparities existing between Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.This research endeavor represents a pioneering and all-encompassing examination, aiming to discern and comprehend the parallels and contrasts in the respective impacts of SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus on pregnancy.

Recent findings: Based on the current evidence, there is no indication that pregnancy increases women's susceptibility to acquiring Human Immunodeficiency Virus or SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, the state of being pregnant was correlated with the worsening of diseases and their progression. Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus and SARS-CoV-2 pose increased risks of maternal mortality and several obstetric complications, including premature birth and pre-eclampsia. While the vertical transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus is well-established, a comprehensive understanding of the vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 remains elusive, emphasizing the need for further investigations. Initial data suggest low SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission rates in the setting of proper preventative interventions and universal screening. A cesarean delivery could reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected women with high viral loads or poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, it did not offer additional protection for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected women who adhered to Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy or those with COVID-19. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and SARS-CoV-2 were linked to neonatal complications such as stillbirth, low birth weight, and neonatal intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. The universal testing of both pregnant patients and neonates is an effective strategy to prevent the spread and complications of both Human Immunodeficiency Virus and SARS-CoV-2. Human Immunodeficiency Virus control largely relies on preventing vertical transmission and medications during pregnancy and postpartum, whereas safety behaviors and vaccines have proven effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmissions.

Summary: This review aims to compare and contrast the impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and SARS-CoV-2 on pregnancy outcomes, vertical transmissions, delivery modalities, neonatal outcomes, and clinical management. SARS-CoV-2 and

The year 2023 marked the 60^th anniversary of screening newborns in the United States for diseases that benefit from early identification and intervention. All around the world, the goal of NBS is to facilitate timely diagnosis and management to improve individual health outcomes in all newborns regardless of their place of birth, economic circumstances, ability to pay for treatment, and access to healthcare. Advances in technology to screen and treat disease have led to a rapid increase in the number of screened conditions, and innovations in genomics are expected to exponentially expand this number further. A system where all newborns are screened, coupled with rapid technological innovation, provides a unique opportunity to improve pediatric health outcomes and advance children's rights, including the unique rights of sick and disabled children. This is especially timely as we approach the 100^th anniversary of the 1924 Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child, which includes children's right to healthcare, and the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child that expanded upon this aspect and affirmed each child's right to the highest attainable standard of health. In this manuscript, we provide background on the evolving recognition of the rights of children and the foundational rights to healthcare and non-discrimination, provide two examples that highlight issues to access and equity in newborn screening that may limit a child's right to healthcare and best possible outcomes, detail ways the current approach to newborn screening advances the rights of the child, and finally, propose that the incorporation of genomics into newborn screening presents a useful case study to recognize and uphold the rights of every child.

Hypothesis generation is an early and critical step in any hypothesis-driven clinical research project. Because it is not yet a well-understood cognitive process, the need to improve the process goes unrecognized. Without an impactful hypothesis, the significance of any research project can be questionable, regardless of the rigor or diligence applied in other steps of the study, e.g., study design, data collection, and result analysis. In this perspective article, the authors provide a literature review on the following topics first: scientific thinking, reasoning, medical reasoning, literature-based discovery, and a field study to explore scientific thinking and discovery. Over the years, scientific thinking has shown excellent progress in cognitive science and its applied areas: education, medicine, and biomedical research. However, a review of the literature reveals the lack of original studies on hypothesis generation in clinical research. The authors then summarize their first human participant study exploring data-driven hypothesis generation by clinical researchers in a simulated setting. The results indicate that a secondary data analytical tool, VIADS-a visual interactive analytic tool for filtering, summarizing, and visualizing large health data sets coded with hierarchical terminologies, can shorten the time participants need, on average, to generate a hypothesis and also requires fewer cognitive events to generate each hypothesis. As a counterpoint, this exploration also indicates that the quality ratings of the hypotheses thus generated carry significantly lower ratings for feasibility when applying VIADS. Despite its small scale, the study confirmed the feasibility of conducting a human participant study directly to explore the hypothesis generation process in clinical research. This study provides supporting evidence to conduct a larger-scale study with a specifically designed tool to facilitate the hypothesis-generation process among inexperienced clinical researchers. A larger study could provide generalizable evidence, which in turn can potentially improve clinical research productivity and overall clinical research enterprise.

Stevens Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are mainly drug-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions with increased mortality. It also involves the eyes causing ocular surface disease leading to visual impairment and blindness. The role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in causing ocular surface disease and keratinocyte apoptosis is not fully explored. This study is focused on determining the role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in the pathogenesis of Stevens Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. The NLRP3 Inflammasome plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Stevens Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and may correlate with the degree of severity of skin detachment and ocular surface disease. This study looked at the expression of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in the skin of patients with biopsy confirm Stevens Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis compared to the lichen planus and normal controls by immunohistochemistry as well as observing the mitochondrial function of platelets challenged with plasma from patients with Stevens Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Normal Human Plasma using Agilent Seahorse XF Analyzer. Under a current, Loyola IRB approved protocol, 12 collected and archived unstained slides of skin and blood plasma samples from patients with biopsy confirmed Stevens Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis was used for this study. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using anti-NLRP3 antibodies followed by imaging on a Delta Vision microscope. The precise roles of cytokines and chemokine receptors in severity of skin detachment has not been completely studied. The identification of the roles of NLRP3 in Stevens Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis would bridge the gaps in the basic understanding regarding the pathogenesis of this disease spectrum. NLRP3 Inflammasome is a potential therapeutic target and its inhibition by phytochemicals may be appropriate effective treatment strategies in the management of this condition.

Pediatric cancer consists of a diverse group of rare diseases. Due to limited patient populations, standard randomized and controlled trials are often infeasible. As a result, single-arm trials are common in pediatric oncology and the use of external controls is often desirable or necessary to help generate actionable evidence and contextualize trial results. In this paper, we illustrate unique features in pediatric oncology clinical trials and describe their impact on the use of external controls. Various types of relevant external control data sources are described in terms of their utility and drawbacks. Statistical methodologies and design implications with external control are discussed. Two recent case studies using external controls to support pediatric oncology drug development are described in detail.