Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016652
C. Welz, M. Canis, S. Schwenk-Zieger, S. Becker, Vincent Stucke, F. Ihler, P. Baumeister
The popularity of electronic cigarettes (ECs) is rapidly growing and ECs are claimed to be an uncritically regarded alternative to conventional cigarettes. The mucosal tissue of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) is the first contact organ for xenobiotics such as liquids of ECs. The aim of this study is to investigate the bimolecular effects of e-liquids on human pharyngeal tissue cultures to evaluate whether e-liquids and their components present a risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Fresh tissue samples of healthy oropharyngeal mucosa were assembled into mucosal tissue cultures. Two fruit-flavored liquids (FLs), one tobacco-flavored liquid (TL) (all containing nicotine), and the corresponding base mixtures (free of nicotine and flavor) were used in three different dilutions. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the water-soluble tetrazolium-8 assay. DNA fragmentation was quantified using alkaline microgel electrophoresis. All liquids caused a significant reduction in cell viability. FLs especially showed a higher toxicity than TL. DNA fragmentation significantly increased by incubation with FL, whereas treatment with TL did not show serious DNA damage. E-liquids are cytotoxic to oropharyngeal tissue, and some liquids can induce relevant DNA damage. Thus, mutagenicity for mucosa of the UADT and e-liquids as risk factors for head and neck cancer cannot entirely be ruled out. Only the implementation of standards and regulations for liquid production and distribution can ensure a valid scientific investigation and assessment of carcinogenic potential of long-term EC use.
{"title":"Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Electronic Cigarette Liquids on Human Mucosal Tissue Cultures of the Oropharynx.","authors":"C. Welz, M. Canis, S. Schwenk-Zieger, S. Becker, Vincent Stucke, F. Ihler, P. Baumeister","doi":"10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016652","url":null,"abstract":"The popularity of electronic cigarettes (ECs) is rapidly growing and ECs are claimed to be an uncritically regarded alternative to conventional cigarettes. The mucosal tissue of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) is the first contact organ for xenobiotics such as liquids of ECs. The aim of this study is to investigate the bimolecular effects of e-liquids on human pharyngeal tissue cultures to evaluate whether e-liquids and their components present a risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Fresh tissue samples of healthy oropharyngeal mucosa were assembled into mucosal tissue cultures. Two fruit-flavored liquids (FLs), one tobacco-flavored liquid (TL) (all containing nicotine), and the corresponding base mixtures (free of nicotine and flavor) were used in three different dilutions. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the water-soluble tetrazolium-8 assay. DNA fragmentation was quantified using alkaline microgel electrophoresis. All liquids caused a significant reduction in cell viability. FLs especially showed a higher toxicity than TL. DNA fragmentation significantly increased by incubation with FL, whereas treatment with TL did not show serious DNA damage. E-liquids are cytotoxic to oropharyngeal tissue, and some liquids can induce relevant DNA damage. Thus, mutagenicity for mucosa of the UADT and e-liquids as risk factors for head and neck cancer cannot entirely be ruled out. Only the implementation of standards and regulations for liquid production and distribution can ensure a valid scientific investigation and assessment of carcinogenic potential of long-term EC use.","PeriodicalId":94332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer","volume":"30 1","pages":"343-354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75217993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016387
K. Patra, Samarjit Jana, D. Mandal, S. Bhattacharjee
Accumulating evidence suggests that free radical reactions play a key part in the development of degenerative diseases and that an antioxidant-rich diet is a major defense against these free radical reactions. In this study, we explore comparative antioxidant capacities of extracts of some commonly used in Indian spices (anise, cardamom, Ceylon cinnamon, and clove) along with their purified components (anethole, eucalyptol, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol, respectively). Eugenol shows the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and superoxide scavenging and reducing power activity in terms of weight; however, this was not found when compared in terms of equivalence. Extracts of the other three spices were found to be more potent antioxidants than their corresponding active components. Interestingly, clove extract, despite possessing the highest phenol and flavonoid content, is not the most potent radical scavenger. At low concentrations, both the crude extracts and their purified components (except for anethole and eugenol) have low hemolytic activity, but at higher concentrations purified components are more toxic than their respective crude extract. This study suggests that spices as a whole are more potent antioxidants than their purified active components, perhaps reflecting the synergism among different phytochemicals present in spice extracts.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Extracts and Active Principles of Commonly Consumed Indian Spices.","authors":"K. Patra, Samarjit Jana, D. Mandal, S. Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016387","url":null,"abstract":"Accumulating evidence suggests that free radical reactions play a key part in the development of degenerative diseases and that an antioxidant-rich diet is a major defense against these free radical reactions. In this study, we explore comparative antioxidant capacities of extracts of some commonly used in Indian spices (anise, cardamom, Ceylon cinnamon, and clove) along with their purified components (anethole, eucalyptol, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol, respectively). Eugenol shows the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and superoxide scavenging and reducing power activity in terms of weight; however, this was not found when compared in terms of equivalence. Extracts of the other three spices were found to be more potent antioxidants than their corresponding active components. Interestingly, clove extract, despite possessing the highest phenol and flavonoid content, is not the most potent radical scavenger. At low concentrations, both the crude extracts and their purified components (except for anethole and eugenol) have low hemolytic activity, but at higher concentrations purified components are more toxic than their respective crude extract. This study suggests that spices as a whole are more potent antioxidants than their purified active components, perhaps reflecting the synergism among different phytochemicals present in spice extracts.","PeriodicalId":94332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer","volume":"110 1","pages":"299-315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90354325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016014024
A. Chattopadhyay, J. Ray
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is prevalent mostly in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Indian subcontinent. Chewing betel nuts and betel leaves, with or without tobacco, has been associated with OSF. Betel quid contents including guvacine, arecoline, guvacoline, arecaidine, and chavibetol are considered to play an important part in the occurrence of OSF. Transformation of OSF to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is variable, but up to 13% conversion of OSF to SCC has been reported. Various genetic and molecular mechanisms impact the malignant transformation of OSF, causing changes in the cell cycle, DNA, keratinocytes, and keratin; tumor-cell proliferation and survival; angiogenesis; fibrosis through epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), and tissue hypoxia. All are reviewed here, including potential biomarkers for malignant transformation of OSF. These interactions are not fully understood, but a critical mass of knowledge is building up to ultimately allow the understanding of all mechanisms involved.
{"title":"Molecular Pathology of Malignant Transformation of Oral Submucous Fibrosis.","authors":"A. Chattopadhyay, J. Ray","doi":"10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016014024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016014024","url":null,"abstract":"Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is prevalent mostly in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Indian subcontinent. Chewing betel nuts and betel leaves, with or without tobacco, has been associated with OSF. Betel quid contents including guvacine, arecoline, guvacoline, arecaidine, and chavibetol are considered to play an important part in the occurrence of OSF. Transformation of OSF to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is variable, but up to 13% conversion of OSF to SCC has been reported. Various genetic and molecular mechanisms impact the malignant transformation of OSF, causing changes in the cell cycle, DNA, keratinocytes, and keratin; tumor-cell proliferation and survival; angiogenesis; fibrosis through epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), and tissue hypoxia. All are reviewed here, including potential biomarkers for malignant transformation of OSF. These interactions are not fully understood, but a critical mass of knowledge is building up to ultimately allow the understanding of all mechanisms involved.","PeriodicalId":94332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer","volume":"30 1","pages":"193-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74229568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016099
S. Şenol, A. Aydın, Duygu Kosemetin, D. Ece, I. Akalın, Hasan Abuoğlu, Esra Akdeniz Duran, D. Aydın, Burçak Erkol
Expression levels of several molecules implicated in carcinogenesis were examined by immunohistochemical staining, and the prognostic significance of their expression levels in gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) was evaluated. A total of 115 GA and 20 control gastric tissue samples were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using 33 antibodies targeting molecules known to play a part in the development of various tumors. Overexpression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) and loss of AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), and CD44 expression in GA patients were significantly correlated with lymph node (LN) metastasis, advanced tumor stage, and poor prognosis. The results demonstrated that ALDH1A and ARID1A may be strong independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival and recurrence-free survival (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Our results demonstrated that ALDH1, CD44, ARID1A, and CAIX in immunoreactive GA tumor cells exhibit different expression profiles compared with control cells and that these differences are associated with patient survival. The molecules with differential expression profiles were associated with some common functions, including hypoxia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and SW1/SNF-mediated chromatin remodeling. In addition, the loss of ALDH1, ARID1A, and CD44 and the overexpression of CAIX are important for tumor invasion and metastasis; therefore, they may serve as useful prognostic indicators of long-term survival in patients with GA. In conclusion, our study found that abnormal expression of some of the proteins evaluated in GA tumor cells might have an important role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression and thus may influence the prognosis of patients with GA.
{"title":"Gastric Adenocarcinoma Biomarker Expression Profiles and their Prognostic Value.","authors":"S. Şenol, A. Aydın, Duygu Kosemetin, D. Ece, I. Akalın, Hasan Abuoğlu, Esra Akdeniz Duran, D. Aydın, Burçak Erkol","doi":"10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016099","url":null,"abstract":"Expression levels of several molecules implicated in carcinogenesis were examined by immunohistochemical staining, and the prognostic significance of their expression levels in gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) was evaluated. A total of 115 GA and 20 control gastric tissue samples were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using 33 antibodies targeting molecules known to play a part in the development of various tumors. Overexpression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) and loss of AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), and CD44 expression in GA patients were significantly correlated with lymph node (LN) metastasis, advanced tumor stage, and poor prognosis. The results demonstrated that ALDH1A and ARID1A may be strong independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival and recurrence-free survival (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Our results demonstrated that ALDH1, CD44, ARID1A, and CAIX in immunoreactive GA tumor cells exhibit different expression profiles compared with control cells and that these differences are associated with patient survival. The molecules with differential expression profiles were associated with some common functions, including hypoxia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and SW1/SNF-mediated chromatin remodeling. In addition, the loss of ALDH1, ARID1A, and CD44 and the overexpression of CAIX are important for tumor invasion and metastasis; therefore, they may serve as useful prognostic indicators of long-term survival in patients with GA. In conclusion, our study found that abnormal expression of some of the proteins evaluated in GA tumor cells might have an important role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression and thus may influence the prognosis of patients with GA.","PeriodicalId":94332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer","volume":"21 1","pages":"207-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80268146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016640
R. Veena, T. Ajith, K. Janardhanan, F. Antonawich
Several investigations have been initiated to enhance the antitumor effect of radiation and ameliorate its adverse effects such as reducing blood cell counts and causing DNA damage in normal cells. Compounds that enhance the antitumor activity of radiation without reducing blood cell counts or damaging DNA in normal cells can be of immense use as an adjunct in radiotherapy. We evaluated the antitumor effect of a specific set of minerals, vitamins, and amino acids (Poly-MVA) (2 mL/kg, per os), with and without radiation, against Dalton's lymphoma ascites (DLA) and Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell lines that were transplanted in a solid-tumor model. Whole-body γ-radiation exposure (2 Gy) was performed using 60Co. Poly-MVA enhanced the antitumor effect of radiation when administered beforehand. Furthermore, Poly-MVA administered once daily for 2 wk, immediately after 4 Gy irradiation, protected DNA damage in peripheral blood. It also rendered protection against the radiation-induced reduction of platelet count. The unique electronic and redox properties of palladium-α-lipoic acid complex in Poly-MVA appear to be responsible for the exhibited effect. The results conclude that the antitumor-enhancing and normal cell-protective effect of Poly-MVA warrants additional studies for its potential clinical application.
一些研究已经开始加强辐射的抗肿瘤作用，并改善其不良影响，如减少血细胞计数和引起正常细胞的DNA损伤。在不减少血细胞计数或破坏正常细胞DNA的情况下，增强放射抗肿瘤活性的化合物可以作为放射治疗的辅助物而广泛使用。我们评估了一组特定的矿物质、维生素和氨基酸(Poly-MVA) (2 mL/kg, per os)，在有和没有辐射的情况下，对移植到实体瘤模型中的道尔顿淋巴瘤腹水(DLA)和埃利希腹水癌(EAC)细胞系的抗肿瘤作用。用60Co进行全身γ辐射暴露(2 Gy)。事先给予多聚mva可增强放射的抗肿瘤作用。此外，在4 Gy辐照后立即给予Poly-MVA，每天1次，连续2周，可保护外周血中的DNA损伤。它还可以防止辐射引起的血小板计数减少。Poly-MVA中钯-α-硫辛酸配合物独特的电子和氧化还原性质似乎是产生这种效果的原因。结果表明，Poly-MVA的抗肿瘤增强和正常细胞保护作用值得进一步研究其潜在的临床应用。
{"title":"Antitumor Effects of Palladium-α-Lipoic Acid Complex Formulation as an Adjunct in Radiotherapy.","authors":"R. Veena, T. Ajith, K. Janardhanan, F. Antonawich","doi":"10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016640","url":null,"abstract":"Several investigations have been initiated to enhance the antitumor effect of radiation and ameliorate its adverse effects such as reducing blood cell counts and causing DNA damage in normal cells. Compounds that enhance the antitumor activity of radiation without reducing blood cell counts or damaging DNA in normal cells can be of immense use as an adjunct in radiotherapy. We evaluated the antitumor effect of a specific set of minerals, vitamins, and amino acids (Poly-MVA) (2 mL/kg, per os), with and without radiation, against Dalton's lymphoma ascites (DLA) and Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell lines that were transplanted in a solid-tumor model. Whole-body γ-radiation exposure (2 Gy) was performed using 60Co. Poly-MVA enhanced the antitumor effect of radiation when administered beforehand. Furthermore, Poly-MVA administered once daily for 2 wk, immediately after 4 Gy irradiation, protected DNA damage in peripheral blood. It also rendered protection against the radiation-induced reduction of platelet count. The unique electronic and redox properties of palladium-α-lipoic acid complex in Poly-MVA appear to be responsible for the exhibited effect. The results conclude that the antitumor-enhancing and normal cell-protective effect of Poly-MVA warrants additional studies for its potential clinical application.","PeriodicalId":94332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer","volume":"795 1","pages":"333-342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89011693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016320
C. Ozbayer, I. Degirmenci, Derya Ustuner, Guntulu Ak, F. Saydam, E. Çolak, H. Gunes, M. Metintaş
Genetic variants of miRNAs that target DNMTs and MBDs involved in DNA methylation were scanned with current databases, and 35 miRSNPs in 22 miRNA genes were identified. The aim of the study was to determine the association between these variants of miRNA genes and lung cancer (LC). DNA samples were isolated from blood samples and genotyped using a Sequenom MassARRAY System. An association between the rs188912830 gene variant of miR3202 that targets the MeCP2 protein and LC was indicated in both subtypes. The presence of the C-allele in patients with LC and its subtypes was significantly lower, and the absence of the C-allele was determined to increase the risk of LC by 7,429-times compared to the presence (p=0,010). The rs318039 gene variant of miR1274 that targets DNMT3b was found to be associated with LC subtypes. When allele distributions were compared, the numbers of individuals with the C-allele were significantly lower in the NSCLC and SCLC groups. No significant associations were found for the rs72563729 variant of the miR200b gene that targets DNMT3a or for the rs145416750 variant of the miR513c gene that targets TRDMT1. The other 33 variants were found to be ancestral genotypes. Consequently, rs188912830 and rs318039 variations were associated with LC subtypes. Importantly, this study is the first to indicate the functional characterisation of miRSNPs of genes that target DNA methylation.
{"title":"miRSNPs of miR1274 and miR3202 Genes that Target MeCP2 and DNMT3b Are Associated with Lung Cancer Risk: A Study Conducted on MassARRAY Genotyping.","authors":"C. Ozbayer, I. Degirmenci, Derya Ustuner, Guntulu Ak, F. Saydam, E. Çolak, H. Gunes, M. Metintaş","doi":"10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016320","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic variants of miRNAs that target DNMTs and MBDs involved in DNA methylation were scanned with current databases, and 35 miRSNPs in 22 miRNA genes were identified. The aim of the study was to determine the association between these variants of miRNA genes and lung cancer (LC). DNA samples were isolated from blood samples and genotyped using a Sequenom MassARRAY System. An association between the rs188912830 gene variant of miR3202 that targets the MeCP2 protein and LC was indicated in both subtypes. The presence of the C-allele in patients with LC and its subtypes was significantly lower, and the absence of the C-allele was determined to increase the risk of LC by 7,429-times compared to the presence (p=0,010). The rs318039 gene variant of miR1274 that targets DNMT3b was found to be associated with LC subtypes. When allele distributions were compared, the numbers of individuals with the C-allele were significantly lower in the NSCLC and SCLC groups. No significant associations were found for the rs72563729 variant of the miR200b gene that targets DNMT3a or for the rs145416750 variant of the miR513c gene that targets TRDMT1. The other 33 variants were found to be ancestral genotypes. Consequently, rs188912830 and rs318039 variations were associated with LC subtypes. Importantly, this study is the first to indicate the functional characterisation of miRSNPs of genes that target DNA methylation.","PeriodicalId":94332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer","volume":"341 1","pages":"223-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79743135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016014572
Lincy Lawrence, S. Menon, D. K., V. Sivaram, J. Padikkala
In traditional Indian medicine, the plant Gmelina arborea Linn. (GA) is described to have the ability to relieve edema. The present study evaluates the anticancer property of GA stem bark against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA)-croton oil-induced skin tumorigenesis along with the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity. The observed inhibition of inflammation in carrageenan-induced (41.8%) and formalin-induced (34.07%) models may be due to inhibition of prostaglandins (PGs). Skin papilloma was induced by a single topical application of DMBA (470 nmol/200 µL acetone), followed by repeated application of croton oil (1% in 200 µL acetone). Low-concentration GA (GALC; 5% in 200 µL distilled water) and high-concentration GA (GAHC; 10% in 200 µL distilled water) were applied topically 30 min before croton oil application. The GALC and GAHC groups showed 85.7% and 57.14% tumor incidence, respectively. The number of papillomas per mouse was observed to be significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced in the treated groups. The onset of papilloma development was delayed considerably from 6 (control) to 12 wk (GAHC). Thus, results from the study give insights into the anticancer efficacy of Gmelina arborea, which may be due to prevention of inflammation-mediated tumor promotion by inhibiting PGs.
{"title":"Inhibition of Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) - Croton Oil-Induced Mouse Skin Tumorigenesis by Gmelina arborea with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity.","authors":"Lincy Lawrence, S. Menon, D. K., V. Sivaram, J. Padikkala","doi":"10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016014572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016014572","url":null,"abstract":"In traditional Indian medicine, the plant Gmelina arborea Linn. (GA) is described to have the ability to relieve edema. The present study evaluates the anticancer property of GA stem bark against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA)-croton oil-induced skin tumorigenesis along with the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity. The observed inhibition of inflammation in carrageenan-induced (41.8%) and formalin-induced (34.07%) models may be due to inhibition of prostaglandins (PGs). Skin papilloma was induced by a single topical application of DMBA (470 nmol/200 µL acetone), followed by repeated application of croton oil (1% in 200 µL acetone). Low-concentration GA (GALC; 5% in 200 µL distilled water) and high-concentration GA (GAHC; 10% in 200 µL distilled water) were applied topically 30 min before croton oil application. The GALC and GAHC groups showed 85.7% and 57.14% tumor incidence, respectively. The number of papillomas per mouse was observed to be significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced in the treated groups. The onset of papilloma development was delayed considerably from 6 (control) to 12 wk (GAHC). Thus, results from the study give insights into the anticancer efficacy of Gmelina arborea, which may be due to prevention of inflammation-mediated tumor promotion by inhibiting PGs.","PeriodicalId":94332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer","volume":"30 1","pages":"263-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81271288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016012256
Vidhula R. Ahire, D. Das, K. Mishra, G. Kulkarni, L. Ackland
Y220C, a substitution mutation in p53, causes major structural changes in the protein and is known to form a new protein cavity. This cavity is reckoned to accommodate small drug candidates that may play a key role in cancer treatment. Present study was aimed at determining a drug candidate that could inhibit the mutant p53 based on structural drug rationale. Docking of mutated p53 was performed to determine the drug of choice from the derivatives of 1-hydroxy-2- methylanthraquinone exhibiting anti-cancer properties. The cavity had been tested for identification of an accurate position vector for molecular docking studies using structure based drug design. The docked structure was validated using discovery studio 3.5. The best choice of two molecules were obtained by docking in specific solvent for 6 nanoseconds at a temperature of 310 K. Out of a library of compounds, acetamido-2-carboxy-4-dimethylamino-2- hydroxybenzophenone satisfied the ADMET and was found to be a potential target for mutant p53. This ligand binds at the active site of the protein. Results of present study offer a rationale of the lead ligands that can rescue oncogenic p53 by targeting the mutation site. Therefore, it is suggestive that small molecules may serve as an effective and novel anti-cancer drug.
{"title":"Inhibition of the p53 Y220C Mutant by 1-Hydroxy-2- Methylanthraquinone Derivatives: A Novel Strategy for Cancer Therapy.","authors":"Vidhula R. Ahire, D. Das, K. Mishra, G. Kulkarni, L. Ackland","doi":"10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016012256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016012256","url":null,"abstract":"Y220C, a substitution mutation in p53, causes major structural changes in the protein and is known to form a new protein cavity. This cavity is reckoned to accommodate small drug candidates that may play a key role in cancer treatment. Present study was aimed at determining a drug candidate that could inhibit the mutant p53 based on structural drug rationale. Docking of mutated p53 was performed to determine the drug of choice from the derivatives of 1-hydroxy-2- methylanthraquinone exhibiting anti-cancer properties. The cavity had been tested for identification of an accurate position vector for molecular docking studies using structure based drug design. The docked structure was validated using discovery studio 3.5. The best choice of two molecules were obtained by docking in specific solvent for 6 nanoseconds at a temperature of 310 K. Out of a library of compounds, acetamido-2-carboxy-4-dimethylamino-2- hydroxybenzophenone satisfied the ADMET and was found to be a potential target for mutant p53. This ligand binds at the active site of the protein. Results of present study offer a rationale of the lead ligands that can rescue oncogenic p53 by targeting the mutation site. Therefore, it is suggestive that small molecules may serve as an effective and novel anti-cancer drug.","PeriodicalId":94332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer","volume":"25 1","pages":"355-364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88351267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016014010
E. Sindhu, Thattaruparambil Raveendran Nithya, P. Binitha, R. Kuttan
We set out to determine the effect of oxycarotenoid lutein on reducing cardiac and renal toxicity induced by doxorubicin (DXR). We started with oral administration in rats of lutein for 15 d before administering DXR (30 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally, in a single dose). Animals in all groups were sacrificed 24 h after DXR administration. Serum markers of cardiac injury lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase increased drastically after DXR but decreased after lutein treatment (p < 0.001). Elevated serum urea and creatinine in DXR-treated rats were reduced by lutein treatment (p < 0.001). Lutein increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione levels in cardiac and renal tissues of DXR-treated rats. Pretreatment of lutein reduced DXR-induced rise of oxidative stress markers including lipid peroxidation, tissue hydroperoxides, and conjugated dienes in cardiac and renal tissue. These findings were supported by electrocardiogram measurements and histopathological analyses. Results confirmed the protection of lutein against cardiac and renal toxicity induced by DXR in rats.
{"title":"Amelioration of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac and Renal Toxicity by Oxycarotenoid Lutein and Its Mechanism of Action.","authors":"E. Sindhu, Thattaruparambil Raveendran Nithya, P. Binitha, R. Kuttan","doi":"10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016014010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016014010","url":null,"abstract":"We set out to determine the effect of oxycarotenoid lutein on reducing cardiac and renal toxicity induced by doxorubicin (DXR). We started with oral administration in rats of lutein for 15 d before administering DXR (30 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally, in a single dose). Animals in all groups were sacrificed 24 h after DXR administration. Serum markers of cardiac injury lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase increased drastically after DXR but decreased after lutein treatment (p < 0.001). Elevated serum urea and creatinine in DXR-treated rats were reduced by lutein treatment (p < 0.001). Lutein increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione levels in cardiac and renal tissues of DXR-treated rats. Pretreatment of lutein reduced DXR-induced rise of oxidative stress markers including lipid peroxidation, tissue hydroperoxides, and conjugated dienes in cardiac and renal tissue. These findings were supported by electrocardiogram measurements and histopathological analyses. Results confirmed the protection of lutein against cardiac and renal toxicity induced by DXR in rats.","PeriodicalId":94332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer","volume":"190 1","pages":"237-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74180506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016399
S. Vishnoi, S. Raisuddin, S. Parvez
Epilepsy is thought to be associated with oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The enhanced synthesis and release of oxygen free radicals is linked to the low and oxidative potential of the central nervous system. Glutamate excitotoxicity also contributes significantly to the production of reactive nitrogen species that cause nitrosative stress. A decrease in adenosine triphosphate synthesis, which leads to free radical formation, is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. The brain is very much susceptible to degeneration and oxidative stress because of its low antioxidant enzyme activity. Melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, has remarkable antioxidant properties. Melatonin and its analogs that bind to melatonin receptors have a significant role in suppressing seizures. Melatonin scavenges oxygen free radicals such as hydroxyl radical, peroxy radical, peroxynitrite anion, and superoxide radical and stimulates synthesis of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which are potent antioxidant enzymes. Melatonin administration has been shown to be effective in both experimental models and patients suffering from epilepsy. In this review, we compile the literature supporting consequences of seizures and the protective role of melatonin during seizures.
{"title":"Glutamate Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy: Modulatory Role of Melatonin.","authors":"S. Vishnoi, S. Raisuddin, S. Parvez","doi":"10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/JENVIRONPATHOLTOXICOLONCOL.2016016399","url":null,"abstract":"Epilepsy is thought to be associated with oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The enhanced synthesis and release of oxygen free radicals is linked to the low and oxidative potential of the central nervous system. Glutamate excitotoxicity also contributes significantly to the production of reactive nitrogen species that cause nitrosative stress. A decrease in adenosine triphosphate synthesis, which leads to free radical formation, is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. The brain is very much susceptible to degeneration and oxidative stress because of its low antioxidant enzyme activity. Melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, has remarkable antioxidant properties. Melatonin and its analogs that bind to melatonin receptors have a significant role in suppressing seizures. Melatonin scavenges oxygen free radicals such as hydroxyl radical, peroxy radical, peroxynitrite anion, and superoxide radical and stimulates synthesis of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which are potent antioxidant enzymes. Melatonin administration has been shown to be effective in both experimental models and patients suffering from epilepsy. In this review, we compile the literature supporting consequences of seizures and the protective role of melatonin during seizures.","PeriodicalId":94332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer","volume":"119 1","pages":"365-374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80375801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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