Pub Date : 2021-01-07DOI: 10.1016/J.PSYCHSPORT.2021.101957
E. Malloy, M. Kavussanu
{"title":"The Effects of an Authentic Coaching Intervention on Athlete Outcomes: A Pilot Randomised Control Trial","authors":"E. Malloy, M. Kavussanu","doi":"10.1016/J.PSYCHSPORT.2021.101957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYCHSPORT.2021.101957","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94181,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of sport and exercise","volume":"1 1","pages":"101957"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/J.PSYCHSPORT.2021.101957","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41420373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William V. Massey, Alexandra Szarabajko, Janelle Thalken, Deanna Perez, S. Mullen
School recess can provide social, emotional, and physical benefits for children. Yet, not all children experience recess the same, as inequity in access to recess and variability in the quality of recess exist. Researchers have yet to understand the long-term implications of recess experiences on adult well-being and physical activity behaviors. The purpose of this study was to explore the inter-relationships between memories of recess, physical activity, and social-emotional well-being. A total of 514 adults between the ages of 19 and 79 (M = 45.56; SD = 15.62) were surveyed via Prolific, a web-based research platform. Participants were asked about their memories of recess enjoyment and recess exclusion, physical activity levels, physical activity enjoyment, social isolation, social role satisfaction, and sense of meaning and purpose. Structural equation modeling analysis showed that memories of recess enjoyment was associated with meaning and purpose (β = .140, p < .05) and PA enjoyment (β = .209, p < .05). Furthermore, recess exclusion predicted current social isolation (β = .300, p< .05) and was negatively associated with recess enjoyment (β = -.445, p< .05). Findings highlight the importance of childhood recess experiences and its impact on subsequent physical activity behaviors, social isolation, and meaning and purpose later in life. Consistent with other research, early positive activity experiences, in the form of recess, appears to provide more assurances that one will engage in healthier lifestyle behaviors and more favorable psycho-socio-emotional profiles in adulthood.
{"title":"Memories of School Recess Predict Physical Activity Enjoyment and Social-Emotional Well-being in Adults","authors":"William V. Massey, Alexandra Szarabajko, Janelle Thalken, Deanna Perez, S. Mullen","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/qfnhm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qfnhm","url":null,"abstract":"School recess can provide social, emotional, and physical benefits for children. Yet, not all children experience recess the same, as inequity in access to recess and variability in the quality of recess exist. Researchers have yet to understand the long-term implications of recess experiences on adult well-being and physical activity behaviors. The purpose of this study was to explore the inter-relationships between memories of recess, physical activity, and social-emotional well-being. A total of 514 adults between the ages of 19 and 79 (M = 45.56; SD = 15.62) were surveyed via Prolific, a web-based research platform. Participants were asked about their memories of recess enjoyment and recess exclusion, physical activity levels, physical activity enjoyment, social isolation, social role satisfaction, and sense of meaning and purpose. Structural equation modeling analysis showed that memories of recess enjoyment was associated with meaning and purpose (β = .140, p < .05) and PA enjoyment (β = .209, p < .05). Furthermore, recess exclusion predicted current social isolation (β = .300, p< .05) and was negatively associated with recess enjoyment (β = -.445, p< .05). Findings highlight the importance of childhood recess experiences and its impact on subsequent physical activity behaviors, social isolation, and meaning and purpose later in life. Consistent with other research, early positive activity experiences, in the form of recess, appears to provide more assurances that one will engage in healthier lifestyle behaviors and more favorable psycho-socio-emotional profiles in adulthood.","PeriodicalId":94181,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of sport and exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42975556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Petróczi, A. Heyes, S. Thrower, L. Martinelli, I. Boardley, S. Backhouse
In this study, we give voice to athletes and explore what ‘clean’ means for them in elite sport. Working together with elite athletes and National Anti-Doping Organisations (NADOs) in five European countries, we investigated the meaning and importance of ‘clean sport’ and ‘clean athlete identity’ from the athletes’ perspectives. With athletes as co-researchers, we conducted focus group interviews involving 82 athletes from Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Slovenia and the UK. The results show that clean athlete identity – which is a strong protection against doping and cheating in sport - is a social endeavour, which should be reflected in anti-doping interventions. Athletes’ accounts suggest that clean athlete identity is reinforced, but not created, by values-based (anti-doping) education. Whilst clean athlete identity is universally rooted in upbringing, early experiences and love of sport; definition of clean performance enhancement is highly idiosyncratic. Both problems and solutions in anti-doping were identified as systemic. Participatory research with athletes and stakeholders is a feasible and rewarding avenue for sport organisations with responsibility for anti-doping for athlete involvement.
{"title":"Understanding and building clean(er) sport together: Community-based participatory research with elite athletes and anti-doping organisations from five European countries","authors":"A. Petróczi, A. Heyes, S. Thrower, L. Martinelli, I. Boardley, S. Backhouse","doi":"10.31236/osf.io/7wqbp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31236/osf.io/7wqbp","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we give voice to athletes and explore what ‘clean’ means for them in elite sport. Working together with elite athletes and National Anti-Doping Organisations (NADOs) in five European countries, we investigated the meaning and importance of ‘clean sport’ and ‘clean athlete identity’ from the athletes’ perspectives. With athletes as co-researchers, we conducted focus group interviews involving 82 athletes from Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Slovenia and the UK. The results show that clean athlete identity – which is a strong protection against doping and cheating in sport - is a social endeavour, which should be reflected in anti-doping interventions. Athletes’ accounts suggest that clean athlete identity is reinforced, but not created, by values-based (anti-doping) education. Whilst clean athlete identity is universally rooted in upbringing, early experiences and love of sport; definition of clean performance enhancement is highly idiosyncratic. Both problems and solutions in anti-doping were identified as systemic. Participatory research with athletes and stakeholders is a feasible and rewarding avenue for sport organisations with responsibility for anti-doping for athlete involvement.","PeriodicalId":94181,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of sport and exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44221182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dirk Folkerts, Roland Loh, A. Petróczi, Sebastian Brueckner
Research on doping attitude has relied heavily on the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). Yet, to date, no systematic review and meta-analysis of the PEAS have been conducted. Thus, the purpose of this study is, for the first time, to cumulate evidence for the psychometric properties of PEAS; specifically to conduct a qualitative synthesis and perform a meta-analysis to analyze the available results and findings for internal consistency reliability, gender differences and user/non-user differences in doping attitude assessed by the PEAS. The meta-analysis showed good level of internal consistency reliability for the PEAS. Overall, negative doping attitude characterized the athlete population, regardless of gender or involvement in doping. The latter, coupled with sole reliance on self-reports, questions the validity of PEAS as proxy for indexing doping behavior; and calls for a more nuanced understanding of the role of attitudes toward doping and clean sport behaviour.
{"title":"The Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) reached ‘adulthood’: Lessons and recommendations from a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Dirk Folkerts, Roland Loh, A. Petróczi, Sebastian Brueckner","doi":"10.31236/osf.io/k6gye","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31236/osf.io/k6gye","url":null,"abstract":"Research on doping attitude has relied heavily on the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). Yet, to date, no systematic review and meta-analysis of the PEAS have been conducted. Thus, the purpose of this study is, for the first time, to cumulate evidence for the psychometric properties of PEAS; specifically to conduct a qualitative synthesis and perform a meta-analysis to analyze the available results and findings for internal consistency reliability, gender differences and user/non-user differences in doping attitude assessed by the PEAS. The meta-analysis showed good level of internal consistency reliability for the PEAS. Overall, negative doping attitude characterized the athlete population, regardless of gender or involvement in doping. The latter, coupled with sole reliance on self-reports, questions the validity of PEAS as proxy for indexing doping behavior; and calls for a more nuanced understanding of the role of attitudes toward doping and clean sport behaviour.","PeriodicalId":94181,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of sport and exercise","volume":"1 1","pages":"101999"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42867786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin J. I. Schellenberg, Jérémie Verner-Filion, Allen Quach, D. Bailis
The suspension of the 2019-2020 National Basketball Association (NBA) season due to the COVID-19 pandemic meant that NBA fans were unable to engage in an activity that they loved in the midst of a global health crisis. In this research, we assessed if fan responses to the suspension were associated with different types of fan passion and motives. Shortly after the NBA season suspension, NBA fans (N = 395) completed online surveys assessing harmonious and obsessive passion for being an NBA fan, motives for watching games, and various attitudes and responses to the suspension. We found that both fan passion and motives predicted responses to the suspension, particularly obsessive passion which predicted greater levels of distress, coping responses, and negative attitudes toward the suspension. These findings have implications for both the passion and fan motives literatures.
{"title":"Basketball jones: Fan passion, motives, and reactions to the suspension of the National Basketball Association season due to COVID-19","authors":"Benjamin J. I. Schellenberg, Jérémie Verner-Filion, Allen Quach, D. Bailis","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/32msf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/32msf","url":null,"abstract":"The suspension of the 2019-2020 National Basketball Association (NBA) season due to the COVID-19 pandemic meant that NBA fans were unable to engage in an activity that they loved in the midst of a global health crisis. In this research, we assessed if fan responses to the suspension were associated with different types of fan passion and motives. Shortly after the NBA season suspension, NBA fans (N = 395) completed online surveys assessing harmonious and obsessive passion for being an NBA fan, motives for watching games, and various attitudes and responses to the suspension. We found that both fan passion and motives predicted responses to the suspension, particularly obsessive passion which predicted greater levels of distress, coping responses, and negative attitudes toward the suspension. These findings have implications for both the passion and fan motives literatures.","PeriodicalId":94181,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of sport and exercise","volume":"54 1","pages":"101885"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45705143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Physical exercise is an effective tool for improving public health, but the general population exercises too little. Drawing on recent theorizing on the combined role of boredom and self-control in guiding goal-directed behavior, we test the hypothesis that individual differences in boredom and self-control differentiate high from low exercisers. The role of boredom as a non-adaptive disposition is of particular interest, because research on boredom in sports is scarce. Here, we investigate the role of such individual differences in self-reported weekly exercise behavior (in minutes) in a sample of N = 507 participants (n = 200 female, Mage = 36.43 (± 9.54)). We used the robust variant of Mahalanobis distance to detect and remove n = 51 multivariate outliers and then performed latent profile analysis to assess if boredom (boredom proneness; exercise-related boredom) and self-control (trait self-control; if-then planning) combine into identifiable latent profiles. In line with theoretical considerations, the Bayesian Information Criterion favored a solution with two latent profiles. One profile was characterized by higher-than-average exercise-related boredom and boredom proneness and lower-than-average self-control and if-then planning values. This pattern was reversed for the second profile. A one-sided Bayesian two-sample t-test supported the hypothesis that the first profile is associated with more exercise behavior than the second profile, BF =16.93. Our results foster the notion of self-control and if-then planning as adaptive dispositions. More importantly, they point to an important role of boredom in the exercise setting: exercise-related boredom and getting easily bored in general are associated with less exercise activity. This is in line with recent theorizing on boredoms’ and self-controls’ function in guiding goal-directed behavior.
{"title":"Too bored for sports? Adaptive and less-adaptive latent personality profiles for exercise behavior","authors":"W. Wolff, M. Bieleke, Johanna Stähler, J. Schüler","doi":"10.31236/osf.io/tjw89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31236/osf.io/tjw89","url":null,"abstract":"Physical exercise is an effective tool for improving public health, but the general population exercises too little. Drawing on recent theorizing on the combined role of boredom and self-control in guiding goal-directed behavior, we test the hypothesis that individual differences in boredom and self-control differentiate high from low exercisers. The role of boredom as a non-adaptive disposition is of particular interest, because research on boredom in sports is scarce. Here, we investigate the role of such individual differences in self-reported weekly exercise behavior (in minutes) in a sample of N = 507 participants (n = 200 female, Mage = 36.43 (± 9.54)). We used the robust variant of Mahalanobis distance to detect and remove n = 51 multivariate outliers and then performed latent profile analysis to assess if boredom (boredom proneness; exercise-related boredom) and self-control (trait self-control; if-then planning) combine into identifiable latent profiles. In line with theoretical considerations, the Bayesian Information Criterion favored a solution with two latent profiles. One profile was characterized by higher-than-average exercise-related boredom and boredom proneness and lower-than-average self-control and if-then planning values. This pattern was reversed for the second profile. A one-sided Bayesian two-sample t-test supported the hypothesis that the first profile is associated with more exercise behavior than the second profile, BF =16.93. Our results foster the notion of self-control and if-then planning as adaptive dispositions. More importantly, they point to an important role of boredom in the exercise setting: exercise-related boredom and getting easily bored in general are associated with less exercise activity. This is in line with recent theorizing on boredoms’ and self-controls’ function in guiding goal-directed behavior.","PeriodicalId":94181,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of sport and exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41496489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Cheval, Marcos Daou, D. A. Cabral, Mariane F. B. Bacelar, J. Parma, C. Forestier, Dan Orsholits, D. Sander, M. Boisgontier, Matthew W. Miller
Recent evidence suggests humans have an automatic attraction to effort minimization. Yet, how this attraction is associated with response inhibition is still unclear. Here, we used go/no-go tasks to capture inhibitory control in response to stimuli depicting physical activity versus physical inactivity in 59 healthy young individuals. Higher commission errors (i.e., failure to refrain a response to a “no-go” stimulus) were used as a measure for inhibitory control. Based on the energetic cost minimization theory, we hypothesized that participants would exhibit higher commission errors when responding to stimuli depicting physical inactivity stimuli rather than physical activity stimuli. As expected, mixed effects models showed that, compared to physical activity stimuli, participants exhibited higher commission errors when responding to stimuli depicting physical inactivity (odds ratio = 1.59, 95% Confidence Interval [95%CI] = 1.18 to 2.16, p = .003). These results suggest that physical inactivity stimuli might require high response inhibition. This study lends support for the hypothesis that an attraction to effort minimization might affect inhibitory processes in the presence of stimuli related to this minimization. The study pre-registration form can be found at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RKYHB
{"title":"Higher inhibitory control is required to escape the innate attraction to effort minimization","authors":"B. Cheval, Marcos Daou, D. A. Cabral, Mariane F. B. Bacelar, J. Parma, C. Forestier, Dan Orsholits, D. Sander, M. Boisgontier, Matthew W. Miller","doi":"10.31236/osf.io/cjmzq","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31236/osf.io/cjmzq","url":null,"abstract":"Recent evidence suggests humans have an automatic attraction to effort minimization. Yet, how this attraction is associated with response inhibition is still unclear. Here, we used go/no-go tasks to capture inhibitory control in response to stimuli depicting physical activity versus physical inactivity in 59 healthy young individuals. Higher commission errors (i.e., failure to refrain a response to a “no-go” stimulus) were used as a measure for inhibitory control. Based on the energetic cost minimization theory, we hypothesized that participants would exhibit higher commission errors when responding to stimuli depicting physical inactivity stimuli rather than physical activity stimuli. As expected, mixed effects models showed that, compared to physical activity stimuli, participants exhibited higher commission errors when responding to stimuli depicting physical inactivity (odds ratio = 1.59, 95% Confidence Interval [95%CI] = 1.18 to 2.16, p = .003). These results suggest that physical inactivity stimuli might require high response inhibition. This study lends support for the hypothesis that an attraction to effort minimization might affect inhibitory processes in the presence of stimuli related to this minimization. The study pre-registration form can be found at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RKYHB","PeriodicalId":94181,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of sport and exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46029728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During professional shooting tournaments, which typically last multiple hours, athletes must stay focused at all times in order to perform at their highest levels. Sustaining attention over extended periods of time relies on self-control. Crucially, perceived state self-control strength appears to wane as a function of task duration, which ultimately can impair shooting performance. In the present study, we tested the assumption that the level of self-reported self-control strength decreases over the course of a 1-hour shooting task measured twice during a regular training day and separated by a 2-hour break. Additionally, we assumed that shooting performance would be linked with fluctuations in self-control. A total of 21 shooters (14 elite and 7 sub-elite) took part in this study and were asked to perform a series of 10 shots at a standardized target, five times in the morning and five times in the afternoon (i.e., 100 shots total). The participants also reported their perceived state self-control strength at the baseline (prior to the start of the morning session as well as the afternoon session) and after a series of 10 shots each in the morning and afternoon (i.e., 12 measurements in total). In line with our hypotheses, we observed that perceived state self-control diminished with the number of shots performed, and that perceived state self-control could explain shooting performance. Additionally, these observations could explain the difference in shooting performance between elite and sub-elite athletes. The results suggest that the perception of self-control strength is highly important for optimal shooting performance. Practical implications are discussed.
{"title":"An investigation of the effects of self-reported self-control strength on shooting performance","authors":"C. Englert, A. Dziuba, W. Wolff, L. Giboin","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/2hncz","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2hncz","url":null,"abstract":"During professional shooting tournaments, which typically last multiple hours, athletes must stay focused at all times in order to perform at their highest levels. Sustaining attention over extended periods of time relies on self-control. Crucially, perceived state self-control strength appears to wane as a function of task duration, which ultimately can impair shooting performance. In the present study, we tested the assumption that the level of self-reported self-control strength decreases over the course of a 1-hour shooting task measured twice during a regular training day and separated by a 2-hour break. Additionally, we assumed that shooting performance would be linked with fluctuations in self-control. A total of 21 shooters (14 elite and 7 sub-elite) took part in this study and were asked to perform a series of 10 shots at a standardized target, five times in the morning and five times in the afternoon (i.e., 100 shots total). The participants also reported their perceived state self-control strength at the baseline (prior to the start of the morning session as well as the afternoon session) and after a series of 10 shots each in the morning and afternoon (i.e., 12 measurements in total). In line with our hypotheses, we observed that perceived state self-control diminished with the number of shots performed, and that perceived state self-control could explain shooting performance. Additionally, these observations could explain the difference in shooting performance between elite and sub-elite athletes. The results suggest that the perception of self-control strength is highly important for optimal shooting performance. Practical implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":94181,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of sport and exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43841257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In their commentaries on Hagger (2019), Gardner, Rebar, and Lally (2019) and Phillips (2019) provide welcome debate on the conceptualization and operation of habits in physical activity. In this response, I extend their comments by (i) calling for a redefining of habits to encompass contemporary views of habit, and (ii) suggesting that descriptions of physical activity habits should make reference to their relations with other implicit constructs that reflect automatic processes. Specifically, I contend that extant definitions of habits for complex behaviors like physical activity should move away from definitions of unitary responses to specific cues or contexts, and, focus on ‘macro’ expressions of the behavior that comprise multiple sub-actions, which can each be controlled by habitual or deliberative processing. It may also be useful for definitions to make the distinction between habitual instigation and execution, affording greater precision in descriptions of the processes that generate habitual behaviors. Finally, physical activity habits as cue-action relations are unlikely to be enacted in the absence of activation of other implicit processes, consistent with behavioral schema. Recognizing this, I contend that descriptions of habit should accommodate these links, and that they may be useful in elaborating on the processes by which habits determine subsequent physical activity behavior.
{"title":"Redefining habits and linking habits with other implicit processes","authors":"M. Hagger","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/v5q4e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/v5q4e","url":null,"abstract":"In their commentaries on Hagger (2019), Gardner, Rebar, and Lally (2019) and Phillips (2019) provide welcome debate on the conceptualization and operation of habits in physical activity. In this response, I extend their comments by (i) calling for a redefining of habits to encompass contemporary views of habit, and (ii) suggesting that descriptions of physical activity habits should make reference to their relations with other implicit constructs that reflect automatic processes. Specifically, I contend that extant definitions of habits for complex behaviors like physical activity should move away from definitions of unitary responses to specific cues or contexts, and, focus on ‘macro’ expressions of the behavior that comprise multiple sub-actions, which can each be controlled by habitual or deliberative processing. It may also be useful for definitions to make the distinction between habitual instigation and execution, affording greater precision in descriptions of the processes that generate habitual behaviors. Finally, physical activity habits as cue-action relations are unlikely to be enacted in the absence of activation of other implicit processes, consistent with behavioral schema. Recognizing this, I contend that descriptions of habit should accommodate these links, and that they may be useful in elaborating on the processes by which habits determine subsequent physical activity behavior.","PeriodicalId":94181,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of sport and exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42266533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nikita Bhavsar, K. Bartholomew, E. Quested, D. Gucciardi, C. Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, J. Reeve, P. Sarrazin, N. Ntoumanis
Research guided by Self-determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2017) has repeatedly demonstrated the importance of focusing on both the bright (satisfaction) and dark (frustration) sides of the three basic psychological needs. Recently, researchers have also argued for the utility of assessing a third need state, that of “unfulfillment”. In this paper, we outline an effort to develop and provide initial validity evidence for scores of a new multidimensional and sport-specific measure, the Psychological Need States in Sport-Scale (PNSS-S), to assess the satisfaction, frustration, and unfulfillment of all three needs. In Study 1, we tested evidence for the factorial structure of the responses to the newly developed items, and provided evidence for the internal consistency and discriminant validity of the subscale scores. Factor models incorporating all three need states showed poor fit with the data. However, following post-hoc modifications, a six-factor, 29-item model assessing the need states of satisfaction and frustration, separately for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, was found to have good fit to the data. The model was refined and the factor structure was re-tested using an independent sample of athletes in Study 2. Evidence for the nomological network of the six subscales of the new measure was demonstrated in Study 2, in terms of relations with athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ interpersonal behaviors, and key motivation-related outcomes. In conclusion, a tripartite conceptualization of the need states was not empirically supported. Nevertheless, , the PNSS-S makes a unique contribution to the sport literature, as it represents the first sport-specific measure of six distinct, yet, correlated states of the satisfaction and frustration of autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs.
{"title":"Measuring psychological need states in sport: Theoretical considerations and a new measure","authors":"Nikita Bhavsar, K. Bartholomew, E. Quested, D. Gucciardi, C. Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, J. Reeve, P. Sarrazin, N. Ntoumanis","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/f8gzy","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/f8gzy","url":null,"abstract":"Research guided by Self-determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2017) has repeatedly demonstrated the importance of focusing on both the bright (satisfaction) and dark (frustration) sides of the three basic psychological needs. Recently, researchers have also argued for the utility of assessing a third need state, that of “unfulfillment”. In this paper, we outline an effort to develop and provide initial validity evidence for scores of a new multidimensional and sport-specific measure, the Psychological Need States in Sport-Scale (PNSS-S), to assess the satisfaction, frustration, and unfulfillment of all three needs. In Study 1, we tested evidence for the factorial structure of the responses to the newly developed items, and provided evidence for the internal consistency and discriminant validity of the subscale scores. Factor models incorporating all three need states showed poor fit with the data. However, following post-hoc modifications, a six-factor, 29-item model assessing the need states of satisfaction and frustration, separately for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, was found to have good fit to the data. The model was refined and the factor structure was re-tested using an independent sample of athletes in Study 2. Evidence for the nomological network of the six subscales of the new measure was demonstrated in Study 2, in terms of relations with athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ interpersonal behaviors, and key motivation-related outcomes. In conclusion, a tripartite conceptualization of the need states was not empirically supported. Nevertheless, , the PNSS-S makes a unique contribution to the sport literature, as it represents the first sport-specific measure of six distinct, yet, correlated states of the satisfaction and frustration of autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs.","PeriodicalId":94181,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of sport and exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48396220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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