By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications最新文献

{"title":"Production of Single Cell Protein from Date Waste","authors":"M. Al-Farsi, Rekha Thomas, A. A. Bakir, A. A. Marzouqi","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-26","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to utilize the waste of date’s industry to produce single cell protein. Five fungal strains were evaluated and the production conditions were optimized. A. oryzae was selected as the optimum strain due to its vigorous growth and high protein production. Ammonium sulfate at 0.8% was the best source of nitrogen for the selected strain, pH at 5.5 and the medium ratio of 75 g in 250 ml flask were the best for growth. The single cell protein produced has a good source of nutrition, as the ratio of essential to the total amino acids was 46%. These results benefit establishing large-scale production to produce single cell protein from date’s waste which creates a source of income to this sector and prevent pollution from such waste. Abbreviations Single cell protein (SCP); American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Potato dextrose agar (PDA); Peptone yeast extract glucose agar (PYG); Dates waste agar (DWA). Introduction Single cell protein (SCP) is dried cell of microorganisms, which used as protein supplement in human foods and animal feeds. The SCP is cheap and competes well with other source of protein and may provide good nutritive value. Besides high protein content (60-82%), SCP contains fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals [1,2]. SCP also rich in essential amino acids like lysine and methionine which are limiting in most plant and animal foods [3]. With increase in population and worldwide protein shortage, the use of SCP as a food and feed is more needed [4]. A number of agricultural and agro-industrial waste products have been used for production of SCP, including orange waste, mango waste, cotton stalks, kinnow-mandarin waste, barley straw, corn cops, rice straw, corn straw, onion juice and sugar cane bagasse [5], cassava starch [6], wheat straw [7], banana waste [8], capsicum powder [9] and coconut water [10]. Date syrup production end with waste consist of date fiber and seed. According to Al-Farsi et al [11], the production of date syrup will end with 59% syrup, 23% press cake and 12% seed. Therefore, for instance Al Baraka Dates Company in Dubai, UAE produced 4000 tons of date syrup in the year 2016 [12], this production will end with 1560 kg of press cake, which can be used for SCP production. Al Farsi et al [11] reported the composition of the syrup waste for three varieties, their protein ranged between 3.6-5.2%, fat between 1.4-2.2% and carbohydrates between 81.9-83.3%. The usage of such wastes as a sole carbon and nitrogen source for production of SCP by microorganisms could be simply attributed to their presence in nature on large scale and their cheap cost. Also, utilization of such waste prevents pollution problems and sanitary hazard as well as creating another source of income to this sector. By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 302-312 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-26 303 Different type of microorganisms can be use","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86916126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steroids Production of Embryogenic Callus Cultures of Date Palm under the Effect of Vitamins (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Nicotinic acid) Thiamine Hydrochloride and Myo- Insitol","authors":"","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86162204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Technologies for Value Added Products from Coconut Residue","authors":"N. Rastogi","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-25","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the technologies developed in the field of coconut research at CFTRI in the last three decades including process for desiccated coconut, technology development for the production of spray dried coconut milk powder, wet processing of coconut, vinegar generation from coconut water, virgin coconut oil, tender coconut based beverage, coconut spread etc. CFTRI is in forefront in developing technologies for coconut-based products. Some of these technologies have been successfully transferred and most of the produce is being exported. Our current research efforts are focused on production of low fat dietary fiber from coconut residue after the milk extraction, concentration of coconut water by membrane processing, preservation of coconut water by emerging technologies will also be discussed. Introduction The word ‘Coco’ is derived from Spanish word ‘Macoco’, which refers to three holes on coconut that resemble the face of an ape. The coconut is mainly produced in southern states of India such as Kerla, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra etc. The tree of coconut is called as kalptaru, because all the parts of it are useful in one form or the other. Specially, the kernel of matured coconut is most valuable and is used for edible purpose as such or in dehydrated form. The dried kernel known as ‘copra’ and is the richest source of vegetable oil and the coconut oil cake is a valuable feed for livestock and a source of protein. The coconut shell is mainly used as a fuel, for making decorative items, shell powder, shell charcoal and biodegradable containers etc. The husk yields fiber, which is converted into coir and its products. The coir pith obtained during the defibring process is used as an ideal soil conditioner. The coconut water is one of the valuable by-products of the coconut processing industries, which can be subjected to fermentation to produce vinegar. The economy of the coconut-processing sector is mainly dependent on the copra and coconut oil, and on desiccated coconut to a less extent. About 60% of the total coconut production is used for edible purpose, 3.5% as tender coconut, 35% as milling copra for oil extraction and balance is processed into products like desiccated coconut. Coconut oil contributes about 6% of the total edible oil demand. In order to develop the diversified products from coconut and to improve the economy of this sector Coconut Development Board, India has taken a welcome step in sponsoring research projects at different institutions for the development of technologies in this regard. CSIR-CFTRI is in forefront in developing technologies pertaining to diversified products from coconut. Coconut Related Technologies Developed at CFTRI A. Desiccated Coconut Powder The process includes removal of shell and paring, disintegration of white endosperm, final drying in the drier and then packaging. On an average 1000 nuts give 110 kg of DCP. By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Resea","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82920615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Oil Palm Trunks for Wood Products","authors":"A. Fruehwald, K. Fruehwald","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-3","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, oil palms cover an area of nearly 25 million ha with over 75 % located in Asia. After 25 years of age, the palms are felled and replaced due to declining oil production. The average annual total volume of trunks from plantation clearings amounts to more than 100 million m3. Like all other biomass, the trunks remain on the plantation site for nutrient recycling. But this leads to increased insect and fungi populations causing problems for the new palm generation. Many regions where oil palms grow currently suffer from a decline in timber harvested from their tropical forests. An extensive project, involving partners from both R+D and industry, is studying the possibility of improving the use of oil palm trunks to manufacture marketable timber products. The consortium consists of some 20 partners mainly from Germany, Malaysia, and Thailand. Areas of development are: harvesting and storage of trunks, sawmilling, drying, processing into various products like solid wood-based panels (block-board), flash doors, furniture elements as well as CLT and gluelam for the building sector. All sectors have shown remarkable success. Introduction The availability of timber from tropical forests is steadily declining due to over logging and measures taken towards sustainable forest management and conservation of tropical forests. In Asia the demand for wooden products is rising due to a growing population and greater economic development. The declining wood supply from tropical forests in Southeast Asia is partly being compensated for by imported timber (i.e. from North and Latin Americas, Australia, New Zealand, Europe), and new fiber sources are also being developed. Rubberwood from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand has found its way into the markets and the use of bamboo is rapidly increasing. Rubberwood, however, is limited in quantity, because rubber plantations are being converted into oil palm plantations due to improved economy. Fast growing forest trees like albizzia (Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg) are being promoted but can hardly fill the increasing supply shortage. Palms have long been a source of fiber for manufacturing products, but mainly fibers from husks (i.e. coconut fibers) or, to a lesser extent, from palm fronds or fruit bunches. Also nut shells are often used as fillers of (activated) coal. The trunks of coconut palms are widely used as building material, for furniture and crafts. A good example is in the Philippines were coco-wood has an important market share. But utilization is performed more locally in small workshops with partly inferior processing techniques and tools, resulting in low quality and more simple products. Processing is difficult as density of coconut trunks is high and hard vascular bundles, ash and silica causes high tool wear. The trunks from date palms generally have lower and evenly distributed density making processing easier. Nevertheless, date palms are less available, By-Products of Palm Trees and Thei","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"2007 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82472005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Murashige and Skoog Salts Strength Medium (MS) on Steroids Production and Total Amino Acids Content of Date Palm Embryonic Callus (Sakkoty and Bartamuda cultivar)","authors":"S. Sharabasy","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-18","url":null,"abstract":"The potential to use tissue culture technique for the production of some bioactive compounds is immense, since it allows the manipulation of the biosynthetic routes to increase the production and accumulation of specific compounds. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of MS salt strength on steroids production and total amino acids content in embryonic callus cultures of two cultivars of date palm (Sakkoty and Bartamuda). embryonic callus explants were cultured on MS (Full), 3⁄4 MS, 1⁄2 MS and 1⁄4 MS), date was recorded every 6 weeks for three subculture. It obviously displays the superiority full MS over the three other investigated levels (3⁄4 MS, 1⁄2 MS and 1⁄4 MS) of steroids production (0.55, 0.38, 0.32 and 0.44 45mg/g dry weight respectively). Also the full MS level was the most effective of amino acids content (0.95 mg/g fresh weight). Bartamuda cv. was the superior of steroids production (0.45 mg/g dry weight) and amino acid content (1.13 mg/g fresh weight) compared with Sakkoty cvs. Introduction Date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. is a heterozygous and dioecious tree belongs to (Arecaceae) family. It is considered to be as the most significant fruit crop in the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa countries, where it is closely related to the life and culture of the people since ancient times [1]. In addition to the high nutritional value of fruits also there are economic benefits of the parts of the whole tree. It was found that date palm tissues are rich of phytosterols compounds [2,3]. It has been discovered by Arabs and Egyptians that date palm grains are considered as a cure for sterility or antsterility agent [4]. Steroids are a set of cholesterol derivative lipophilic that are low molecular weight and may found in synthetic sources. They are essential for standard growth, development and differentiation of multicellular of organisms. The animal sterols are coprostanol and cholesterol, and plant ones such as campestrol, ergosterol, and B-sitosterol [5,6]. Cholesterol is the chief animal sterol, that made to be in certain amounts in plants and found in oil, date palm [7]. Extraction of secondary metabolites for industrial application has become an attractive solution by biotechnological approaches [8]. El-Sharabasy [9] separated and identified cholesterol and ß-sitosterol from callus cultures by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). El-Sharabasy [10] found that embryogenic callus cells of date palm were stimulated greatly for steroids biosynthesis by the addition of the precursors. A number of chemical and physical factors influence biomass accumulation and synthesis of secondary metabolites in plant cell and organ cultures. Nutrient media components, growth regulators, pH, By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 229-234 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-18 230 temperature, light, etc... are considered to be the most important factors to en","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88436873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study of the Potentiality of use of Siwei Palm Midribs in Charcoal Production","authors":"M. Muhammad, H. El-Mously","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-9","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study utilizes the residues of Siwei palm midrib to produce charcoal with satisfactory environmental, medical, and industrial applications. Choosing the Siwei palm midrib residues is based on its distribution all over Egypt and availability for Egyptian farmers. The study objective was achieved by passing with some steps. The first step prepared the samples, where used the Siwei palm midrib samples and then divided the Siwei palm midrib into five parts (top, middle, base, knee, and end), according to the dimension of the inner reactor. The second step is to design and manufactures a pyrolysis reactor (test rig) to produce charcoal. The third step is carbonization cycle process for the samples of Siwei palm midrib five parts with quantity for all part, where the carbonization cycle process steps according to food and agriculture organization (FAO) standard. The four-step is experimental analysis for ten samples of Siwei palm midrib five parts (row material before carbonization) and Siwei palm midrib five parts (after carbonization) in labs according to American society for testing and materials (ASTM) standards. The experimental analysis divided into proximate analysis such as (moisture content, ash content, volatility matter content, and fixed carbon content), ultimate analysis such as sulfur, and calorific value(also known as heating value or a specific value). Finally, after comparing the results of the experimental analysis for samples Siwei palm midrib parts (after carbonization) to FAO standard values. The potentiality of production of charcoal from Siwei palm midribs with satisfactory properties has been proven. The procedure charcoal is suitable for environmental, medical, and industrial applications. According to FAO, the best samples are the top part of palm midrib in Siwei, followed by the base, middle, knee, and end. The whole Siwei palm midrib could be utilized realizing the calorific value 88% of the FAO standard. The designed reactor in this work could serve as a model for the production of charcoal from palm midribs in the village conditions. Introduction The charcoal is the black carbon and ash residues, which come from animal or vegetation substances by removing water and volatile matter during slow heating in the absence of oxygen by pyrolysis process. Charcoal marketing shapes, the first lump charcoal is low ash, high calorific value, and ability to be used in many applications, the other briquette charcoal is high ash, medium calorific value, and ability to use in low energy applications. The charcoal applications are environmental, medical and industrial. The environmental applications are using the charcoal in soil amendment is considerably required, because it increases the carbon concentration in soil and reduces the emissions of green carbon gases. The medical applications with activated carbon mean that the carbon structure of the charcoal has a pore in low volume to do absorption of chemical substa","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90469660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative Bio-composite Sandwich Wall Panels made of Coconut Bidirectional External Veneers and Balsa Lightweight Core as Alternative for Eco-friendly and Structural Building Applications in High-risk Seismic Regions","authors":"H. L. Barrigas, M. Guachambala, N. Andino, O. M. González, Andres Garcia","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-5","url":null,"abstract":"The research that constitutes this paper is based on a series of publications that aimed at understanding, from an engineering perspective, the optimised mechanical efficiency of senile coconut palm stem-tissues as foundation for non-traditional building applications. Particularly, this study aims at determining, evaluating and analysing the mechanical properties of lightweight bidirectional sandwich-like structure wall panels made of balsa core material and coconut external veneers. To achieve these objectives, 10 test specimens cut from prototype panel 1 (1200 mm high, 600 mm wide and 124 mm total thick) and 10 test specimens cut from prototype panel 2 (1200 mm high, 600 mm wide and 74 mm total thick) were investigated under mechanical and seismic behaviours in accordance to the current American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) building standards. Preliminary results show that the proposed wall panels are up to two and three times more efficient, in terms of mechanical high-performance, than equivalent sections of solid wall bricks and concrete block walls, respectively. Therefore, the innovative panels constitute a feasible alternative to reduce/replace typical construction materials (e.g. steel, concrete and bricks) with a significant positive environmental impact that fully address current engineering requirements. These bio-panels are meant to be used as important non-traditional elements during the rebuilding process of low-rise and mid-rise residential buildings that were dramatically affected during the 2016 Ecuador earthquake. Introduction Building collapse or damage is one of the major causes for earthquake injuries and fatalities. The catastrophic Ecuador earthquake in April, 2016, left approximately 35,300 affected dwellings, out of which about 19,500 resulted totally destroyed or demolished. Tragic result of it, around 670 people died and 6,300 individuals were injured [1, 2]. Despite some advantages (e.g. fire By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 88-98 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-5 89 resistance and durability) offered by traditional building structures made of typical materials (e.g. steel, concrete, bricks) [3], their partial failure or total collapse during extreme seismic events can lead to critical consequences as hereinabove mentioned. It has been estimated that during the 2016 Ecuador earthquake, many casualties occurred, not only by the structural framing collapse effect, but greatly by the overbalance masonry effect as shown in Fig. 1. Moreover, typical manufactured structural materials all involve very substantial use of energy during their production process, which in turn involves high generation of CO2 to the atmosphere. Indeed, building with steel or concrete is 20 and 9 times, respectively, more CO2 emissions intensive (i.e. compared on mass basis) than structural timber [4, 5]. Fig. 1. Overbalanced brick masonry","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81738994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Technical Heritage of Date Palm Leaves Utilization in Traditional Handicrafts and Architecture in Egypt & the Middle East","authors":"E. Darwish, H. El-Mously, A. Abdelrahman","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-28","url":null,"abstract":"Date Palm Trees enjoy a recognized stature in Egypt since the ancient times. The abundance of Date Palm Trees and their distribution over the Nile valley, Delta, Oases and Sinai in Egypt granted them familiarity with the people that remains until the present. This familiarity is represented in the survival of various traditional techniques in the utilization of Date Palm Trees pruning residues in the fields of handicrafts and construction in rural Egypt. On the top of those pruning residues are the leaves, which rank the highest in the annual quantities. Date Palm Leaves are still widely used in traditional handicrafts and building in the poor rural areas in Egypt due their renewable availability and low cost. This paper aims to analyze the technical heritage behind those traditional utilization fields in order to identify the dominant techniques used. Those techniques, including Bundling, Rope Fastening and friction based assembly, can be introduced as the basis on which the development of those techniques for modern and contemporary uses of date palm leaves should be based in order make use of the surviving skills to sustain the familiarity needed to guarantee the success of the developed uses. Introduction Date palm tree acquires great importance historically, economically and socially in Egypt. The pruning residues of Date Palm are utilized in many traditional industries and construction by the cultivators and craftsmen in Egypt; thus playing a huge role in sustaining the rural societies against the immigration to urban cities, as those date palm related industries support over one million families in Egypt [1]. Date Palm Leaves, representing 52.9% of the annual date palm pruning quantities [2], are used in various fields historically. The palm leaves were fundamental in manufacturing baskets, clothing and sandals in ancient Egypt and Nubia. The roofs were constructed by split palm trunks and leaves and the interior walls were covered by palm leaves ornaments [3]. Palm midribs and trunks have used for roofing in a fashion that still survives in Siwa Oasis [4]. Those ancient evidences prove the adaptability of date Palm leaves to our environment [5]. This high adaptability, besides flexibility and low cost, qualified the material to gain popularity and the trust of the rural craftsman in Egypt [3], which opens the door to exploit the potentials of this materials in contemporary uses as a promising fields for small projects. Those new uses ought to originate from that technical heritage in order to help those surviving skills to flourish and make use of the craftsman with that irreplaceable know-how. However, most of the previous researches have not introduced an integrated analysis of that heritage and the detailed processes of the traditional techniques that are still surviving. By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 325-332 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/978164490","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76798742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood, Bamboo and Palm Wood - Similarities and Differences in Research and Technology Development","authors":"J. Welling, W. Liese","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-4","url":null,"abstract":"Wood science has a history of several hundred years, bamboo research started in the of the last century and palm wood research is even younger. Consequently, there are differences not only in depth and width of knowledge, but also in the state of the art of conversion technologies and utilization options. There are considerable wood resources all over the world, but bamboo and palm resources are restricted to certain regions. Similarities and differences in research and technology development related to the three raw materials will be examined and expected future developments will be discussed. Technological progress needs time for a) development based on fundamental knowledge and practical experience, b) diffusion of knowledge into industry, and last but not least c) consumer acceptance and commercial breakthrough. Policy interaction may accelerate development and diffusion of knowledge, however in some cases may also impede or hinder the utilization of a specific raw material resource. While wood science and wood technology have reached a mature stage, research on bamboo and bamboo utilization is progressing rapidly; however, research on palm wood and, especially, the processing of palm wood and the utilization of palm products is still at an early stage. Existing knowledge and expertise around wood/bamboo science and technology should be used for speeding-up the development and realization of palm wood utilization options. Introduction In the evolution process Mother Nature designed dicotyledon plants with a lignified cellulose matrix some hundred million years ago. This was the time when the success story of trees started. At that time, the monocotyledon ferns, grasses and palms did already exist for quite a long period for time. Mankind occurred only some millions of years ago. Considering the age of our planet, the evolution of science happened during the very recent few seconds of our planets history. Wood is one of the oldest raw and building materials used by mankind. But most probably, early men have used also bamboo and palm wood wherever this was available. Looking back in the history of science, it becomes obvious that the early researchers concentrated on investigating the structure, function and behavior of wood, and not that of bamboo or palms. The success of wood as the basic material for construction was initially based on experience and tradition gained in regions where natural materials with high natural durability existed, which could stay in service for long periods of time. Only later, wood science explained why and how this could occur. Nowadays, wood science has reached a mature stage, but bamboo and palm wood science are still at an early stage. By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 83-87 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-4 84 Key developments for progress in wood science and bamboo / palm wood research Wood has been used by mankin","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78389386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design for Enhancing Material Appreciation: An Application on the Palm Tree Midribs","authors":"A. Anssary, Nariman G. Lotfi","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-27","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81190742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}