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Phase Equilibrium Relations in the Binary System Bismuth Sesquioxide-Niobium Pentoxide 倍半氧化铋-五氧化铌二元体系的相平衡关系
R. Roth, J. Waring
The phase equilibrium diagram for the binary system bismuth sesquioxide-niobium pentoxide has been constructed from observations of fusion characteristics and X-ray diffraction data. In the system five binary compounds were observed with Bi2O3:Nb2O5 ratios of 5:3, 1:1, 4:9, 1:5, and 1:6. The 1:1 compound was found to transform irreversibly (in laboratory time) from the orthorhombic bismutotantalite type structure to a triclinic form at about 1,020 °C and melt congruently at 1,245 °C. The 5:3 compound melts incongruently at 1,193 °C the 4:9 at 1,183 °C and the 1:6 at 1,242 °C. The 1:5 compound has a maximum temperature of stability at 1,095 °C and the 4:9 and 1:6 compounds have minimum temperatures of stability at 1,070 °C and 1,002 °C respectively. Nb2O5 was found to enter into solid solution in Bi2O3, up to about 23.5 mole percent Nb2O5. The melting point is increased and the monoclinic-cubic phase transformation temperature is decreased. A morphotropic phase change occurrs at about 19.5 mole percent Nb2O5 from the cubic to a pseudocubic structure.
通过对半氧化铋-五氧化铌二元体系的熔合特征和x射线衍射数据的观察,建立了二元体系的相平衡图。在该体系中,Bi2O3与Nb2O5的比例分别为5:3、1:1、4:9、1:5和1:6。发现1:1的化合物在1020℃时不可逆地从正交铋钽型结构转变为三斜型结构,并在1245℃时完全熔化。5:3的化合物在1193°C、4:9的在1183°C和1:6的在1242°C时不一致熔化。1:5化合物的最高稳定温度为1095℃,4:9和1:6化合物的最低稳定温度分别为1070℃和1002℃。Nb2O5在Bi2O3中进入固溶体,Nb2O5的含量约为23.5摩尔。熔点升高,单斜立方相变温度降低。当Nb2O5浓度为19.5摩尔时,从立方结构到准立方结构发生了相变。
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引用次数: 115
Monolayers of adipate polyesters at air-liquid interfaces 在气液界面上的己二酯单分子层
Wendell M. Lee, R. Stromberg, J. Shereshefsky
The surface pressure-area isotherms at 24.5 °C are reported for poly (ethylene adipate), poly(trimethylene adipate), and poly (propylene adipate), spread as monolayers at airaqueous interfaces. The monolayers were spread on distilled water and 0.01 N HC1, using benzene, chloroform, and acetone as spreading solvents. Poly (propylene adiptate) was the least compressible of the three, and poly (ethylene adipate) the most. Poly (propylene adipate) did not collapse at the highest pressure's studied. The spreading characteristics of both poly (ethylene adipate) and poly (propylene adipate) were independent of the amount of material used. The spreading of poly (trimethylene adipate) appeared to depend upon the spreading solvent. The effect of structure on the surface pressure—area isotherms and the specific areas for each polymer are discussed.
据报道,在24.5℃时,聚己二酸乙烯、聚己二酸三亚甲基和聚己二酸丙烯在空气-水界面上以单层形式分布。以苯、氯仿和丙酮为铺层溶剂,在蒸馏水和0.01 N HC1上铺层。聚己二酸丙烯的可压缩性最低,而聚己二酸乙烯的可压缩性最高。聚己二酸丙烯在研究的最高压力下未发生崩解。聚己二酸乙烯和聚己二酸丙烯的涂敷特性与材料用量无关。聚己二酸三亚甲基的涂覆似乎与涂覆溶剂有关。讨论了结构对各聚合物表面压力-面积等温线和比面积的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Calorimetric Calibration of an Ionization Chamber for Determination of X-ray Total Beam Energy* 用于测定x射线总束能量的电离室的量热校准*
J. S. Pruitt, S. Domen
An X-ray calorimeter has been used to determine the total energy transported by bremsstrahlung beams with maximum photon energies between 18.2 and 170 Mev. The measurements from two experiments have been used to calibrate an aluminum ionization chamber for routine determinations of total beam energy. The calibrations are compared with calibrations of the same chamber made with a scintillation spectrometer, and with calorimetric calibrations made in other laboratories.
用x射线量热计测定了最大光子能量在18.2 - 170 Mev之间的轫致辐射光束所传递的总能量。两个实验的测量结果已用于校准铝电离室,用于常规测定总光束能量。将标定结果与闪烁光谱仪对同一腔体的标定结果以及其他实验室的量热标定结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 10
Foreign Gas Broadening of the Lines of Hydrogen Chloride and Carbon Monoxide 氯化氢和一氧化碳管线的外气加宽
E. K. Plyler, R. J. Thibault
The Lorentz line shape formula is applied in the determination of half-width parameters due to foreign gas broadening. Various pressures of S0 2 and C0 2 are added to HCl and CO, respectively. The (1-0) and (2-0) HCl bands, as well as the (2-0) CO band, are investi­ gated, and there is found to be a very definite relationship between the half-width and the rotational quantum number, J. No error of more than 5 percent should be expected for the values of 7 0 presented. Some pressure-shifts are observed for HCl, but no quantitative determinations are made.
采用洛伦兹线形公式确定了由于外来气体展宽引起的半宽度参数。将不同压力的二氧化硫和二氧化碳分别加入到HCl和CO中。对(1-0)和(2-0)HCl波段以及(2-0)CO波段进行了研究,发现半宽度与旋转量子数j之间有非常明确的关系。在HCl中观察到一些压力变化,但没有进行定量测定。
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引用次数: 2
Pyrolysis of some polyvinyl polymers at temperatures up to 1,200 °C 热解一些聚乙烯烃聚合物的温度高达1200 ÃƒÆ ' â<e:2>, Å ' ÂÃ, °C
S. Straus, S. L. Madorsky
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引用次数: 28
Zinc Oxide as a Standard Substance in the Solution Calorimetry of Portland Cement 氧化锌作为标准物质在硅酸盐水泥溶液量热法中的应用
E. Newman
Zinc oxide is the standard substance specified for calibrating the heat-of-solution calo­ rimeters used in determining the heat of hydration of portland cement in several American and foreign cement specifications. The heats of solution of zinc oxide samples from different sources and after different heat treatments have been determined in the standard mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids. It is concluded that the value given in the specifications is low, that heat treatment in the range 310 to 950 °C is not critical, that small variations in the ZnO/acid weight ratio are without significance, and that analytical-reagent zinc oxide from various sources may safely be used. The mean value obtained for the heats of solution of zinc oxide from twelve sources determined in triplicate in 1.00HNO 3,0.284HF,26.38H2O at a ZnO/acid weight ratio of 7/425 at 25 °C was 257.82 cal/g with a standard error of 0.015 cal/g. The thermochemical calorie of 4.1840 joules is used. The temperature coefficient based on least-square fitting to 16 data points obtained in an earlier study was —0.087 cal/g-deg, with a computed standard error of 0.013 cal/g-deg. The corresponding values for heat of solution and temperature coefficient given in the specifications are 256.6 cal/g and — 0.1 cal/g-deg, respectively.
氧化锌是美国和国外几种水泥规范中用于测定硅酸盐水泥水化热的溶解热热尺的校准标准物质。在硝酸和氢氟酸的标准混合物中测定了不同来源和不同热处理后的氧化锌样品的溶液热。结论是,规范中给出的值很低,310 ~ 950℃范围内的热处理并不重要,ZnO/酸重量比的微小变化没有意义,可以安全地使用各种来源的氧化锌分析试剂。在1.00 hno3,0.284HF,26.38H2O,氧化锌/酸质量比为7/425,25°C条件下,12种来源氧化锌溶液的平均热为257.82 cal/g,标准误差为0.015 cal/g。热化学热量为4.1840焦耳。在早期的研究中,基于最小二乘法拟合得到的16个数据点的温度系数为-0.087 cal/g-deg,计算标准误差为0.013 cal/g-deg。规范中给出的溶液热和温度系数对应值分别为256.6卡/g和- 0.1卡/g度。
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引用次数: 5
Nuclear Optical Model Analysis of Neutron Elastic Scattering for Calcium 钙的中子弹性散射核光学模型分析
R. S. Caswell
A nuclear optical model calculation of neutron elastic scattering using five parameters has been made. Appropriate estimates of the effect of compound elastic scattering at low energies are included. Comparisons have been made with experimental data, and results for the parameters adopted are given for elastic scattering in the energy range from 0.734 to 18 Mev. Although reasonably good agreement between the calculation and experimental results have been obtained, there is a discrepancy between experiments below 2 Mev, and experi­ mental data is needed between 6 and 14 Mev. Both angular distributions and Legendre expansion coefficients for the total elastic scattering are given.
用核光学模型计算了中子弹性散射的五个参数。对低能复合弹性散射的影响作了适当的估计。并与实验数据进行了比较,给出了在0.734 ~ 18 Mev能量范围内弹性散射所采用参数的计算结果。虽然计算结果与实验结果相当吻合,但在2 Mev以下的实验存在差异,在6 ~ 14 Mev之间需要实验数据。给出了总弹性散射的角分布和勒让德膨胀系数。
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引用次数: 2
LATTICE FREQUENCIES AND ROTATIONAL BARRIERS FOR INORGANIC CARBONATES AND NITRATES FROM LOW TEMPERATURE INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 低温红外光谱研究无机碳酸盐和硝酸盐的晶格频率和旋转势垒
R. Schroeder, C. Weir, E. Lippincott
Infrared absorption spectra of inorganic nitrates and carbonates were obtained on single crystals at room temperature, under liquid nitrogen and liquid helium refrigeration. Diffuse absorption observed in the room temperature spectra between about 1400 and 700 cm/sup -1/ is solved under liquid helium refrigeration into a large number of bands not attributable to fundamentals or combinations of fundamental frequencies of the anions. Almost all of these bands are readily interpreted as summation bands of fundamental frequencies with successive levels of a librating oscillator. The libration is considered to represent a planar torsional oscillation of the anion about the trigonal axis. The librational frequency depends in part on the crystal structure and on the ions. In a given material the librational frequency as determined from successive bands is reasonably constant. In the substances studied the librational frequency varied from about 15 to 30 cm/sup -1/. Band limits observed in the spectra are interpreted as representing rotational energy barriers. These barrier heights are approximately 200 cm/sup -1/ with some dependence on the crystal structure and the ions involved. Barrier heights calculated from a cosine potential function agree reasonably well with the observed barriers for the cubic and calcite structures. Similar calculations weremore » not made for other structures studied because of doubtful assignments or unknown structural details. In particular, spectra of the aragonite structures are remarkable in detail and complexity, and were not analyzed. However, the details of these and all other spectra studied appear to involve similar phenomena. (auth)« less
在室温、液氮和液氦制冷条件下,获得了无机硝酸盐和碳酸盐在单晶上的红外吸收光谱。在1400 ~ 700 cm/sup -1/之间的室温光谱中观察到的漫反射吸收,在液氦制冷下被分解成大量的波段,这些波段不能归因于阴离子的基频或基频的组合。几乎所有这些频带都可以很容易地解释为振荡振荡器连续电平的基频的和频带。这种振动被认为是阴离子绕三角轴的平面扭振。振动频率部分取决于晶体结构和离子。在给定的材料中,由连续波段确定的振动频率是相当恒定的。在所研究的物质中,振动频率约为15至30 cm/sup -1/。光谱中观察到的带限被解释为代表旋转能垒。这些势垒高度约为200 cm/sup -1/,与晶体结构和所涉及的离子有一定的关系。余弦势函数计算的势垒高度与立方结构和方解石结构中所观察到的势垒高度相当吻合。由于分配可疑或结构细节未知,没有对其他结构进行类似的计算。特别是文石结构的光谱非常详细和复杂,没有进行分析。然而,这些细节和所有其他研究光谱似乎涉及类似的现象。(身份验证)«更少
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引用次数: 61
Thermal Degradation of Fractionated High and Low Molecular Weight Polystyrenes 分馏高分子量和低分子量聚苯乙烯的热降解
S. L. Madorsky, D. Mclntyre, J. H. O’Mara, S. Straus
In previous work on the thermal degradation of polystyrene of average molecular weight of 230,000, carried out in a vacuum in the temperature range 318 to 348 °C, the rate curves exhibited distinct maximums when percentage loss of sample per minute was plotted as a function of percentage volatilization. These maximums correspond to a volatilization of about 35 to 45 percent and tend to flatten with decreased temperature of pyrolysis. A similar study of rates of thermal degradation at 307.5 °C has now been made on two groups of polymers: (1) low molecular weight, 24,000; 51,000; and 66,000; and (2) high molecular weight, 2,000,000; 2,250,000; and 5,000,000. Whole polymers and also fractions of narrow-range molecular weight were used. The rate curves for the 24,000 and 51,000 molecular-weight samples exhibit very high initial rates, but no maximums; the 66,000 sample showed a maximum at 45 percent volatilization. The rate curves for the 2,000,000, 2,250,000, and 5,000,000 molecular-weight samples exhibit a gradual rise up to about 25 percent volatilization; then, instead of forming maximums, they follow plateaus to about 50 percent volatilization. These plateaus are indicative of a zero-order reaction in the range that they cover, and the rates corresponding to them fit well on the Arrhenius activation-energy curve obtained previously for polystyrene samples at higher temperatures.
在之前对平均分子量为23万的聚苯乙烯的热降解的研究中,在318 ~ 348°C的真空温度范围内,当样品每分钟损失百分比作为挥发百分比的函数时,速率曲线显示出明显的最大值。这些最大值对应于约35%至45%的挥发,并且随着热解温度的降低趋于平缓。在307.5°C下对两组聚合物进行了类似的热降解率研究:(1)低分子量,24000;51000;和66000年;(2)高分子量,2,000,000;2250000;和5000000年。整个聚合物和小范围分子量的部分也被使用。24,000和51,000分子量样品的速率曲线显示出非常高的初始速率,但没有最大值;66000个样品显示最大挥发率为45%。2,000,000、2,250,000和5,000,000分子量样品的挥发率曲线逐渐上升至约25%;然后,它们不是形成最大值,而是跟随平台到大约50%的挥发。这些平台表明在它们覆盖的范围内是零级反应,它们对应的速率与先前在较高温度下获得的聚苯乙烯样品的阿伦尼乌斯活化能曲线非常吻合。
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引用次数: 0
Derivation of the Relaxation Spectrum Representation of the Mechanical Response Function 力学响应函数的松弛谱表示的推导
R. Marvin
Relaxation spectra have been used in both the presentation and interpretation of measurements of the mechanical properties of rubberlike polymers.
弛豫谱已被用于描述和解释类橡胶聚合物的力学性能测量。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry
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