Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-15
A. Wifi, H. Megahed, M. Emara, M. Shazly, M. Farag
This study discusses the fabrication of starchbased hybrid composite reinforced with chopped randomly oriented flax, sisal, and date palm fibers. The tensile properties, before and after chemical treatment, as well as the morphology of the fibers were evaluated. The hybrid composites were fabricated using hot compaction technique at 5MPa and 160°C for 30min. Fracture surface investigations using field emission scanning microscopy showed a good adhesion between fibers and matrix. The fracture surface revealed the presence of matrix micro cracks as well as fibers fracture and pullout. Hybrid composites containing 20 vf % sisal, and 5 vf % flax at 25 vf % date palm as well as 35vf% sisal, and 5 vf % flax at 10 vf % date palm had the optimum mechanical properties and consequently can serve as competitive ecofriendly candidates for various applications. A finite element (FE) approach was developed to simplify the treatment of random orientation of chopped fibers and predict elastic modulus using Embedded Element technique. Analyses based on rule of hybrid composite (ROHM), COX rule, and Leowenstein rule are presented to validate both experimental and FE numerical results. The FE results compared favorably with the experimental results. Introduction The construction of natural fiber bio-composite may have very good applications in the automotive and transportation industry such as car door panels which may save up to 45% from door panel carrier weight, bio-based cushions, the driver’s seat back rest, etc. Moreover, reducing cost of bio-composites will be more desirable to industrial economic development [1]. Biodegradable composite materials based on natural fibers and starch had attracted attention over the past several years. Starch is one of polysaccharide matrices. Owing to its low cost, availability as a renewable resource, biodegradable and nontoxic degradation products, it is one of the important raw materials used for packaging, biomedical applications, and in some By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 201-210 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-15 202 automotive parts. Starch, however, has some drawbacks such as poor melting process ability, high water solubility, difficulty of processing, and brittleness. Gelatinization process converts starch to thermoplastic starch (TPS) and improves those draw backs [2-3]. Date-Palm fiber (DPF) is a low cost material with mechanical properties that depend on the place of extraction. DPF can be considered one of the best types of fibers regarding several evaluation criteria such as specific strength to cost ratio if compared to other fiber types [4]. Sisal fiber (SF) is known by its high strength but it has some limitations such as high cost and is not cultivated in Egypt [5]. Flax fiber (FF) has mechanical properties near to SF; however, the cultivation of Flax has been diminished in Egypt as it can be replaced by othe
{"title":"Enhancement of the Mechanical Behavior of Starch-Palm Fiber Composites","authors":"A. Wifi, H. Megahed, M. Emara, M. Shazly, M. Farag","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-15","url":null,"abstract":"This study discusses the fabrication of starchbased hybrid composite reinforced with chopped randomly oriented flax, sisal, and date palm fibers. The tensile properties, before and after chemical treatment, as well as the morphology of the fibers were evaluated. The hybrid composites were fabricated using hot compaction technique at 5MPa and 160°C for 30min. Fracture surface investigations using field emission scanning microscopy showed a good adhesion between fibers and matrix. The fracture surface revealed the presence of matrix micro cracks as well as fibers fracture and pullout. Hybrid composites containing 20 vf % sisal, and 5 vf % flax at 25 vf % date palm as well as 35vf% sisal, and 5 vf % flax at 10 vf % date palm had the optimum mechanical properties and consequently can serve as competitive ecofriendly candidates for various applications. A finite element (FE) approach was developed to simplify the treatment of random orientation of chopped fibers and predict elastic modulus using Embedded Element technique. Analyses based on rule of hybrid composite (ROHM), COX rule, and Leowenstein rule are presented to validate both experimental and FE numerical results. The FE results compared favorably with the experimental results. Introduction The construction of natural fiber bio-composite may have very good applications in the automotive and transportation industry such as car door panels which may save up to 45% from door panel carrier weight, bio-based cushions, the driver’s seat back rest, etc. Moreover, reducing cost of bio-composites will be more desirable to industrial economic development [1]. Biodegradable composite materials based on natural fibers and starch had attracted attention over the past several years. Starch is one of polysaccharide matrices. Owing to its low cost, availability as a renewable resource, biodegradable and nontoxic degradation products, it is one of the important raw materials used for packaging, biomedical applications, and in some By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 201-210 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-15 202 automotive parts. Starch, however, has some drawbacks such as poor melting process ability, high water solubility, difficulty of processing, and brittleness. Gelatinization process converts starch to thermoplastic starch (TPS) and improves those draw backs [2-3]. Date-Palm fiber (DPF) is a low cost material with mechanical properties that depend on the place of extraction. DPF can be considered one of the best types of fibers regarding several evaluation criteria such as specific strength to cost ratio if compared to other fiber types [4]. Sisal fiber (SF) is known by its high strength but it has some limitations such as high cost and is not cultivated in Egypt [5]. Flax fiber (FF) has mechanical properties near to SF; however, the cultivation of Flax has been diminished in Egypt as it can be replaced by othe","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76275447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-19
S. Sharabasy, H. Bosila, Abdel-Monem A. Bana, Bayome M. Mansour
Effect of microelements on some chemicals analysis of secondry metabolits such as free amino acids, total indols content and total phenols content of date palm cultivars (Sakkoty and Bartamuda) were study in this work. Different concentrations of manganese sulfate (MnSO4 2 H2O) (22.3, 44.6 and 66.9 mg/l), zinc sulfate (ZnSO47H2O) (8.6, 17.2 and 25.8 mg/l) and copper sulfate (CuSO45H2O) (0.025, 0.050, 0.075 mg/l) were added into nutrient medium of embryogenic callus stage. The results illustrated that, addtion of manganese sulfate at ( 22.3 mg/l) to culture medium of embryonic callus of Bartamoda cv. gave the highest significant values of total free amino acids (1.75 mg/g fresh weight) and (0.33 mg/g fresh weight) of total indols. Where the addition of manganese sulfate at (66.9 mg/l) to nuutrient medium of growing embryogenic callus of Bartamuda cv. gave the highest significant value of total phenols (1.17 mg/g fresh weight). The addititon of zinc sulfate at (17.2 mg/l) to culture medium of embryogenic callus of Sakkoty cv., recorded the highest significant values of total amino acids (1.64 mg/g fresh weight) and Indoles( 0.40 mg/g fresh weight). While the highest significant values of total phenol content was (1.24 mg/g fresh weight) when embryonic callus of Sakkoty cv. grown on medium contained zinc sulfate at (25.8 mg/l). Data showed also the highest significant values of total free amino acids and total indols content (1.36 and 0.40 mg/g fresh weight respectively) were achived when embryogenic callus of Bartamuda cv. was grown on medium containing of copper sulfate at (0.025 mg/l),wherase the highest significant value of total phenols content (1.83 mg/g fresh weight) were recorded when embryonic callus of Sakkoty cv. was grown on nutrient medium supplemented with copper sulfate at (0.075 mg/l). Introduction Date palm has indispensable utilization in the economy and domestic life of growing countries. It is considered one of the most important commercial crops in the Middle East and Arab World [1]. Secondary metabolites are considered as chemicals that are produced by plants and these chemicals are diverse, Identification of them made into many classes. Each species or plant family has its own mixture of secondary metabolites and that's considered a main advantage in classification of plants. These chemicals could be used for medicinal purposes for humans [2]. Date palms can accumulate many chemicals in their tissues, as a primary metabolites containing carbohydrates and proteins, and secondary metabolites which are produced from primary ones By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 235-243 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-19 236 such as phenolics [3].Secondary metabolite production can be induced by medium optimizations [4,5]. Microelements have many diverse roles and they are required in trace amounts for plant growth and development [6]. Culture conditi
{"title":"The Effect of Some Micro-Elements on Free Amino Acids, Indols and total Phenols Production from Embryogenic Callus of Tow Date Palm Cultivars (Sakkoty and Bartamuda)","authors":"S. Sharabasy, H. Bosila, Abdel-Monem A. Bana, Bayome M. Mansour","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-19","url":null,"abstract":"Effect of microelements on some chemicals analysis of secondry metabolits such as free amino acids, total indols content and total phenols content of date palm cultivars (Sakkoty and Bartamuda) were study in this work. Different concentrations of manganese sulfate (MnSO4 2 H2O) (22.3, 44.6 and 66.9 mg/l), zinc sulfate (ZnSO47H2O) (8.6, 17.2 and 25.8 mg/l) and copper sulfate (CuSO45H2O) (0.025, 0.050, 0.075 mg/l) were added into nutrient medium of embryogenic callus stage. The results illustrated that, addtion of manganese sulfate at ( 22.3 mg/l) to culture medium of embryonic callus of Bartamoda cv. gave the highest significant values of total free amino acids (1.75 mg/g fresh weight) and (0.33 mg/g fresh weight) of total indols. Where the addition of manganese sulfate at (66.9 mg/l) to nuutrient medium of growing embryogenic callus of Bartamuda cv. gave the highest significant value of total phenols (1.17 mg/g fresh weight). The addititon of zinc sulfate at (17.2 mg/l) to culture medium of embryogenic callus of Sakkoty cv., recorded the highest significant values of total amino acids (1.64 mg/g fresh weight) and Indoles( 0.40 mg/g fresh weight). While the highest significant values of total phenol content was (1.24 mg/g fresh weight) when embryonic callus of Sakkoty cv. grown on medium contained zinc sulfate at (25.8 mg/l). Data showed also the highest significant values of total free amino acids and total indols content (1.36 and 0.40 mg/g fresh weight respectively) were achived when embryogenic callus of Bartamuda cv. was grown on medium containing of copper sulfate at (0.025 mg/l),wherase the highest significant value of total phenols content (1.83 mg/g fresh weight) were recorded when embryonic callus of Sakkoty cv. was grown on nutrient medium supplemented with copper sulfate at (0.075 mg/l). Introduction Date palm has indispensable utilization in the economy and domestic life of growing countries. It is considered one of the most important commercial crops in the Middle East and Arab World [1]. Secondary metabolites are considered as chemicals that are produced by plants and these chemicals are diverse, Identification of them made into many classes. Each species or plant family has its own mixture of secondary metabolites and that's considered a main advantage in classification of plants. These chemicals could be used for medicinal purposes for humans [2]. Date palms can accumulate many chemicals in their tissues, as a primary metabolites containing carbohydrates and proteins, and secondary metabolites which are produced from primary ones By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 235-243 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-19 236 such as phenolics [3].Secondary metabolite production can be induced by medium optimizations [4,5]. Microelements have many diverse roles and they are required in trace amounts for plant growth and development [6]. Culture conditi","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90470426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-20
S. Sharabasy
The potential of using tissue culture technique for the production of some bioactive compounds since it allows the manipulation of the biosynthetic routes to increase the production and accumulation of specific compounds. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vitamins (pyridoxine and nicotinic acid), thiamine-Hcl at different cocentrations (0.5, 1.0 & 2.0 mg/l) and myo-inositol at different concentrations (25, 50, and 100mg/l) at different cocentrations supplemented in MS basal nutrient medium of embryogenic callus of date palm on the production of secondary metabolites of amino acids and indoles. Tow egyption cultivars (Sakkoty and Bartamuda cultivars) of date palm were used. Pyridoxine concentration at 0.5mg/l was the most effective concentration in the production of amino acids and indoles from embryonic callus of the tow studied cultivars of date palm. Nicotinic acid at 0.5mg/l showed also the best results of production of amino acids and indoles from embryogenic callus of two cultivars. Acording to thiamine at 2mg/l concentration was the most effective in inducing the highest significant value of amino acids and indoles from embryonic callus of two cultivars of date palm. Myo-inositol concentration at 25mg/l produced the highest significant value of amino acids and indoles. Introduction Many higher plants are major sources of natural product used as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavor and fragrance ingredients, food additives, and pesticides [1]. The search for new plant derived. In the search for alternatives to production of desirable medicinal compounds from plants, biotechnological approaches, specifically, plant tissue cultures, are found to have potential as a supplement to traditional agriculture in the industrial production of bioactive plant metabolites [2]. Date palm tree Phoenix dactylifera L. is a multipurpose tree from whole tree, the cultivation of this crop was distributed in North Africa and Middle East specially in Arabian Peninsula. Date palm tree can accumulate many chemicals in their tissues, as primary metabolites containing carbohydrates and proteins, and secondary metabolites which are produced from primary ones [3,4]. The yield of secondary compounds in plants cells can be enhanced by precursor feeding in culture medium it has been a normal and a popular approach to increase this bioactive compounds [5]. secondary metabolite formation has shown that the media components have an influence on metabolism [6]. Vitamins, myoinositol and thiamineHCl are considered important copmonents which induce plant cell growth also thier role in stimulated the bioactve metabolites as precursors has been reported [6-9]. The aim of this work is By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 244-252 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-20 245 to study the effect of some vitamins (Pyridoxine hydrochloride, Nicotinic acid, Thiamine hydrochlorid
{"title":"Effect of Vitamins (pyridoxine and nicotinic acid), Thiamine-Hcl and Myo-Inositol at Different Concentrations on Free Amino Acids and Indoles Content of Embryogeinic Callus of in vitro Date Oalm (Sakkoty and Bartamuda Cultivar)","authors":"S. Sharabasy","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-20","url":null,"abstract":"The potential of using tissue culture technique for the production of some bioactive compounds since it allows the manipulation of the biosynthetic routes to increase the production and accumulation of specific compounds. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vitamins (pyridoxine and nicotinic acid), thiamine-Hcl at different cocentrations (0.5, 1.0 & 2.0 mg/l) and myo-inositol at different concentrations (25, 50, and 100mg/l) at different cocentrations supplemented in MS basal nutrient medium of embryogenic callus of date palm on the production of secondary metabolites of amino acids and indoles. Tow egyption cultivars (Sakkoty and Bartamuda cultivars) of date palm were used. Pyridoxine concentration at 0.5mg/l was the most effective concentration in the production of amino acids and indoles from embryonic callus of the tow studied cultivars of date palm. Nicotinic acid at 0.5mg/l showed also the best results of production of amino acids and indoles from embryogenic callus of two cultivars. Acording to thiamine at 2mg/l concentration was the most effective in inducing the highest significant value of amino acids and indoles from embryonic callus of two cultivars of date palm. Myo-inositol concentration at 25mg/l produced the highest significant value of amino acids and indoles. Introduction Many higher plants are major sources of natural product used as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavor and fragrance ingredients, food additives, and pesticides [1]. The search for new plant derived. In the search for alternatives to production of desirable medicinal compounds from plants, biotechnological approaches, specifically, plant tissue cultures, are found to have potential as a supplement to traditional agriculture in the industrial production of bioactive plant metabolites [2]. Date palm tree Phoenix dactylifera L. is a multipurpose tree from whole tree, the cultivation of this crop was distributed in North Africa and Middle East specially in Arabian Peninsula. Date palm tree can accumulate many chemicals in their tissues, as primary metabolites containing carbohydrates and proteins, and secondary metabolites which are produced from primary ones [3,4]. The yield of secondary compounds in plants cells can be enhanced by precursor feeding in culture medium it has been a normal and a popular approach to increase this bioactive compounds [5]. secondary metabolite formation has shown that the media components have an influence on metabolism [6]. Vitamins, myoinositol and thiamineHCl are considered important copmonents which induce plant cell growth also thier role in stimulated the bioactve metabolites as precursors has been reported [6-9]. The aim of this work is By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 244-252 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-20 245 to study the effect of some vitamins (Pyridoxine hydrochloride, Nicotinic acid, Thiamine hydrochlorid","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86898522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-13
S. El-Sharabasy, H. Ghazzawy
The objective of the research study was to determine the effect of addition of different concentrations of three types of natural additives on Date Palm cv. Barhi: (1.25g/l, 2.5g/l, 5.0g/l for Casein Hydrolysate and 10%, 20%, 30% for (Coconut Milk and Yeast Extract), in addition to the control (0.05 BA mg/l) for shooting stage and (0.1 NAA mg/l, 3 g/l AC) for rooting stage. The results show that the use of 30% Coconut Milk achieved a high number of shoots and the highest shoot length was recorded with 10% Coconut Milk. In the date palm rooting stage, the results show that the use of 30% Coconut Milk increased the number of roots, shoot thickness and rooting percentage. However, root length was increased with 10% Coconut Milk. The lowest values were recorded with using Yeast Extract in this stage. Introduction Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera. L.) has a great economical importananc and agricultural uses throughout human’s history. Also, it is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world. Date palm is a very important crop in the Middle East, since it can grow well in both semi-dry desert areas and the newly cultivated land. The production of Arab world of dates is about 80% of the total production of the world. Egypt is the world largest date producing country i.e. more fruitful female palms (1.5M tonnes/annum) produce 1.694.813 tons of dates [9], [7]. In Egypt, date palm trees distribution covers a large area extends from Aswan to north Delta, beside the Oasis of Siwa, Bahriya, Farafra, Kharga, Dakhla. Egypt is one of the most productive countries of dates in the world, the number of fruitful female palms in Egypt is about 15 million produce 1.694.813 tons of dates [9]. Date palm is commonly propagated by ground offshoots; however, a female date palm produces only 10-20 offshoots in its entire life [20], which is a limiting factor for the propagation of commercial cultivars. A non-conventional technique of in vitro culture is widely used in many species including date palm [14]. The production of plants through in vitro culture is successfully introduced in many species [23]. The technique of tissue culture for propagation date palm, also called in vitro propagation, has many advantages as larg scale multiplication troughout the year, production healthy female cultivars, (disease and pest-free), or males having superior pollen; production of genetically uniform plants [19]. Recently, the natural products is using Yeast and plant extracts in vitro which have been discovered. Some undefined components such as Yeast Extracts, Frnit Juices and Protein Hydrolysate were frequently used in nutrient media as opposed to defined amino acids or vitamins as a further supplementation [4]. In addition, some other natural additives as Coconut Milk is frequently used as a popular addition to the media of orchid cultures in the floral industry of tissue culturing [5]. Natural extract could be By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Resea
{"title":"Effect of Natural Additives as Coconut Milk on the Shooting and Rooting Media of in vitro Barhi Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)","authors":"S. El-Sharabasy, H. Ghazzawy","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-13","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the research study was to determine the effect of addition of different concentrations of three types of natural additives on Date Palm cv. Barhi: (1.25g/l, 2.5g/l, 5.0g/l for Casein Hydrolysate and 10%, 20%, 30% for (Coconut Milk and Yeast Extract), in addition to the control (0.05 BA mg/l) for shooting stage and (0.1 NAA mg/l, 3 g/l AC) for rooting stage. The results show that the use of 30% Coconut Milk achieved a high number of shoots and the highest shoot length was recorded with 10% Coconut Milk. In the date palm rooting stage, the results show that the use of 30% Coconut Milk increased the number of roots, shoot thickness and rooting percentage. However, root length was increased with 10% Coconut Milk. The lowest values were recorded with using Yeast Extract in this stage. Introduction Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera. L.) has a great economical importananc and agricultural uses throughout human’s history. Also, it is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world. Date palm is a very important crop in the Middle East, since it can grow well in both semi-dry desert areas and the newly cultivated land. The production of Arab world of dates is about 80% of the total production of the world. Egypt is the world largest date producing country i.e. more fruitful female palms (1.5M tonnes/annum) produce 1.694.813 tons of dates [9], [7]. In Egypt, date palm trees distribution covers a large area extends from Aswan to north Delta, beside the Oasis of Siwa, Bahriya, Farafra, Kharga, Dakhla. Egypt is one of the most productive countries of dates in the world, the number of fruitful female palms in Egypt is about 15 million produce 1.694.813 tons of dates [9]. Date palm is commonly propagated by ground offshoots; however, a female date palm produces only 10-20 offshoots in its entire life [20], which is a limiting factor for the propagation of commercial cultivars. A non-conventional technique of in vitro culture is widely used in many species including date palm [14]. The production of plants through in vitro culture is successfully introduced in many species [23]. The technique of tissue culture for propagation date palm, also called in vitro propagation, has many advantages as larg scale multiplication troughout the year, production healthy female cultivars, (disease and pest-free), or males having superior pollen; production of genetically uniform plants [19]. Recently, the natural products is using Yeast and plant extracts in vitro which have been discovered. Some undefined components such as Yeast Extracts, Frnit Juices and Protein Hydrolysate were frequently used in nutrient media as opposed to defined amino acids or vitamins as a further supplementation [4]. In addition, some other natural additives as Coconut Milk is frequently used as a popular addition to the media of orchid cultures in the floral industry of tissue culturing [5]. Natural extract could be By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Resea","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81918025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-1
H. El-Mously
The date palm was the pivot of cultural, social and economic life for long centuries in rural areas in the Arab region. The basic needs of millions of people in rural areas were being satisfied relying on the by-products of date palms. With the drastic change of the style of life most of these byproducts became redundant leading to the neglect of pruning of date palms, and thus becoming a direct cause of fire accidents and infestation by dangerous insects. This situation represents a real challenge to those concerned with development. How to compose a new vision to palm by-products transcending the traditional forms of utilization of these by-products being treated as waste? The path of rediscovery of these by-products is paramount. How to develop new forms of utilization of palm by-products to satisfy modern demands on the local, national and international levels? An approach has been suggested for the industrial utilization of date palm by-products. The research conducted at the premises of the Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University has proven that the date palm midribs enjoy mechanical properties similar to those for imported wood species. It was also proven that the date palm midrib can be used as a core layer for the manufacture of blockboards competing with those manufactured from wood. Lumber-like blocks have been successfully made from palm midribs. The palm midribs were successfully used for the production of Mashrabiah (Arabesque) products as a substitute for beech wood. Particleboards and MDF boards satisfying the international standards have been also manufactured from palm midribs. Poultry and livestock feed, as well as compost have been produced using the date palm midribs. Space trusses and claddings have been successfully made from palm midribs. New machines have been successfully designed and manufactured for the conversion of palm midribs into strips of regular cross-section. There are wide future prospects for the use of date palm by-products us a substitute for wood, for paper manufacture and for the reinforcement of polymers. Within the framework of bioeconomy there are high potentialities for the use of the date waste, as well as the ligne-cellulosic by-products in a wide spectrum of bioindustries. To guarantee the continuation of endeavors to support the use of palm by-products on the international level it is necessary to establish The International Association For Palm ByProducts as a forum for all parties interested and involved in the use of palm by-products. Introduction The palm plantations were the pivot of cultural, social, and economic life for long centuries in rural areas in the South: in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The basic needs of millions of people in rural areas were being satisfied relying on the by-products of palms (PBP). The way of life in these vast areas was woven using these available indigenous sustainable secondary products of palms. Via this process very rich technical heritage blossome
{"title":"Rediscovering Date Palm by-products: an Opportunity for Sustainable Development","authors":"H. El-Mously","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-1","url":null,"abstract":"The date palm was the pivot of cultural, social and economic life for long centuries in rural areas in the Arab region. The basic needs of millions of people in rural areas were being satisfied relying on the by-products of date palms. With the drastic change of the style of life most of these byproducts became redundant leading to the neglect of pruning of date palms, and thus becoming a direct cause of fire accidents and infestation by dangerous insects. This situation represents a real challenge to those concerned with development. How to compose a new vision to palm by-products transcending the traditional forms of utilization of these by-products being treated as waste? The path of rediscovery of these by-products is paramount. How to develop new forms of utilization of palm by-products to satisfy modern demands on the local, national and international levels? An approach has been suggested for the industrial utilization of date palm by-products. The research conducted at the premises of the Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University has proven that the date palm midribs enjoy mechanical properties similar to those for imported wood species. It was also proven that the date palm midrib can be used as a core layer for the manufacture of blockboards competing with those manufactured from wood. Lumber-like blocks have been successfully made from palm midribs. The palm midribs were successfully used for the production of Mashrabiah (Arabesque) products as a substitute for beech wood. Particleboards and MDF boards satisfying the international standards have been also manufactured from palm midribs. Poultry and livestock feed, as well as compost have been produced using the date palm midribs. Space trusses and claddings have been successfully made from palm midribs. New machines have been successfully designed and manufactured for the conversion of palm midribs into strips of regular cross-section. There are wide future prospects for the use of date palm by-products us a substitute for wood, for paper manufacture and for the reinforcement of polymers. Within the framework of bioeconomy there are high potentialities for the use of the date waste, as well as the ligne-cellulosic by-products in a wide spectrum of bioindustries. To guarantee the continuation of endeavors to support the use of palm by-products on the international level it is necessary to establish The International Association For Palm ByProducts as a forum for all parties interested and involved in the use of palm by-products. Introduction The palm plantations were the pivot of cultural, social, and economic life for long centuries in rural areas in the South: in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The basic needs of millions of people in rural areas were being satisfied relying on the by-products of palms (PBP). The way of life in these vast areas was woven using these available indigenous sustainable secondary products of palms. Via this process very rich technical heritage blossome","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81498462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-21
A. Adeniji, A. Olorunnisola
Provision of adequate and affordable housing is one of the continuing challenges posed by unprecedented urbanization in Nigeria and many other African countries. One of the solutions to this chronic problem is the development of non-conventional low cost building materials from recyclable agro-industrial wastes. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of CaCl2 addition and partial replacement of cement with Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and calcium carbide waste (lime) on the density, water resistance and impact strength of cementbonded composite roofing tiles reinforced with coconut husk (Cocos nucifera) fibres. Results indicated that CaCl2 enhanced impact strength and dimensional stability of the composite samples, while RHA and lime lowered the impact strength of the roofing tiles. Introduction The need to improve housing supply in developing countries is great. So also are the needs to manage agro-industrial wastes in a sustainable manner and reduce the use of cement in building construction. Accumulation of unmanaged wastes results in environmental pollution. Recycling of such wastes, particularly agro-industrial wastes, as sustainable building construction materials appears to be viable solution not only to pollution problems but also to the problem of economic design of buildings. The major types of roofing materials available in Nigeria are corrugated iron and aluminum sheets, slates and asbestos sheets. While corrugated iron sheets are prone to rusting and can be noisy when it is raining, asbestos roofing sheets are relatively expensive and have been outlawed in many countries due to the carcinogenic nature of asbestos fibres. Cement-bonded composites (CBCs) represent an important class of engineered construction materials in which some agroindustrial wastes could be used as partial replacement of cement, while others could serve as fibre reinforcement. Fibrous materials suitable for cement-bonded composite roofing and ceiling tile production in Nigeria include bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), rattan cane, sugar cane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum), raffia palm (Raphia africana), luffa (luffa cylindrica), Cissus populnea, and coconut husk (Cocos nucifera Linn) among others [1-6]. There are about three million coconut palm trees producing approximately 70 million coconuts annually in Nigeria [7]. The average mature coconut weighs 680 g about 42% of which is made up of the husk [8]. The husk fibres, largely treated as waste, are a candidate material for CBC reinforcement. Potential agro-industrial waste products for partial replacement of cement in the country include welder’s used carbide waste (lime) derived from ethyne (C2H2) gas, by the action of cold water on calcium carbide and plant ashes that have relatively high silica content and are therefore suitable as a pozzolana, including, RHA. It is generally believed that calcium By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2
{"title":"Investigations on the Effects of Cement Replacement and Calcium Chloride Addition on Selected Properties of Coconut Husk Fibre-Reinforced Roofing Tiles","authors":"A. Adeniji, A. Olorunnisola","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-21","url":null,"abstract":"Provision of adequate and affordable housing is one of the continuing challenges posed by unprecedented urbanization in Nigeria and many other African countries. One of the solutions to this chronic problem is the development of non-conventional low cost building materials from recyclable agro-industrial wastes. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of CaCl2 addition and partial replacement of cement with Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and calcium carbide waste (lime) on the density, water resistance and impact strength of cementbonded composite roofing tiles reinforced with coconut husk (Cocos nucifera) fibres. Results indicated that CaCl2 enhanced impact strength and dimensional stability of the composite samples, while RHA and lime lowered the impact strength of the roofing tiles. Introduction The need to improve housing supply in developing countries is great. So also are the needs to manage agro-industrial wastes in a sustainable manner and reduce the use of cement in building construction. Accumulation of unmanaged wastes results in environmental pollution. Recycling of such wastes, particularly agro-industrial wastes, as sustainable building construction materials appears to be viable solution not only to pollution problems but also to the problem of economic design of buildings. The major types of roofing materials available in Nigeria are corrugated iron and aluminum sheets, slates and asbestos sheets. While corrugated iron sheets are prone to rusting and can be noisy when it is raining, asbestos roofing sheets are relatively expensive and have been outlawed in many countries due to the carcinogenic nature of asbestos fibres. Cement-bonded composites (CBCs) represent an important class of engineered construction materials in which some agroindustrial wastes could be used as partial replacement of cement, while others could serve as fibre reinforcement. Fibrous materials suitable for cement-bonded composite roofing and ceiling tile production in Nigeria include bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), rattan cane, sugar cane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum), raffia palm (Raphia africana), luffa (luffa cylindrica), Cissus populnea, and coconut husk (Cocos nucifera Linn) among others [1-6]. There are about three million coconut palm trees producing approximately 70 million coconuts annually in Nigeria [7]. The average mature coconut weighs 680 g about 42% of which is made up of the husk [8]. The husk fibres, largely treated as waste, are a candidate material for CBC reinforcement. Potential agro-industrial waste products for partial replacement of cement in the country include welder’s used carbide waste (lime) derived from ethyne (C2H2) gas, by the action of cold water on calcium carbide and plant ashes that have relatively high silica content and are therefore suitable as a pozzolana, including, RHA. It is generally believed that calcium By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"737 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78767591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-11
M. Badawi
{"title":"Production of Biochar from Date Palm Fronds and its Effects on Soil Properties","authors":"M. Badawi","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84592153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-23
H. El-Didamony, A. Youssef, M. Sobhy, S. Sharabasy
Three activated carbons were prepared using phosphoric acid (P) as an activating agent from date palm pits (DPP) as a precursor via thermal pretreatment producing (CP212, CP214 and CP124) samples, where the ratio of raw material to phosphoric acid is (2:1and 1:2) respectively at curing time two days for first sample and four days for the second and third sample, the activating temperature was 550°C, the precursor was washed with distilled water, dried, crushed, and then sieved. In order to study the effect of phosphoric acid modification, the characteristics of the activated carbon produced were determined before and after acid modification and subsequently compared. These characteristics include surface morphology, surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume. Characterization results showed that modification of date palm pits with phosphoric acid enhanced the surface area of the activated carbon from 427.8 to620.3 m/g. The average pore diameter was also enhanced from 1.14 to 1.82 nm. SEM analysis confirmed the improvement in surface area and pore development resulting from the phosphoric acid modification. Introduction MB is synthetic thiazine dye of an amorphous nature with a molecular formula C16H18ClN3S.xH2O. It is also called basic blue, tetra methylthionine chloride and colour index (Cl) number 52012. The molecular weight of MB is 320 and its maximum wave length 662nm. It is dark green powder, with a characteristic deep blue colour in aqueous solution where it dissociates into an MB cation and a chloride anion dye, Methylene blue is a common dye mostly used by industries involve in textile, rubber, paper, plastics, leather, pharmaceutical cosmetics, and food industries. Effluents discharged from such industries contain residues of dyes. Consequently, the presence of very low concentrations in effluent is highly visible [1, 2]. Discharge of colored waste water without proper treatment can results in numerous problems such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) by the water body, and an increase in toxicity. Organic dyes are harmful to human beings the need to remove color from waste water become environmentally important. It is rather difficult to treat dye effluents because of their synthetic origins and mainly aromatic structures, which are biologically non-degradable. Moreover, their degradation products may be mutagenic and carcinogenic [3,4]. Many dyes may cause allergic dermatitis, skin irritation, and dyes function of kidney, liver, and brain, reproductive and central nervous system [5]. It is estimated that 10–15%of the dyes are lost in the effluent during the dyeing processes. Activated carbon has been extensively used in wastewater treatment, chemical By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 275-285 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-23 276 recovery and catalytic support industries primarily due to large surface area and presence of different po
{"title":"Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto Chemically Prepared Activated Carbon from Date Palm Pits: Kinetics and Thermodynamics","authors":"H. El-Didamony, A. Youssef, M. Sobhy, S. Sharabasy","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-23","url":null,"abstract":"Three activated carbons were prepared using phosphoric acid (P) as an activating agent from date palm pits (DPP) as a precursor via thermal pretreatment producing (CP212, CP214 and CP124) samples, where the ratio of raw material to phosphoric acid is (2:1and 1:2) respectively at curing time two days for first sample and four days for the second and third sample, the activating temperature was 550°C, the precursor was washed with distilled water, dried, crushed, and then sieved. In order to study the effect of phosphoric acid modification, the characteristics of the activated carbon produced were determined before and after acid modification and subsequently compared. These characteristics include surface morphology, surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume. Characterization results showed that modification of date palm pits with phosphoric acid enhanced the surface area of the activated carbon from 427.8 to620.3 m/g. The average pore diameter was also enhanced from 1.14 to 1.82 nm. SEM analysis confirmed the improvement in surface area and pore development resulting from the phosphoric acid modification. Introduction MB is synthetic thiazine dye of an amorphous nature with a molecular formula C16H18ClN3S.xH2O. It is also called basic blue, tetra methylthionine chloride and colour index (Cl) number 52012. The molecular weight of MB is 320 and its maximum wave length 662nm. It is dark green powder, with a characteristic deep blue colour in aqueous solution where it dissociates into an MB cation and a chloride anion dye, Methylene blue is a common dye mostly used by industries involve in textile, rubber, paper, plastics, leather, pharmaceutical cosmetics, and food industries. Effluents discharged from such industries contain residues of dyes. Consequently, the presence of very low concentrations in effluent is highly visible [1, 2]. Discharge of colored waste water without proper treatment can results in numerous problems such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) by the water body, and an increase in toxicity. Organic dyes are harmful to human beings the need to remove color from waste water become environmentally important. It is rather difficult to treat dye effluents because of their synthetic origins and mainly aromatic structures, which are biologically non-degradable. Moreover, their degradation products may be mutagenic and carcinogenic [3,4]. Many dyes may cause allergic dermatitis, skin irritation, and dyes function of kidney, liver, and brain, reproductive and central nervous system [5]. It is estimated that 10–15%of the dyes are lost in the effluent during the dyeing processes. Activated carbon has been extensively used in wastewater treatment, chemical By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 275-285 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-23 276 recovery and catalytic support industries primarily due to large surface area and presence of different po","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"2009 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82604785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-7
A. Basta, A. Abdel-Baset, H. El-saied
{"title":"Evaluation of Palm Fiber Components as Alternative Biomass Wastes for Medium Density Fiberboard Manufacturing","authors":"A. Basta, A. Abdel-Baset, H. El-saied","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81000811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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