Pub Date : 2024-10-15Epub Date: 2024-08-05DOI: 10.11613/BM.2024.030701
Ana Ćuk, Lada Rumora, Ivanka Mikulić, Nikolina Penava, Ivona Cvetković, Ante Pušić, Vinka Mikulić, Kristina Ljubić, Vajdana Tomić
Introduction: Ferroportin (Fpn) is the only known iron exporter and plays an essential role in iron homeostasis. Serum concentrations of Fpn in health and/or diseased states are still mostly unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the concentration of Fpn in the serum of women of reproductive age (WRA) for the first time, and to establish whether there is a difference in the concentration of Fpn according to ferritin status.
Materials and methods: This research included 100 WRA (18-45 years, C-reactive protein (CRP) < 5 mg/L, hemoglobin > 120 g/L). Serum Fpn was measured using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method on the analyzer EZ Read 800 Plus (Biochrom, Cambridge, UK). Reference interval was calculated using the robust method.
Results: The median concentration of Fpn in the whole study group was 9.74 (5.84-15.69) µg/L. The subgroup with ferritin concentration > 15 µg/L had a median Fpn concentration 15.21 (10.34-21.93) µg/L, which significantly differed from Fpn concentration in the subgroup with ferritin concentration ≤ 15 µg/L (5.93 (4.84-8.36) µg/L, P < 0.001). The reference limits for the Fpn were 2.26-29.81 µg/L with 90% confidence intervals (CI) of 1.78 to 2.83 and 25.37 to 34.33, respectively.
Conclusions: The proposed reference interval could help in the future research on iron homeostasis both in physiological conditions and in various disorders, because this is the first study that measured Fpn concentration in a certain gender and age group of a healthy population.
{"title":"Serum concentration of ferroportin in women of reproductive age.","authors":"Ana Ćuk, Lada Rumora, Ivanka Mikulić, Nikolina Penava, Ivona Cvetković, Ante Pušić, Vinka Mikulić, Kristina Ljubić, Vajdana Tomić","doi":"10.11613/BM.2024.030701","DOIUrl":"10.11613/BM.2024.030701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ferroportin (Fpn) is the only known iron exporter and plays an essential role in iron homeostasis. Serum concentrations of Fpn in health and/or diseased states are still mostly unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the concentration of Fpn in the serum of women of reproductive age (WRA) for the first time, and to establish whether there is a difference in the concentration of Fpn according to ferritin status.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This research included 100 WRA (18-45 years, C-reactive protein (CRP) < 5 mg/L, hemoglobin > 120 g/L). Serum Fpn was measured using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method on the analyzer EZ Read 800 Plus (Biochrom, Cambridge, UK). Reference interval was calculated using the robust method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median concentration of Fpn in the whole study group was 9.74 (5.84-15.69) µg/L. The subgroup with ferritin concentration > 15 µg/L had a median Fpn concentration 15.21 (10.34-21.93) µg/L, which significantly differed from Fpn concentration in the subgroup with ferritin concentration ≤ 15 µg/L (5.93 (4.84-8.36) µg/L, P < 0.001). The reference limits for the Fpn were 2.26-29.81 µg/L with 90% confidence intervals (CI) of 1.78 to 2.83 and 25.37 to 34.33, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed reference interval could help in the future research on iron homeostasis both in physiological conditions and in various disorders, because this is the first study that measured Fpn concentration in a certain gender and age group of a healthy population.</p>","PeriodicalId":94370,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11334195/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142020094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15Epub Date: 2024-08-05DOI: 10.11613/BM.2024.031001
Marija Milić, Dejana Brkić Barbarić, Iva Lukić, Mirna Kirin, Vikica Buljanović, Vatroslav Šerić
This case report describes interference from heterophilic antibodies in D-dimer assay. The interference was suspected due to discrepancies between D-dimer concentrations in the original sample and diluted samples, as well as inconsistent clinical findings. The patient's medical history, laboratory results, and imaging studies were considered in the investigation. Heterophilic antibodies, likely developed during the SARS-CoV-2 infection, were identified as the probable cause of interference. The interference was confirmed through various methods, including dilution studies, blocking heterophilic antibodies, and comparing results with an alternative D-dimer method. This case highlights the importance of recognizing and addressing interference in D-dimer testing, emphasizing the need for collaboration between clinicians and laboratory specialists.
{"title":"D-dimer assay interference detected by the discrepancy in D-dimer concentrations at different dilutions: a case report.","authors":"Marija Milić, Dejana Brkić Barbarić, Iva Lukić, Mirna Kirin, Vikica Buljanović, Vatroslav Šerić","doi":"10.11613/BM.2024.031001","DOIUrl":"10.11613/BM.2024.031001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This case report describes interference from heterophilic antibodies in D-dimer assay. The interference was suspected due to discrepancies between D-dimer concentrations in the original sample and diluted samples, as well as inconsistent clinical findings. The patient's medical history, laboratory results, and imaging studies were considered in the investigation. Heterophilic antibodies, likely developed during the SARS-CoV-2 infection, were identified as the probable cause of interference. The interference was confirmed through various methods, including dilution studies, blocking heterophilic antibodies, and comparing results with an alternative D-dimer method. This case highlights the importance of recognizing and addressing interference in D-dimer testing, emphasizing the need for collaboration between clinicians and laboratory specialists.</p>","PeriodicalId":94370,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11334198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142020091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15Epub Date: 2024-08-05DOI: 10.11613/BM.2024.030501
Lovorka Đerek, Vanja Radišić Biljak, Sanja Marević, Brankica Šimac, Marko Žarak, Antonija Perović, Domagoj Marijančević, Robert Buljubašić, Luka Matanović, Maja Cigrovski Berković
Laboratory medicine in sport and exercise has significantly developed during the last decades with the awareness that physical activity contributes to improved health status, and is present in monitoring both professional and recreational athletes. Training and competitions can modify concentrations of a variety of laboratory parameters, so the accurate laboratory data interpretation includes controlled and known preanalytical and analytical variables to prevent misleading interpretations. The paper represents a comprehensive summary of the lectures presented during the 35th Annual Symposium of the Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine. It describes management of frequent sport injuries and sums up current knowledge of selected areas in laboratory medicine and sports including biological variation, changes in biochemical parameters and glycemic status. Additionally, the paper polemicizes sex hormone disorders in sports, encourages and comments research in recreational sports and laboratory medicine. In order to give the wider view, the connection of legal training protocols as well as monitoring prohibited substances in training is also considered through the eyes of laboratory medicine.
{"title":"Laboratory medicine and sports: where are we now?","authors":"Lovorka Đerek, Vanja Radišić Biljak, Sanja Marević, Brankica Šimac, Marko Žarak, Antonija Perović, Domagoj Marijančević, Robert Buljubašić, Luka Matanović, Maja Cigrovski Berković","doi":"10.11613/BM.2024.030501","DOIUrl":"10.11613/BM.2024.030501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Laboratory medicine in sport and exercise has significantly developed during the last decades with the awareness that physical activity contributes to improved health status, and is present in monitoring both professional and recreational athletes. Training and competitions can modify concentrations of a variety of laboratory parameters, so the accurate laboratory data interpretation includes controlled and known preanalytical and analytical variables to prevent misleading interpretations. The paper represents a comprehensive summary of the lectures presented during the 35<sup>th</sup> Annual Symposium of the Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine. It describes management of frequent sport injuries and sums up current knowledge of selected areas in laboratory medicine and sports including biological variation, changes in biochemical parameters and glycemic status. Additionally, the paper polemicizes sex hormone disorders in sports, encourages and comments research in recreational sports and laboratory medicine. In order to give the wider view, the connection of legal training protocols as well as monitoring prohibited substances in training is also considered through the eyes of laboratory medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":94370,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11334196/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142020093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15Epub Date: 2024-08-05DOI: 10.11613/BM.2024.030801
Junkun Chen, Ming Huang, Guo Li, Chi Zhang
Blue-green neutrophilic inclusions (BGNI), also known as "death bodies," are bright green structures observed in the cytoplasm of neutrophils or monocytes and are closely associated with acute liver failure, lactic acidosis, and other serious diseases. Some studies suggested a potential association with phagocytic lipofuscin released by damaged liver cells. The presence of BGNI typically indicated a poor prognosis. We presented two cases. Case 1 was diagnosed with novel bunyavirus infection and exhibited severe hepatic impairment and coagulation dysfunction along with the presence of BGNI in neutrophils. Despite receiving comprehensive symptomatic treatment, the patient's condition rapidly deteriorated leading to eventual demise. Case 2 had severe liver injury caused by wasp stings, and BGNI was observed. Following active treatment measures, the patient eventually achieved recovery. Throughout the disease course of case 1, there was a progressive deepening in color and increase in quantity of BGNI. Conversely, case 2 demonstrated an opposite trend. Based on the comparison of clinical outcomes and variations in color and quantity of BGNI between these two patients, it was found that an increase in the number and deepening of BGNI color corresponded to worsening condition. Conversely, a decrease in quantity and lightening of color indicated improvement. Hence, these findings suggest a possible association between changes in BGNI characteristics and prognosis.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of the color change in blue-green inclusions within neutrophils between two patients with different clinical outcomes.","authors":"Junkun Chen, Ming Huang, Guo Li, Chi Zhang","doi":"10.11613/BM.2024.030801","DOIUrl":"10.11613/BM.2024.030801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blue-green neutrophilic inclusions (BGNI), also known as \"death bodies,\" are bright green structures observed in the cytoplasm of neutrophils or monocytes and are closely associated with acute liver failure, lactic acidosis, and other serious diseases. Some studies suggested a potential association with phagocytic lipofuscin released by damaged liver cells. The presence of BGNI typically indicated a poor prognosis. We presented two cases. Case 1 was diagnosed with novel bunyavirus infection and exhibited severe hepatic impairment and coagulation dysfunction along with the presence of BGNI in neutrophils. Despite receiving comprehensive symptomatic treatment, the patient's condition rapidly deteriorated leading to eventual demise. Case 2 had severe liver injury caused by wasp stings, and BGNI was observed. Following active treatment measures, the patient eventually achieved recovery. Throughout the disease course of case 1, there was a progressive deepening in color and increase in quantity of BGNI. Conversely, case 2 demonstrated an opposite trend. Based on the comparison of clinical outcomes and variations in color and quantity of BGNI between these two patients, it was found that an increase in the number and deepening of BGNI color corresponded to worsening condition. Conversely, a decrease in quantity and lightening of color indicated improvement. Hence, these findings suggest a possible association between changes in BGNI characteristics and prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94370,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11334201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142020090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15Epub Date: 2024-08-05DOI: 10.11613/BM.2024.030101
Molly E Contini, Jeffrey R Spence, David J Stanley
Researchers and practitioners are typically familiar with descriptive statistics and statistical inference. However, outside of regression techniques, little attention may be given to questions around prediction. In the current paper, we introduce prediction intervals using fundamental concepts that are learned in descriptive and inferential statistical training (i.e., sampling error, standard deviation). We walk through an example using simple hand calculations and reference a simple R package that can be used to calculate prediction intervals.
研究人员和从业人员通常都熟悉描述性统计和统计推断。然而,在回归技术之外,人们可能很少关注与预测有关的问题。在本文中,我们使用描述性和推断性统计培训中学到的基本概念(即抽样误差、标准偏差)来介绍预测区间。我们用简单的手工计算举例说明,并参考了一个可用于计算预测区间的简单 R 软件包。
{"title":"Introducing prediction intervals for sample means.","authors":"Molly E Contini, Jeffrey R Spence, David J Stanley","doi":"10.11613/BM.2024.030101","DOIUrl":"10.11613/BM.2024.030101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Researchers and practitioners are typically familiar with descriptive statistics and statistical inference. However, outside of regression techniques, little attention may be given to questions around prediction. In the current paper, we introduce prediction intervals using fundamental concepts that are learned in descriptive and inferential statistical training (<i>i.e.,</i> sampling error, standard deviation). We walk through an example using simple hand calculations and reference a simple R package that can be used to calculate prediction intervals.</p>","PeriodicalId":94370,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11334197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142020092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15Epub Date: 2024-08-05DOI: 10.11613/BM.2024.030703
Jill Boreyko, Josko Ivica
Introduction: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a glycoprotein secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and is regulated by negative feedback from the serum free thyroid hormones. In this study we aimed to quantitate the relative bias caused by calibration drifting as seen in our TSH Levey-Jennings quality control (QC) charts and assess the magnitude of bias on patients' samples.
Materials and methods: In the period from October 2021 to August 2022 we looked at the QC results of ten 28-days' calibration time intervals and calculated relative bias compared to the mean. For each time interval the mean from three QC points before and after calibration was calculated. The average from 10 pre- and post-calibration means was calculated and the relative bias, pre- and post-calibration, was then calculated. We used 5 patient samples with low, normal and high TSH concentrations and calculated relative bias pre- and post-calibration. The allowed relative bias for TSH is ± 6.7%.
Results: At both QC levels, with the respective means of 5.14 mIU/L (coefficient of variation, CV% = 3.1%) and 27.80 mIU/L (CV% = 3.2%) had their respective relative bias - 8.2% and - 7.9%. The patient samples with low (0.586 mIU/L), normal (2.89 mIU/L and 5.19 mIU/L) and high (20.5 mIU/L and 39.8 mIU/L) TSH had - 4.1%, - 4.0%, - 3.5%, - 5.1% and - 4.1%, respectively.
Conclusion: Even though the relative bias exceeded allowable criteria for the QC samples, this was not manifested on the patients' samples.
{"title":"The influence of calibration on bias in quality control and patient results for TSH on Vitros XT 7600 analyzer.","authors":"Jill Boreyko, Josko Ivica","doi":"10.11613/BM.2024.030703","DOIUrl":"10.11613/BM.2024.030703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a glycoprotein secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and is regulated by negative feedback from the serum free thyroid hormones. In this study we aimed to quantitate the relative bias caused by calibration drifting as seen in our TSH Levey-Jennings quality control (QC) charts and assess the magnitude of bias on patients' samples.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In the period from October 2021 to August 2022 we looked at the QC results of ten 28-days' calibration time intervals and calculated relative bias compared to the mean. For each time interval the mean from three QC points before and after calibration was calculated. The average from 10 pre- and post-calibration means was calculated and the relative bias, pre- and post-calibration, was then calculated. We used 5 patient samples with low, normal and high TSH concentrations and calculated relative bias pre- and post-calibration. The allowed relative bias for TSH is ± 6.7%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At both QC levels, with the respective means of 5.14 mIU/L (coefficient of variation, CV% = 3.1%) and 27.80 mIU/L (CV% = 3.2%) had their respective relative bias - 8.2% and - 7.9%. The patient samples with low (0.586 mIU/L), normal (2.89 mIU/L and 5.19 mIU/L) and high (20.5 mIU/L and 39.8 mIU/L) TSH had - 4.1%, - 4.0%, - 3.5%, - 5.1% and - 4.1%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Even though the relative bias exceeded allowable criteria for the QC samples, this was not manifested on the patients' samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":94370,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11334199/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142020129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15Epub Date: 2024-08-05DOI: 10.11613/BM.2024.030702
François Fraissinet, Hélène Girot, André Gillibert, Anaïs Melin, Julie Fettig, Valéry Brunel
Introduction: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a peptide secreted by pituitary gland that plays an important role in regulating cortisol secretion. Its determination is difficult because of instability in whole blood. Several factors that influence ACTH stability in blood before analysis have been identified: temperature, hemolysis, time to centrifugation and presence of protease inhibitors. Published results on ACTH whole blood stability seem contradictory.
Materials and methods: We performed a stability study in 10 healthy volunteers. Three different conditions were tested: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 4 °C, EDTA + aprotinin at 4 °C, EDTA + aprotinin at room temperature. Stability was evaluated for 8 hours. Adrenocorticotropic hormone measurements and hemolysis index were performed respectively on Cobas e602 and c701 (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). We compared percentage deviations with total change limit using a threshold of 7.5%.
Results: We showed that ACTH is stable 8 hours with EDTA at 4 °C, 4 hours with EDTA + aprotinin at 4 °C and 2 hours with EDTA + aprotinin at 22 °C.
Conclusions: Aprotinin does not appear to give ACTH greater stability but can be used without exceeding 4 hours at 4 °C. Refrigerated pouch transport also seems to be more appropriate for ACTH in whole blood.
{"title":"Stability of adrenocorticotropic hormone in whole blood samples: effects of storage conditions.","authors":"François Fraissinet, Hélène Girot, André Gillibert, Anaïs Melin, Julie Fettig, Valéry Brunel","doi":"10.11613/BM.2024.030702","DOIUrl":"10.11613/BM.2024.030702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a peptide secreted by pituitary gland that plays an important role in regulating cortisol secretion. Its determination is difficult because of instability in whole blood. Several factors that influence ACTH stability in blood before analysis have been identified: temperature, hemolysis, time to centrifugation and presence of protease inhibitors. Published results on ACTH whole blood stability seem contradictory.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We performed a stability study in 10 healthy volunteers. Three different conditions were tested: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 4 °C, EDTA + aprotinin at 4 °C, EDTA + aprotinin at room temperature. Stability was evaluated for 8 hours. Adrenocorticotropic hormone measurements and hemolysis index were performed respectively on Cobas e602 and c701 (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). We compared percentage deviations with total change limit using a threshold of 7.5%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We showed that ACTH is stable 8 hours with EDTA at 4 °C, 4 hours with EDTA + aprotinin at 4 °C and 2 hours with EDTA + aprotinin at 22 °C.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Aprotinin does not appear to give ACTH greater stability but can be used without exceeding 4 hours at 4 °C. Refrigerated pouch transport also seems to be more appropriate for ACTH in whole blood.</p>","PeriodicalId":94370,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11334200/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142020095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The investigation of biomarkers is constantly evolving. New molecules and molecular assemblies, such as soluble and particulate complexes, emerged as biomarkers from basic research and investigation of different proteomes, genomes, and glycomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), and glycans, complex carbohydrates are ubiquitous in nature. The composition and structure of both reflect physiological state of paternal cells and are strikingly changed in diseases. The EV-associated glycans, alone or in combination with soluble glycans in related biological fluids, used as analytes, aim to capture full complex biomarker picture, enabling its use in different clinical settings. Bringing together EVs and glycans can help to extract meaningful data from their extreme and distinct heterogeneities for use in the real-time diagnostics. The glycans on the surface of EVs could mark their subpopulations and establish the glycosignature, the solubilisation signature and molecular patterns. They all contribute to a new way of looking at and looking for composite biomarkers.
生物标记物的研究在不断发展。通过对不同蛋白质组、基因组和糖蛋白的基础研究和调查,出现了新的分子和分子组合,如可溶性和颗粒状复合物,可作为生物标记物。细胞外囊泡(EV)和聚糖(复杂的碳水化合物)在自然界中无处不在。二者的组成和结构反映了父系细胞的生理状态,并在疾病中发生显著变化。EV 相关聚糖单独或与相关生物液体中的可溶性聚糖结合用作分析物,旨在捕捉复杂的生物标记全貌,使其能用于不同的临床环境。将 EV 和聚糖结合起来,有助于从它们极端而独特的异质性中提取有意义的数据,用于实时诊断。EVs 表面的聚糖可以标记其亚群,并建立糖特征、溶解特征和分子模式。它们都有助于以一种新的方式来观察和寻找复合生物标记物。
{"title":"Extracellular vesicles and glycans: new avenue for biomarker research.","authors":"Tamara Janković, Miroslava Janković","doi":"10.11613/BM.2024.020503","DOIUrl":"10.11613/BM.2024.020503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The investigation of biomarkers is constantly evolving. New molecules and molecular assemblies, such as soluble and particulate complexes, emerged as biomarkers from basic research and investigation of different proteomes, genomes, and glycomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), and glycans, complex carbohydrates are ubiquitous in nature. The composition and structure of both reflect physiological state of paternal cells and are strikingly changed in diseases. The EV-associated glycans, alone or in combination with soluble glycans in related biological fluids, used as analytes, aim to capture full complex biomarker picture, enabling its use in different clinical settings. Bringing together EVs and glycans can help to extract meaningful data from their extreme and distinct heterogeneities for use in the real-time diagnostics. The glycans on the surface of EVs could mark their subpopulations and establish the glycosignature, the solubilisation signature and molecular patterns. They all contribute to a new way of looking at and looking for composite biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":94370,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11177654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a rare systemic autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent pregnancy morbidity or thrombosis in combination with the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) in plasma/serum. Antiphospholipid antibodies are a heterogeneous, overlapping group of autoantibodies, of which anti-β2-glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI), anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies and antibodies that prolong plasma clotting time in tests in vitro known as lupus anticoagulant (LAC) are included in the laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of APS. The presence of LAC antibodies in plasma is indirectly determined by measuring the length of coagulation in two tests - activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and diluted Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT). The concentration of aβ2GPI and aCL (immunglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotypes) in serum is directly determined by solid-phase immunoassays, either by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluoroimmunoassay (FIA), immunochemiluminescence (CLIA) or multiplex flow immunoassay (MFIA). For patient safety, it is extremely important to control all three phases of laboratory testing, i.e. preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical phase. Specialists in laboratory medicine must be aware of interferences in all three phases of laboratory testing, in order to minimize these interferences. The aim of this review was to show the current pathophysiological aspects of APS, the importance of determining aPLs-a in plasma/serum, with an emphasis on possible interferences that should be taken into account when interpreting laboratory findings.
抗磷脂综合征(APS)是一种罕见的全身性自身免疫性疾病,其特点是妊娠期反复发病或血栓形成,同时血浆/血清中持续存在抗磷脂抗体(aPL)。抗磷脂抗体是一组异质、重叠的自身抗体,其中抗β2-糖蛋白I(aβ2GPI)抗体、抗心磷脂(aCL)抗体和在体外测试中延长血浆凝固时间的抗体(称为狼疮抗凝物(LAC))被列入诊断APS的实验室标准。通过活化部分凝血活酶时间(aPTT)和稀释罗素蝰蛇毒时间(dRVVT)这两项测试来测量凝血时间的长短,从而间接确定血浆中是否存在 LAC 抗体。血清中 aβ2GPI 和 aCL(免疫球蛋白 G (IgG) 和免疫球蛋白 M (IgM)异型)的浓度可通过固相免疫测定法(酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)、荧光免疫测定法 (FIA)、免疫化学发光法 (CLIA) 或多重流式免疫测定法 (MFIA))直接测定。为了患者的安全,对实验室检测的所有三个阶段,即分析前、分析中和分析后阶段进行控制极为重要。实验室医学专家必须了解实验室检测所有三个阶段的干扰,以便将这些干扰降至最低。本综述旨在说明目前 APS 的病理生理学方面、测定血浆/血清中 aPLs-a 的重要性,重点是在解释实验室结果时应考虑的可能干扰。
{"title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome.","authors":"Slavica Dodig, Ivana Čepelak","doi":"10.11613/BM.2024.020504","DOIUrl":"10.11613/BM.2024.020504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a rare systemic autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent pregnancy morbidity or thrombosis in combination with the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) in plasma/serum. Antiphospholipid antibodies are a heterogeneous, overlapping group of autoantibodies, of which anti-β2-glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI), anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies and antibodies that prolong plasma clotting time in tests <i>in vitro</i> known as lupus anticoagulant (LAC) are included in the laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of APS. The presence of LAC antibodies in plasma is indirectly determined by measuring the length of coagulation in two tests - activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and diluted Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT). The concentration of aβ2GPI and aCL (immunglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotypes) in serum is directly determined by solid-phase immunoassays, either by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluoroimmunoassay (FIA), immunochemiluminescence (CLIA) or multiplex flow immunoassay (MFIA). For patient safety, it is extremely important to control all three phases of laboratory testing, <i>i.e.</i> preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical phase. Specialists in laboratory medicine must be aware of interferences in all three phases of laboratory testing, in order to minimize these interferences. The aim of this review was to show the current pathophysiological aspects of APS, the importance of determining aPLs-a in plasma/serum, with an emphasis on possible interferences that should be taken into account when interpreting laboratory findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":94370,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11177653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) have emerged as a new category of biomarkers for many human diseases like cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. MicroRNAs can be detected in various body fluids including blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. However, the literature contains conflicting results for circulating miRNAs, which is the main barrier to using miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers. This variability in results is largely due to differences between studies in sample processing methodology, miRNA quantification and result normalization. The purpose of this review is to describe the various preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical factors that can impact miRNA detection accuracy and to propose recommendations for the standardization of circulating miRNAs measurement.
{"title":"Preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical considerations in circulating microRNAs measurement.","authors":"Mustapha Zendjabil","doi":"10.11613/BM.2024.020501","DOIUrl":"10.11613/BM.2024.020501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) have emerged as a new category of biomarkers for many human diseases like cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. MicroRNAs can be detected in various body fluids including blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. However, the literature contains conflicting results for circulating miRNAs, which is the main barrier to using miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers. This variability in results is largely due to differences between studies in sample processing methodology, miRNA quantification and result normalization. The purpose of this review is to describe the various preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical factors that can impact miRNA detection accuracy and to propose recommendations for the standardization of circulating miRNAs measurement.</p>","PeriodicalId":94370,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11177657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}