Psychology of sport and exercise最新文献

People experience stressors on 40% of days, and emotional responses to stressors increase the risk for poor health, in part by impacting health behaviors like physical activity (PA). However, whether associations of daily psychological stressors with PA after the self-reported stressor occurs (post-stressor PA) differ across working and non-working hours is unclear. This study used the National Study of Daily Experiences III (2017-2019) to examine within-person associations between stressors and post-stressor PA during working and non-working hours and moderation by age and biological sex. Participants completed interviews across eight consecutive days about daily stress and the amount and timing of PA participation during the past 24 hours. Multilevel models with days nested in people examined the within-person associations of stressors with the odds and amount of post-stressor PA participation, with separate models during versus outside of working hours on working days and for non-working days. Participants (N = 564) had higher odds of post-stressor PA during working hours when they experienced greater than usual anger (OR = 3.24, p < .001), sadness (OR = 2.41, p < .001), or shame (ORs = 2.59, p < .001) due to stress. Sex moderated the within-person associations between stressor frequency (OR = 0.29, p < .001), intensity (OR = 0.49, p < .001), and anxiety (OR = 0.58, p = .002) on odds of post-stressor PA during working hours, such that the increased odds were higher in males. Participants had higher odds of post-stressor PA outside of working hours when they experienced greater stress intensity, anger, sadness, shame, or anxiety (OR = 3.94-7.35, p < .001). Research clarifying how age, sex, and/or occupation intersect with individuals' daily stress experiences and PA could inform occupational health policies and/or interventions.

This study aimed to identify attentional foci and coping strategies of elite fencers during competitive matches, explore the co-occurrences between both, and examine their impact on performance. Twenty-two epeeists (11 males and 11 females) from a national team took part in self-confrontation interviews during two simulated tournaments. Data were analysed using inductive and deductive content analyses. Moreover, a quantitative analysis of qualitative data was conducted to examine the impact of attentional foci and coping strategies on objective performance. Three categories of attentional foci were identified: (a) cues, (b) strategies and tactics and (c) extraneous attention. To depict the coping processes of elite fencers, appraisals, coping strategies and emotions were coded. Coping strategies were mainly task-oriented, and often co-occurred with strategic foci. Analysis of the co-occurrences showed that athletes could combine information from their sensations and their environment during a point. They could also use several coping strategies within or between points. Chi-square tests revealed that focusing on environmental cues, particularly spatial-temporal characteristics, was associated with more touches won and fewer touches lost. Focusing on distance/timing of actions could be relevant cues in elite fencing. Focus on internal aspects did not impair performance in the present sample. This study furthered knowledge of attentional foci and coping strategies described by elite athletes in naturalistic settings. Following the present research results, practitioners should seek to develop pre- and post-point routines that pair task-oriented coping strategies with relevant attentional focus.

The English Performance Lifestyle (PL) service is a Career Assistance Program that aims to support British elite athletes in their holistic development throughout their time in elite sport to support their mental health and career prospects during and following their careers as athletes. Yet, despite the widespread existence and significant funding dedicated to this service, researchers have identified how it is often not fully embedded or used by sport organizations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to extend previous research by understanding the barriers to the provision of the PL service. Underpinned by ontological relativism and epistemological constructivism, 25 Performance Lifestyle Practitioners (PLPs) working in elite sport participated in a qualitative survey and focus groups. The data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Four themes were developed: There's a Mountain to Climb, It's a Crowded Train, You Need an Elevator Pitch and A Seat at the Performance Table. These themes highlight the barriers PLPs face in supporting athletes with their growth and development during their athletic career. The results offer unique insight into PLPs' roles and the challenges they encounter. As such, we offer practical implications including the importance of organizational support, encouraging athletes to develop a multidimensional identity and a variety of narratives that would offer athletes and practitioners another way to be in elite sport. We also offer recommendations for future research aimed at advancing the practice of PLPs to optimize support for elite athletes, such as including diverse perspectives and including both athlete and practitioner voice in the development of Career Assistance Programs.

The expertise advantage denotes the superior perceptual-cognitive skills exhibited by experts. Nevertheless, the extent to which the expertise advantage influences automatic prediction in visual motion representation remains unclear. This meta-analysis aims to consolidate findings from various studies on the expertise advantage of automatic prediction in visual motion representation. We identified empirical research literature that measured expertise advantage of automatic prediction from the Web of Science (Core Collection), APA PsycInfo, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases. We identified 16 studies contributing 23 effect sizes from a pool of 1110 records. The standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) was computed for the expertise advantage. The meta-analysis results reveal that, in comparison to novices, experts demonstrate superior automatic prediction in visual motion representation (Hedges' g = 0.73, 95% CI [0.54, 0.92]). Moderator analyses suggest that, when measuring the expertise advantage of automatic prediction, the effect size of the recall task is significantly larger than that of the recognition task. Other moderating variables did not exhibit significant moderating effects. These results suggest that the expertise advantage extends to automatic prediction in visual motion representation, and that this advantage is general, stable, and widespread.

The impact of domain-general cognitive 'brain' training on improving sports performance is highly debated. This study sought to follow-up on research that showcased the benefits of perceptual-cognitive 3D-Multiple Object Tracking (3D-MOT) training in enhancing the on-field performance of soccer players. Additionally, it explored the correlation between athletes' cognitive performance and early career success. Sixty-two males from a professional soccer academy were randomly divided into a dual-task 3D-MOT training group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 32). Participants underwent a 3D-MOT test, a cognitive test of attention, and small-sided games at pre- and post-training. Pre-post-test performances were compared using ANCOVAs. A Chi-squared test evaluated the association between the training regimen and early career success. A Spearman test assessed the correlation between performance on the 3D-MOT, attention test, and early career success. The dual-task 3D-MOT trained group significantly improved its performance on 3D-MOT compared to the control group (p < 0.001). However, no significant pre-post-test differences were observed between the groups in the near-transfer cognitive test and on-field performance (ps > 0.05). There were no associations between the athletes' early career success and the training regimen, and no associations between cognitive test performances and early career success (ps > 0.05). This follow-up study failed to replicate previous findings with dual-task 3D-MOT training unable to produce near or far transfer on soccer performance. In addition, cognitive performance was not related to early career success in this study. The value of cognitive screening and training in sport is discussed.

The announcement of the European Super League (ESL) led to massive protests in England. While the ESL is officially being reshaped and may resurface, there is a dearth of empirical studies on the motives associated with attitudes toward the ESL. In this research, we explored attitudes toward the ESL among Premier League fans by conducting an online survey 36 h after the ESL announcement (N = 1,346 fans of Premier League clubs, among which 832 fans of the Big Six clubs involved in the ESL). Fans of the Big Six held more positive attitudes toward the ESL compared to fans of the Other 14 Premier League clubs. However, fans of the Big Six also perceived the ESL as more threatening to their relationship with their team and reported less consumption intentions toward their clubs. From a social identity perspective, team narcissism among fans was positively linked to support for the ESL, primarily through glory hunting-a form of fair-weather fandom. In contrast, secure team identification was negatively related to ESL support. We discuss attractiveness of the ESL for team narcissists and the threat it represents for long-standing fans.

Research on doping prevention has proliferated in recent years as evidenced by the development of several anti-doping interventions. However, researchers have rarely examined whether an anti-doping intervention delivered and evaluated in one population is similarly effective in a different population. The purpose of our research was to determine whether the psychological intervention developed by Kavussanu et al. (2022) and originally delivered in British and Greek athletes, was equally effective as the standard educational intervention in preventing doping (i.e., by influencing our primary and secondary outcomes) in young Italian athletes. Eligible participants were identified via a screening survey administered to 540 athletes from 46 clubs in Italy. A total of 15 sport clubs (121 athletes; 16.95% female; aged 18.52 ± 2.15 years) were assigned to one of three conditions: a psychological intervention, an educational intervention, or a no-intervention control group. Each intervention consisted of six one-hour sessions delivered to small groups of athletes over six weeks. Athletes completed measures of doping likelihood, anticipated guilt, moral disengagement, and self-regulatory efficacy pre-intervention, post-intervention, and two months later. Control group participants completed the same measures at the same time points. The two interventions were similarly effective in reducing doping likelihood and increasing anticipated guilt from pre to post, while the control group showed no change; these effects were maintained at follow up. Both interventions reduced moral disengagement and increased self-regulatory efficacy from pre to post relative to the control group, and these effects were maintained at follow-up. In conclusion, our study broadly replicates previous findings and highlight the need for anti-doping organisations to target psychological variables and doping-relevant information in anti-doping education.

Exercising can be theorized as the result of choosing one behavior over alternative behaviors. The Decisional Preferences in Exercising (DPEX) test is a computerized, easy-to-use, publicly available (open source Python code: https://osf.io/ahbjr/) and highly adaptive research tool based on this rationale. In the DPEX, participants are asked to choose between two images by pressing a key on the computer keyboard, one showing a physical exercise and the other showing a non-exercise behavioral alternative in a series of trials. Combinations are randomly assembled from two definable pools of stimuli trial-per-trial. The test can be scored either based on a crossed random effects model (facilitating the use of different stimulus material in different studies without compromising the comparability of test scores) or with a simple proportion score. Data from diverse study samples (N = 451) showed strong correlations of DPEX scores with past and future exercise behavior (r = 0.42 and 0.47 respectively) as well as with affective experiences with exercise (e.g., 'pleasure-displeasure': r = 0.47). DPEX test scores discriminated between exercisers and non-exercisers according to receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. The DPEX may be used to examine research questions derived from dual process theories, the effects of psychological states on behavioral choices can be tested, or the effects of behavior change interventions can be evaluated. The DPEX helps to avoid common method bias in the assessment of exercise behavior, for example, when psychological variables are measured with questionnaires.