Psychology of sport and exercise最新文献

Children in out-of-home care participate in less organised sport than children from other household structures, potentially reducing opportunities for improvements in social, developmental, and health outcomes. Despite this, little is known about barriers and facilitators of sport participation for children in care. We aimed to explore carers' perspectives on the influences on children in care's participation and experiences in organised sport. We interviewed 26 foster and kinship carers and analysed data through a reflexive thematic analysis approach. We identified five themes regarding participation and experiences in sport for children in care. Carers reported that (1) children in care's vulnerability, resulting from past traumatic experiences, left them feeling uncertain in their environment and 'different' to other children. Carers also described (2) the importance of their own values, and (3) the difficulties they face in navigating challenges related to out-of-home care. Finally, they discussed (4) how other people in sporting environments, and (5) overarching systems and entities, significantly impact children in care's participation and experiences in sport. Our study extends existing literature by amplifying the voices of foster and kinship carers to deepen our understanding of the influences most critical for children in care's participation and experiences in sport. Based on our findings, we encourage prioritisation of sport within policy impacting children in out-of-home care, and greater flexibility among sporting organisations to support children in care's needs. Further consideration of the interactions between intrapersonal, familial, and environmental factors influencing children in care's participation and experiences in sport is required.

Soccer is a sport that requires athletes to be constantly aware of rapidly changing and unpredictable environments and to react adaptively. Previous studies have found that soccer players typically exhibit a vigilance advantage, but the underlying cognitive and neural basis for this is unclear. In this study, 27 soccer players, 17 age-matched artistic gymnasts, and 57 college students were recruited to participate in a psychomotor vigilance task. Compared to the college students, the soccer players demonstrated higher vigilance, whereas the artistic gymnasts did not. Drift-Diffusion Modeling revealed that soccer players' non-decision time was significantly lower than that of college students, while drift rate and boundary were not significantly different between the two groups. This suggests that the vigilance advantage of soccer players stems from their shorter information encoding and action generation time. Vigilance was not only correlated with Right Ventral lateral (rtVL), Left Intralaminar (ltIL), Left Mediodorsal medial magnocellular (ltMDm) and Right Mediodorsal medial mag-no-cellular (rtMDm) thalamic subregions, and also correlates with the functional connectivity be-tween the thalamic subregions of rtVL and Right Intralaminar (rtIL), and rtVL and Left Ventral anterior (ltVA). And, rtVL may be an important region of vigilance dominance in soccer players. This finding not only helps to deepen the understanding of the computational process of vigilance in players, but also provides a reference for subsequent more in-depth studies of neural computational mechanisms.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to 1) update the existing evidence on the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise (AE) in youth. 2) Investigate any potential dose‒response relationships between AE interventions and depressive symptom reduction. 3) Provide evidence-based insights to inform future research and clinical depression treatment.

Methods: Employing the PRISMA and PERSiST guidelines, a comprehensive search across nine databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, SportDiscus, CINAHL, Medline, Embase, and CNKI) yielded a total of 782 relevant studies. Following rigorous selection criteria, 26 eligible studies (comprising 22 different samples) were included in the analysis, featuring a combined sample size of 1308 participants. The meta-analysis was conducted via R.

Results: AE notably decreased depressive symptoms among youth [g = -0.92; 95% CI (-1.16, -0.69); p < 0.01]. Significant dose‒response relationships were observed across age groups [β = -0.06; 95% CI (-0.12, 0.00), p < 0.05], the intensity [β = -0.03; 95% CI (-0.06, 0.00); p < 0.05], and the duration ^ 2 [β = 0.001, 95% CI (0.001, 0.002), p < 0.05] of the AE intervention.

Conclusions: Aerobic exercise interventions can effectively alleviate depressive symptoms in youth. A moderate-intensity AE program, lasting 25-40 min and conducted three times a week for 9-15 weeks, can increase alleviation of depression.

Although intention is a strong predictor of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), several factors moderate the intention-behavior relationship. People experience goal conflict when one of their goals makes it more difficult to pursue other goals. Goal conflict was examined as a moderator of the intention-behavior relation using data from ecological momentary assessments and accelerometer-derived estimates of MVPA. Participants (N = 100; 22 males) wore an accelerometer and responded to digital surveys assessing MVPA intentions and goal conflict up to four times daily for seven consecutive days. MVPA in the 180-minute epoch following each survey prompt was recorded. Multilevel modelling was used to analyze the data using the disaggregated between- and within-person effects. Results revealed an intention-behavior gap of 30% and significant within-person effects for intention and goal conflict. Within-person goal conflict moderated the intention-behavior relationship such that when people had stronger intentions to be active compared to their average level of intention, they engaged in more MVPA; and when goal conflict was higher, compared to their average level of goal conflict, people engaged in less MVPA. Findings suggest experiencing higher goal conflict about engaging in MVPA thwarts people's abilities to follow through with their intentions to be active throughout the day.

The main objective of this study was to explore the associations between the transformational leadership of coaches and parents and adolescent athletes' social identity and examine the roles of gender and the stage of adolescence in these relationships. Furthermore, this study aimed to provide empirical evidence on measurement invariance across gender and the adolescent stage in the adapted Spanish version of the Social Identity Questionnaire for Sport (SIQS). The sample consisted of 656 athletes (299 males and 357 females) from 12 to 18 years old (M = 15.27, SD = 1.64) who participated in various team sports. All the participants completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Social Identity Questionnaire for Sport, and the Transformational Coaching and Transformational Parenting Questionnaires. The results confirmed the scalar measurement invariance of the adapted Spanish version of the SIQS across gender and adolescent stage. Transformational coaching and mothers' transformational parenting positively predicted adolescents' social identity across gender and adolescent stage. Additionally, during early adolescence, fathers' transformational parenting was also associated with their children's social identity. These findings emphasize the importance of transformational leadership in both team and family contexts in promoting athletes' social identity.

Background: Dual process models represent a useful framework in explaining PA in that behavior is explained by reflective (i.e., conscious, effortful) and automatic (i.e., unconscious, effortless) determinants. Yet the distinct momentary reflective and automatic determinants regulating PA adoption and maintenance are unclear.

Methods: Older adults (N = 202; ≥ 60 years) wore accelerometers to measure PA (i.e., moderate to vigorous intensity PA [MVPA], step counts) and completed brief mobile phone prompts assessing general reflective (i.e., demands, deliberation, self-efficacy, self-control, stress coping, emotion regulation), behavior-specific reflective (i.e., PA intentions, self-efficacy, planning), and automatic determinants (i.e., affect, physical and social context, functional stability of one's routine) as part of three, 2-week waves of data collection spaced over one year. Multilevel modeling was used to examine the within- and between-person associations between these determinants and subsequent PA.

Results: There were within- or between-person differences between general reflective, behavior specific, and automatic determinants and PA by adopter and maintainer status. General reflective determinants tended to be more predictive of step counts compared to MVPA. Within-person behavior-specific reflective determinants (i.e., intentions, self-efficacy, plans) were positively associated with PA behavior but associations tended to be more positive among PA maintainers. Automatic determinants were more predictive of the amount of PA as opposed to the likelihood of PA occurring.

Conclusion: Reflective and automatic determinants, as well as the levels at which these determinants operate (i.e., between vs within), need to be considered when attempting to explain and predict the adoption and maintenance of PA.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between self-confidence, mental toughness, coping functions, challenge and threat appraisals, and functional psychobiosocial experiences. This investigation was conducted within the framework of multi-states (MuSt) theory. The sample consisted of 76 elite male athletes, ranging in age from 19 to 33 years, representing the Italian rugby union national team participating in the 2024 edition of the Men's Six Nations Championship. Assessments took place during training camps in preparation for the Championship. The results from serial mediation analysis showed that problem-focused coping and challenge appraisal played a mediating role in the relationship between self-confidence, mental toughness, and functional psychobiosocial experiences. These findings support MuSt theory assumptions and have practical implications for the development of training programs aimed at enhancing athletes' wellbeing and performance.

Research is yet to consider the potential for personal trainers (PTs) to influence their client's thoughts and feelings surrounding their body. This pre-registered study explored a model of positive body image in women personal training clients in the UK. Participants (n = 234, mean age = 51) completed an online questionnaire assessing body mass index (BMI), perceived body acceptance by their PT and various other measures related to body image. Perceived body acceptance by the PT was indirectly, positively associated with client body appreciation through greater internal body orientation and negatively associated with client BMI. Findings suggest PTs may be an important source of body acceptance for their clients. Education of PTs should be considered for promoting positive body image in women fitness industry consumers.

The use of metacognitive process and skills has been the subject of considerable research in the sport performance literature over the past decade. However, there has been little qualitative research on athletes' experiences of using metacognitive processes and skills. A related but different area theoretically and practically, is mentalizing, which refers to the imaginative ability to perceive and interpret the feelings, thoughts, wishes and beliefs that explain human behaviour. This study sought to understand how mentalizing abilities affect the playing experiences of amateur squash players, who regularly played competitive squash. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten amateur adult squash players. Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. This was developed into three group experiential themes (GETs): a) balanced minds, b) no-man's land, and c) an interpersonal battle. Findings indicate that mentalizing abilities of participants helped them focus, self-regulate, and enjoy playing. Conversely, participants temporary loss of mentalizing significantly affected their enjoyment, relationships with opponents and their capacity to focus and concentrate when under pressure which for some led to poorer performances. The study is novel in its application to sport, adding an important holistic dimension to the applied sport psychology literature. It is suggested that mentalizing plays a critical role in influencing competitive sport situations and further research is required to elucidate these abilities in greater depth.

Objectives: To compare injunctive norm scores assessed based on Ajzen's (2002) original normative referent elicitation method (e.g., norms from those who approve/disapprove of physical activity) and a revised method (e.g., norms from those who are personally influential).

Methods: Undergraduate students (N_T1 = 1008, N_T2= 383) were initially randomly assigned to either the condition that used Ajzen's original method or the condition that used the revised method, and completed an online survey. A month later, participants completed the survey in the reverse condition. Data collection occurred October 2021-July 2022. Data were analyzed to examine the differences between the two conditions regarding the mean injunctive norm scores and their indirect effects on physical activity via intentions (i.e., moderated mediation).

Results: Mixed ANOVA results indicated a statistically significant effect of condition (p < .001): the injunctive norm score assessed based on the revised method was lower compared to the original method. After accounting for baseline physical activity, a statistically significant moderated mediation was found with intention strength as the mediator (95% bootstrap CIs [.02, .20]): there was a statistically significant indirect effect of injunctive norms on physical activity via intention strength under the revised condition, but this effect was statistically nonsignificant under the original condition. There was no statistically significant moderated mediation with decisional intention as the mediator (95% bootstrap CIs [-.04, .13]).

Conclusions: Null findings regarding the relationship between injunctive norms and physical activity intentions typically found in the literature may be partially explained by the way in which norms were measured.