Pub Date : 2019-04-20DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-16
S. Sharabasy
The ability of plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures to produce and accumulate many of the same valuable chemical compounds as the parent plant in nature has been known almost since the inception of in vitro technology. Date palm has been recognized as an important crop containing high valuable secondary metabolism. Some microelements such as, manganese sulfate (MnSO42H2O), zinc sulfate (ZnSO47H2O) and copper sulfate (CuSO45H2O) were used as precursor to produce steroids from embryonic callus two date palm dry cvs. In this study, embryogenic callus explants were cultured on MS nutrient medium supplemented with different concentrations of ( MnSO42H2O), (22.3, 44.6 and 66.9 mg/l), ZnSO47H2O (8.6, 17.2 and 25.8 mg/l) and CuSO45H2O (0.025, 0.050, 0.075 mg/l). The highest significant value of total steroids ( 0.94 mg/g dry weight) was recorded when embryogenic callus of Sakkoty cv. was cultured on medium contained (22.3mg/l) MnSO42H2O. Where embryogenic callus of Bartamuda cv. cultured on nutrient medium supplemented at (17.2 mg/l) ZnSO47H2O gave the highest significant value of total steroid (0.92 mg/g dry weight). Introduction Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a member of (Arecaceae) family it is a heterozygous and dioecious tree it was known in ancient Egypt since 4000 years ago and this fact can be simply indicated from date palm inscriptions appearing on the walls of ancient Egyptian temples. In general, the importance of this tree all over in its cultivation region in North Africa and the Middle East was referred to the numerous advantages from its fruits and from the tree as a whole [1]. Biotechnology approach has a great deal for the production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals from in vitro plant cell culture [2]. Steroids are a set of cholesterol derivative lipophilic that are low molecular weight and may found in synthetic sources. They include sterols, hormones gonadal and adrenal ones, hydrocarbons and bile acids. Steroids family plays an important role in the biochemistry and composition of organisms [3]. Steroids are used as anti-cancer agents, antibiotics, and antiinflammatory, and anti-hormones drugs [4]. First study for the steroids production in date palm tissues was documented by El Sharbasy et al., [5] who found that total steroids in tow Egyptian cultivars tissues demonstrated higher values in pollen grain and shoot tip of in vivo tissues, and also in leaf and roots of the in vitro tissues. Also, the separation and identification of cholesterol and ß-sitosterol from callus cultures by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), was detected. ElSharabasy [6] indicated also, that the precursors have great effect in the biosynthesis of steroids By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 213-218 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-16 214 in date palm callus and embryogenic callus cells. Enhancement in secondary metabolite production can be obtained by select
{"title":"Effect of some Micro-Elements on Steroids Production from Embryogenic Callus of in vitro Date Palm Sakkoty and Bartamuda Cultivars","authors":"S. Sharabasy","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-16","url":null,"abstract":"The ability of plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures to produce and accumulate many of the same valuable chemical compounds as the parent plant in nature has been known almost since the inception of in vitro technology. Date palm has been recognized as an important crop containing high valuable secondary metabolism. Some microelements such as, manganese sulfate (MnSO42H2O), zinc sulfate (ZnSO47H2O) and copper sulfate (CuSO45H2O) were used as precursor to produce steroids from embryonic callus two date palm dry cvs. In this study, embryogenic callus explants were cultured on MS nutrient medium supplemented with different concentrations of ( MnSO42H2O), (22.3, 44.6 and 66.9 mg/l), ZnSO47H2O (8.6, 17.2 and 25.8 mg/l) and CuSO45H2O (0.025, 0.050, 0.075 mg/l). The highest significant value of total steroids ( 0.94 mg/g dry weight) was recorded when embryogenic callus of Sakkoty cv. was cultured on medium contained (22.3mg/l) MnSO42H2O. Where embryogenic callus of Bartamuda cv. cultured on nutrient medium supplemented at (17.2 mg/l) ZnSO47H2O gave the highest significant value of total steroid (0.92 mg/g dry weight). Introduction Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a member of (Arecaceae) family it is a heterozygous and dioecious tree it was known in ancient Egypt since 4000 years ago and this fact can be simply indicated from date palm inscriptions appearing on the walls of ancient Egyptian temples. In general, the importance of this tree all over in its cultivation region in North Africa and the Middle East was referred to the numerous advantages from its fruits and from the tree as a whole [1]. Biotechnology approach has a great deal for the production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals from in vitro plant cell culture [2]. Steroids are a set of cholesterol derivative lipophilic that are low molecular weight and may found in synthetic sources. They include sterols, hormones gonadal and adrenal ones, hydrocarbons and bile acids. Steroids family plays an important role in the biochemistry and composition of organisms [3]. Steroids are used as anti-cancer agents, antibiotics, and antiinflammatory, and anti-hormones drugs [4]. First study for the steroids production in date palm tissues was documented by El Sharbasy et al., [5] who found that total steroids in tow Egyptian cultivars tissues demonstrated higher values in pollen grain and shoot tip of in vivo tissues, and also in leaf and roots of the in vitro tissues. Also, the separation and identification of cholesterol and ß-sitosterol from callus cultures by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), was detected. ElSharabasy [6] indicated also, that the precursors have great effect in the biosynthesis of steroids By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 213-218 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-16 214 in date palm callus and embryogenic callus cells. Enhancement in secondary metabolite production can be obtained by select","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"235 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74481363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-20DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-12
M. W. Sadik, M. Zahran, A. O. Elashhab
Date palm trees mulch can be safely and effectively used as a bedding material for cow feedlots. Feedlot managers will need to adjust bedding rates according to facilities, environment, and cow comfort. Feedlot managers interested in using date palm trees mulch as bedding will recognize that absorbency of date palm trees mulch is lower than that of sand. However, utilizing of date palm trees mulch eliminates costs of harvesting sand. A total power consumption for horizontal grinder machine, grapple to loading the grinding machine and loader for handling mulch material. Were 468 kW/h, specific energy was 46.8 kW/ton and 7.49 kW/m3. Total Power consumption to preparing the barn to use mulch bedding material for m3 were 7.84 kW/m3 every day and 78.4 kW/m3 after finish experimental time 10 days. Total cost for using date palm trees mulch as a bedding every 10 days were 3180.0 SR/m. Total cost for traditional manure management every 10 days were 3180.0 SR every 10 days for all operation Introduction Bedding for livestock animals must be comfortable, clean, and absorbent. There are several materials, both organic and inert, that may be used for bedding, and most may be used for all types of livestock. When organic materials are used, ammonia volatilization is reduced, improving the air in the housing facility. Bedding, as with other aspects of livestock management, can be manageable through proper care and attention [18]. The removal of accumulating manure reduces odors, a control fly larvae, and minimizes the potential for surface and groundwater contamination. Maintaining a firm, dry feedlot surface is an important factor in good animal health and a healthy environment. While this is labor intensive for feedlots, it does indicate that pen cleaning as frequently as feasible for your specific operation is good management [9]. Resting dairy cattle should have a dry bed. Stalls ordinarily should have bedding to allow for cow comfort and to minimize exposure to dampness or fecal contamination. When handled properly, many fibrous and granular bedding materials may be used, including long or chopped straw, poor-quality hay, sand, sawdust, shavings, and rice hulls. Inorganic bedding materials (sand or ground limestone) provide an environment that is less conducive to the growth of mastitis pathogens.. Bedding should be absorbent, free of toxic chemicals or residues that could injure animals or humans [13]. Compost barns have a concrete feed alley, a bedded pack area that is stirred two times a day, and a 1.2-m high wall surrounding the pack. The wall that separates the pack and feed alley has walkways to allow cow and equipment access to the stirred pack area. The stirred pack is sized to provide a minimum stirred bedded pack area of By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 169-185 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-12 170 7.4 m2/cow. Producers use dry fine wood shavings o
{"title":"Application of Date Palm Trees Mulch as a Bedding Material for Dry Heifers, Part 2 –Preparing the Bedding Materials","authors":"M. W. Sadik, M. Zahran, A. O. Elashhab","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-12","url":null,"abstract":"Date palm trees mulch can be safely and effectively used as a bedding material for cow feedlots. Feedlot managers will need to adjust bedding rates according to facilities, environment, and cow comfort. Feedlot managers interested in using date palm trees mulch as bedding will recognize that absorbency of date palm trees mulch is lower than that of sand. However, utilizing of date palm trees mulch eliminates costs of harvesting sand. A total power consumption for horizontal grinder machine, grapple to loading the grinding machine and loader for handling mulch material. Were 468 kW/h, specific energy was 46.8 kW/ton and 7.49 kW/m3. Total Power consumption to preparing the barn to use mulch bedding material for m3 were 7.84 kW/m3 every day and 78.4 kW/m3 after finish experimental time 10 days. Total cost for using date palm trees mulch as a bedding every 10 days were 3180.0 SR/m. Total cost for traditional manure management every 10 days were 3180.0 SR every 10 days for all operation Introduction Bedding for livestock animals must be comfortable, clean, and absorbent. There are several materials, both organic and inert, that may be used for bedding, and most may be used for all types of livestock. When organic materials are used, ammonia volatilization is reduced, improving the air in the housing facility. Bedding, as with other aspects of livestock management, can be manageable through proper care and attention [18]. The removal of accumulating manure reduces odors, a control fly larvae, and minimizes the potential for surface and groundwater contamination. Maintaining a firm, dry feedlot surface is an important factor in good animal health and a healthy environment. While this is labor intensive for feedlots, it does indicate that pen cleaning as frequently as feasible for your specific operation is good management [9]. Resting dairy cattle should have a dry bed. Stalls ordinarily should have bedding to allow for cow comfort and to minimize exposure to dampness or fecal contamination. When handled properly, many fibrous and granular bedding materials may be used, including long or chopped straw, poor-quality hay, sand, sawdust, shavings, and rice hulls. Inorganic bedding materials (sand or ground limestone) provide an environment that is less conducive to the growth of mastitis pathogens.. Bedding should be absorbent, free of toxic chemicals or residues that could injure animals or humans [13]. Compost barns have a concrete feed alley, a bedded pack area that is stirred two times a day, and a 1.2-m high wall surrounding the pack. The wall that separates the pack and feed alley has walkways to allow cow and equipment access to the stirred pack area. The stirred pack is sized to provide a minimum stirred bedded pack area of By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 169-185 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-12 170 7.4 m2/cow. Producers use dry fine wood shavings o","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87177571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-20DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-6
H. El-Mously, M. Saber
The success of the environmental movements world-wide has led to the decrease of wood availability in the world market, and hence to the soaring of wood prices .This in turn has led to the increase of the burden on the balance of payment of the Arab countries, relying on the importation of wood to satisfy the needs of their populations in shelter, furniture, etc. Meanwhile, the Arab World includes the palm belt extending from Morocco in the far West to Iraq in the Far East. Therefore, it makes sense to look to the date palm residues, mainly resulting from the palm pruning, as a sustainable renewable material base to locally manufacture wood substitutes as, for the example, the composite panels including the medium density fiber boards (MDF), particle boards, block boards, etc. Within a research project, conducted by the Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University with the collaboration of the ministry of environment, samples of the date palm secondary products have been collected in proportion with the available products of palm pruning (palm midribs, leaflets, spadix stems and coir), threshed and sent to the laboratory of Deshna MDF factory in Kena governorate .The result of tests confirm that the MDF samples, manufactured from the date palm secondary products, satisfy the mechanical and physical requirements of international standards of MDF. A technical and economic feasibility study has been conducted on a suggested industrial project to manufacture MDF boards in ELBahariah oases. The results of this study show that the profitability indicators of this project are high: the return rate on invested capital is (39.4%), the revenue to cost rate is (1.43:1), the payback period is 3.6 years and the internal rate of return is 36.2%. Introduction The success of the environmental movements world-wide has led to the decrease of wood availability in the international market. This has led to the soaring of wood prices, which has increased the burden on the balance of payments in the Arab countries, relying basically on importation to satisfy people's need, of wood for shelter, furniture, etc. Meanwhile, the Arab countries are distinguished with the date palm belt extending from Morocco in the West to Iraq in the East including ∼ 102.4 million palms [5]. Thus, it is logic to look to the products of pruning of date palm as a renewable and sustainable resource for the manufacture of wood substitutes, such as the medium density fiberboards (MDF), particle boards (pb), blockboards, etc. Present Status of Wood Market: A Case Study from Egypt Fig. 1 illustrates the value of Egypt’s wood imports until 2011 [8]. It is clear that beginning from 2000 the value of wood imports is steadily ascending reaching ∼ 2.5 billion US$ in 2011. Fig. 2 [10] illustrates the change of value of Egypt’s wood imports during the period from 2000 to By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 99-112 doi: http
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Pub Date : 2019-04-20DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-22
J. Baruque-Ramos, A. Monteiro, M. Midani, A. Seyam, Barbara Leonardi, L. Pennas, Ivete Maria Cattani
There are several species of Amazon palm trees from which can be obtained: food and oils (fruits and seeds), medicinal products, construction material (logs and leaves), handicraft, textiles, etc. Taking in account textile fibers, three palm origins stand out: tucum (Astrocaryum chambira Burret), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa Mart.) and tururi (Manicaria saccifera Gaertn.). Tucum fibers, obtained from grown leaves, are used in the manufacture of fabrics, handicrafts, nets, yarns and fishing nets. Buriti presents multiple uses, especially for handicraft products. A soft fiber ("linen") and another harder and rougher ("draff") are removed from the young leaves of the buriti palm, both being used. Tururi is the sac that wraps the fruits of the Ubuçu palm tree. The material is constantly used by the Amazonian riverside population and by artisans for handicrafts, fashion items and other products for tourism. In a joint project of the North Carolina State University (USA) and University of São Paulo (Brazil), multilayer composite materials were developed and characterized in 3D structure with quite promising results in terms of resistance and aesthetic finish similar to wood. Thus, the traditional and innovative uses of native vegetable fibers are ways of valuing the regional product and preserving their respective ecosystems. Introduction The Amazon biome comprises an area of 410 million hectares and is formed by three types of forests: dry land, wet land and flooded area. It encompasses extensive areas of “cerrados” (kind of savannas) and meadows. The Amazon biome develops around the Amazon basin and is present in eight countries of South America [1]. There are several species of palm trees from the Amazon biome, from which can be obtained: food or oils (fruits and seeds), biodiesel, medicinal and cosmetic uses, construction material (logs and leaves), handicraft material, including fibers for textile purposes, etc. Some examples are [2]: Açai (Euterpe precatoria); Cocao (Attalea tessmanii); Inaja (Attalea maripa); Jaci (Attalea butyraceae); Jarina (Phytelephas macrocarpa); Murmuru (Astrocaryum murumuru); Paxiubao (Iriartea deltoidea); Paxiubinha (Socratea exorrhiza); and Pataua (Oenocarpus bataua). The incentive for the employment of native vegetable fibers as an alternative textile material can increase local productivity and improving the income of the populations. Another point is that there is enormous creative potential. Aiming By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 262-274 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-22 263 at technology, there is growing international interest in the use of these vegetable fibers, especially as non-conventional materials for the manufacture of composites instead of those made with wood or synthetic materials [3]. Taking in account the obtainment of textile fibers, three palm origins stand out: tucum buriti and tururi. A briefing enroll
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Pub Date : 2019-04-20DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-24
Ibtissem Moussa, R. Khiari, Ali Moussa, M. F. Mhenni
In the present paper, the main objectives of this paper are the characterization of two Tunisian cellulosic by-products (almond and fig stems). The first part of this work is devoted to the determination of the chemical composition. Their chemical composition was showed that they present amounts of holocellulose, lignin and cellulose similar to those encountered in Tunisian date palm rachis. In the second part of this paper, the ensuing pulps of almond and fig stems are characterized in terms of degree of polymerization, fiber length and fiber width. These properties were compared to the properties of a Tunisian date palm rachis that was fully characterized by Khiari et al. (2010). Finally, the results of this work clearly demonstrated that almond and fig stems can be considered as a possible alternative source of fibers for cellulose derivatives and/or as lignocellulosic fibers for fiber-reinforced composite materials or papermaking application. Introduction The increase in fibers demand will be met by increased forestry production, which will give growth to global deforestation, with unsafe results to the environment. However, owing to the increasing fiber concerns and the potential increases in wood expenses, non-wood materials like annual plants have received more attention to produce pulp and/or paper and/or cellulose derivatives and/or composites. Lignocellulosic wastes are used as animal feed or burn in the soil or left to decompose. The utilization of these cheap and widely disposable wastes does not resolve just the environment pollution but also makes additional value. Pulping methods have been modified these days by addition of certain chemicals, e.g. anthraquinone, to the basic pulping chemicals (soda and kraft) [1–4]. The choice of pulping chemicals is informed by literature indicating that addition of anthraquinone to soda pulping would have better advantages [5,6]. Adding anthraquinone as catalyst in sodium hydroxide system increases the pulp yields, decreases the kappa numbers, and improves the strength properties. It also increases lignin removal by promoting cleavage of inter-unit bonds in the lignin molecules that are not cleaved in the absence of anthraquinone. It also helps minimize recondensation of lignin reactions by reacting with the carbohydrates to increase lignin removal during pulping process and produced cellulose with high yield. By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 286-292 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-24 287 The valorization of isolated fibers from Tunisian date palm rachis have been investigated by Khiari et al. (2010) for the making of paper, green composites and cellulose derivatives [7–9]. Date palm waste is widely available agricultural crops in Tunisia, which has more than four million dates palm trees occupying 33 thousand hectares. In our paper, two lignocellulosic materials were studied, largely disposable in T
{"title":"Chemical Composition and Pulping of Tunisian Almond and Fig Stems – A Comparison with Tunisian Date Palm Rachis","authors":"Ibtissem Moussa, R. Khiari, Ali Moussa, M. F. Mhenni","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-24","url":null,"abstract":"In the present paper, the main objectives of this paper are the characterization of two Tunisian cellulosic by-products (almond and fig stems). The first part of this work is devoted to the determination of the chemical composition. Their chemical composition was showed that they present amounts of holocellulose, lignin and cellulose similar to those encountered in Tunisian date palm rachis. In the second part of this paper, the ensuing pulps of almond and fig stems are characterized in terms of degree of polymerization, fiber length and fiber width. These properties were compared to the properties of a Tunisian date palm rachis that was fully characterized by Khiari et al. (2010). Finally, the results of this work clearly demonstrated that almond and fig stems can be considered as a possible alternative source of fibers for cellulose derivatives and/or as lignocellulosic fibers for fiber-reinforced composite materials or papermaking application. Introduction The increase in fibers demand will be met by increased forestry production, which will give growth to global deforestation, with unsafe results to the environment. However, owing to the increasing fiber concerns and the potential increases in wood expenses, non-wood materials like annual plants have received more attention to produce pulp and/or paper and/or cellulose derivatives and/or composites. Lignocellulosic wastes are used as animal feed or burn in the soil or left to decompose. The utilization of these cheap and widely disposable wastes does not resolve just the environment pollution but also makes additional value. Pulping methods have been modified these days by addition of certain chemicals, e.g. anthraquinone, to the basic pulping chemicals (soda and kraft) [1–4]. The choice of pulping chemicals is informed by literature indicating that addition of anthraquinone to soda pulping would have better advantages [5,6]. Adding anthraquinone as catalyst in sodium hydroxide system increases the pulp yields, decreases the kappa numbers, and improves the strength properties. It also increases lignin removal by promoting cleavage of inter-unit bonds in the lignin molecules that are not cleaved in the absence of anthraquinone. It also helps minimize recondensation of lignin reactions by reacting with the carbohydrates to increase lignin removal during pulping process and produced cellulose with high yield. By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 286-292 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-24 287 The valorization of isolated fibers from Tunisian date palm rachis have been investigated by Khiari et al. (2010) for the making of paper, green composites and cellulose derivatives [7–9]. Date palm waste is widely available agricultural crops in Tunisia, which has more than four million dates palm trees occupying 33 thousand hectares. In our paper, two lignocellulosic materials were studied, largely disposable in T","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85988477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-20DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-2
W. Liese
My first contact with bamboo took place in 1951, when shortage of timber for the coal mining industry in West Germany led to the idea to use bamboo as pit props. However, they failed under axial load. In 1952, pioneering the use of the electron-microscope for cell wall structures, bamboo was also tested. These photos excited a visiting Indian wood preservation expert, since structural knowledge might improve the preservative treatment of bamboo culms. So, in 1957, I went to India for 4.5 months as an FAO expert to improve methods for bamboo preservation. This mission was followed by consultancies in about 25 countries, strongly supported by laboratory research. Results were published in about 110 bamboo-related papers and 6 books as author or co-author. The latest publication from 2016 contains chapters on structures, properties and uses of bamboo. At the age of 93 I am still enjoying the discussions with bamboo colleagues worldwide. Introduction My first contact with bamboo took place in 1951, when shortage of timber for the coal mining industry in West Germany led to the idea to use bamboo as pit props. Culms were imported from Indonesia, but they failed because the internodes crushed under axial load without emitting any cracking sound, a warning sign for miners to escape (Fig.1, Fig.2). The following year, 1952, I pioneered the use of electron-microscopy at the “Institut für Übermikroskopie”, Düsseldorf, to explore the unknown fine structure of wood. Out of pure curiosity some left over bamboo pieces were also put under the microscope to reveal structural details, (Fig 3). Fig. 1 Dendrocalamus giganteus, Fig. 2 Culm internode crushed under load. Bogor, Indonesia. By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 62-68 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-2 63 Fig 3 Parenchyma cell wall, Bambusa vulgaris, electronmicrograph,1952. However, much later these electron-micrographs became very useful, when in 1956 an Indian wood preservation expert on an international factfinding mission paid me a visit at the University of Freiburg to discuss my earlier industrial work on the treatment of spruce. He showed little attention for this work, since his real interest were details on bamboo preservation. Happily, I showed him the slumbering bamboo electron micrographs from 1951/52. He became very excited and indicated a consultancy, since any improved knowledge of bamboo structures might help to treat bamboo culms against deterioration. So, the following year, I went to India as an FAO expert for 4.5 months, at the academically young age of 31 years. For the first time I saw a bamboo plant in its natural habitat. My task was to develop methods for the preservation of bamboo culms against deterioration by fungi and insects. Especially the frequently applied sapreplacement method (Boucherie) should be improved (Fig. 4). This could be achieved by putting an air-sucking cup on the cul
{"title":"A Glimpse on 65 Years of Passion-driven Work for Bamboo","authors":"W. Liese","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-2","url":null,"abstract":"My first contact with bamboo took place in 1951, when shortage of timber for the coal mining industry in West Germany led to the idea to use bamboo as pit props. However, they failed under axial load. In 1952, pioneering the use of the electron-microscope for cell wall structures, bamboo was also tested. These photos excited a visiting Indian wood preservation expert, since structural knowledge might improve the preservative treatment of bamboo culms. So, in 1957, I went to India for 4.5 months as an FAO expert to improve methods for bamboo preservation. This mission was followed by consultancies in about 25 countries, strongly supported by laboratory research. Results were published in about 110 bamboo-related papers and 6 books as author or co-author. The latest publication from 2016 contains chapters on structures, properties and uses of bamboo. At the age of 93 I am still enjoying the discussions with bamboo colleagues worldwide. Introduction My first contact with bamboo took place in 1951, when shortage of timber for the coal mining industry in West Germany led to the idea to use bamboo as pit props. Culms were imported from Indonesia, but they failed because the internodes crushed under axial load without emitting any cracking sound, a warning sign for miners to escape (Fig.1, Fig.2). The following year, 1952, I pioneered the use of electron-microscopy at the “Institut für Übermikroskopie”, Düsseldorf, to explore the unknown fine structure of wood. Out of pure curiosity some left over bamboo pieces were also put under the microscope to reveal structural details, (Fig 3). Fig. 1 Dendrocalamus giganteus, Fig. 2 Culm internode crushed under load. Bogor, Indonesia. By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 62-68 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-2 63 Fig 3 Parenchyma cell wall, Bambusa vulgaris, electronmicrograph,1952. However, much later these electron-micrographs became very useful, when in 1956 an Indian wood preservation expert on an international factfinding mission paid me a visit at the University of Freiburg to discuss my earlier industrial work on the treatment of spruce. He showed little attention for this work, since his real interest were details on bamboo preservation. Happily, I showed him the slumbering bamboo electron micrographs from 1951/52. He became very excited and indicated a consultancy, since any improved knowledge of bamboo structures might help to treat bamboo culms against deterioration. So, the following year, I went to India as an FAO expert for 4.5 months, at the academically young age of 31 years. For the first time I saw a bamboo plant in its natural habitat. My task was to develop methods for the preservation of bamboo culms against deterioration by fungi and insects. Especially the frequently applied sapreplacement method (Boucherie) should be improved (Fig. 4). This could be achieved by putting an air-sucking cup on the cul","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82054734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-20DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-8
Jorge Islas, F. Manzini, G. Grande
This work analyses the environmental and economic feasibility of producing palm oilbased biodiesel in Mexico in order to substitute of diesel fuel consumption using B5 first and B10 to 2031 in the transportation sector. Two scenarios were created by projecting demand and costs for biodiesel as well as greenhouse gases emissions reduction and area requirements. In the economic section, the cost-benefit analysis of biodiesel and the mitigation costs of carbon dioxide were estimated. This work shows that Application of tax incentives could make biodiesel competitive against diesel. Introduction Biodiesel has been used in some countries as a substitute for diesel fuel in the transportation sector. In 2017 the production of biodiesel was increased by 82% compared to the year 2016 in the European Union. Countries with the highest production of rapeseed-based biodiesel are Germany 4,005 K t/year (151 PJ), Spain 3,398 K t/year (128 PJ), and The Netherlands 2,505 K t/year (95 PJ) [1]. Production of biodiesel in United States mainly derived from soybean oil was 9,275 K t/year (351 PJ) in 2016, which represented an increase of 40% compared to the year 2015 [3]. Mexico has the problem of declining proven oil reserves and official sources estimated them in 8.5 years [4]. On the other hand, the use of energy generates a large amount of greenhouse gases (GHG), so in 2015 at the country level were emitted 442.3 million tons of CO2 (Mt CO2) of which 33% were generated by the road transportation sector; 7% corresponds to diesel vehicles [5]. In 2016, internal demand of diesel fuel in the Mexican transportation sector accounted nearly 26% in relation to the other fuels and grew at an average annual growth rate of 2% in the last 10 years [6]. The use of palm oil in Mexico as B5 and B10 can help reduce CO2 emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels in the transportation sector. Given that the main raw material is vegetable oil, biodiesel is becoming a notable factor for promoting the regional development in Mexico. In this work, we develop scenarios to use B5 and B10 in the Mexican transportation sector and we evaluate these scenarios in terms of a cost-benefit analysis, the amount of carbon dioxide CO2 reduced and the area cultivated with oil palm. Likewise, CO2 mitigation costs were estimated, and the impact of tax incentives on the economic feasibility of biodiesel was analyzed. Methodology To develop this work the following steps are made base on [7]: 1 The calorific value of biodiesel considered in this article is 37.8 MJ/Kg [2] By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 135-142 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-8 136 A. The trend scenario corresponds to the scenario based on diesel while the alternative scenario was developed to use in a large scale the biodiesel in the Mexican transport sector. B. Scenarios were built and simulated using LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternati
{"title":"Scenarios of Palm-Oil Biodiesel in the Mexican Transportation Sector","authors":"Jorge Islas, F. Manzini, G. Grande","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-8","url":null,"abstract":"This work analyses the environmental and economic feasibility of producing palm oilbased biodiesel in Mexico in order to substitute of diesel fuel consumption using B5 first and B10 to 2031 in the transportation sector. Two scenarios were created by projecting demand and costs for biodiesel as well as greenhouse gases emissions reduction and area requirements. In the economic section, the cost-benefit analysis of biodiesel and the mitigation costs of carbon dioxide were estimated. This work shows that Application of tax incentives could make biodiesel competitive against diesel. Introduction Biodiesel has been used in some countries as a substitute for diesel fuel in the transportation sector. In 2017 the production of biodiesel was increased by 82% compared to the year 2016 in the European Union. Countries with the highest production of rapeseed-based biodiesel are Germany 4,005 K t/year (151 PJ), Spain 3,398 K t/year (128 PJ), and The Netherlands 2,505 K t/year (95 PJ) [1]. Production of biodiesel in United States mainly derived from soybean oil was 9,275 K t/year (351 PJ) in 2016, which represented an increase of 40% compared to the year 2015 [3]. Mexico has the problem of declining proven oil reserves and official sources estimated them in 8.5 years [4]. On the other hand, the use of energy generates a large amount of greenhouse gases (GHG), so in 2015 at the country level were emitted 442.3 million tons of CO2 (Mt CO2) of which 33% were generated by the road transportation sector; 7% corresponds to diesel vehicles [5]. In 2016, internal demand of diesel fuel in the Mexican transportation sector accounted nearly 26% in relation to the other fuels and grew at an average annual growth rate of 2% in the last 10 years [6]. The use of palm oil in Mexico as B5 and B10 can help reduce CO2 emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels in the transportation sector. Given that the main raw material is vegetable oil, biodiesel is becoming a notable factor for promoting the regional development in Mexico. In this work, we develop scenarios to use B5 and B10 in the Mexican transportation sector and we evaluate these scenarios in terms of a cost-benefit analysis, the amount of carbon dioxide CO2 reduced and the area cultivated with oil palm. Likewise, CO2 mitigation costs were estimated, and the impact of tax incentives on the economic feasibility of biodiesel was analyzed. Methodology To develop this work the following steps are made base on [7]: 1 The calorific value of biodiesel considered in this article is 37.8 MJ/Kg [2] By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 11 (2019) 135-142 doi: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-8 136 A. The trend scenario corresponds to the scenario based on diesel while the alternative scenario was developed to use in a large scale the biodiesel in the Mexican transport sector. B. Scenarios were built and simulated using LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternati","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86840515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-20DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-10
M. Ahmed
The increasing amounts of fruit pruning wastes in local societies of Egypt cause environmental problems closely related to human health. Its utilization as renewable materials has received a great attention in our present days and encouraged the use of it as an organic fertilizer. Composting these wastes not only reduces their weight and volume but also produces high-value-added products (compost). Manure is the most common organic and natural fertilizer form in our Egyptian rural Village. Due to the high cost of chemical fertilizers and the increase of organic fertilizers demand, it is necessary to use the local crop residues, "Palm Secondary Products" (PSP) as a basic (raw) material which contains 92.99% organic matter. Compost manufacturing provides successfully produce an organic fertilizer from available waste in each region which serves as both fertilizers and soil conditioners. In this study, we present Egyptian examples of the recycling of date palm pruning products mixed with other organic wastes in small scale (Faris rural village, Kom-Ombo, Aswan Governorate and Mandisha village, Baheria oases, Giza Governorate) and in large scale (Al-Kharga, New Valley Governorate). Introduction The total world number of date palms is about 120 million trees, distributed in 30 countries and producing nearly 7.5 million tons of fruit per year [1]. Arab countries account for 70% of the world's date palms number and are responsible for 67% of the global production of date palm [2]. The total number of palm tree planted in Egypt is 16 million including 12 million fruiting tree [3]. Mohamed [4] reported that the significant annual increase of fruit dates was about 298.9 thousand palm trees, equivalent to 2.75% of the average number of fruitful dates during the period (1997 2012). Due to its adaptation to various stress condition, its plantation is nowadays spread out all over Egypt including the new reclaimed land in the desert and in saline-affected areas. The utilization of by-products of date palm as raw material source for industrial activities gave a promising issues. Some studies have reported that Egypt alone generates more than 300,000 tons of date palm biomass each year [5]. Although date palm residues (DPR) consist of hardly decomposed elements (Cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and other compounds) they could be composted with microbiological process instead of burning in farms and causing serious threat to environment [6]. Many researchers reported about compost production from date palm by products [7, 8, 9, 10, and 11]. It should be noted that Egyptian agriculture is mainly dependent on chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphates and potassium) and organic fertilizers. So, recycling palm residues could reduce chemical fertilizers as well as the impact of drought and desertification and pesticides. Moreover, social, economic and environmental benefits could be obtained from the Recycling palm residues including increasing agricultures productio
{"title":"Palm Secondary Products as a Source of Organic Material for Compost Production: Applied Examples from Egypt","authors":"M. Ahmed","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-10","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing amounts of fruit pruning wastes in local societies of Egypt cause environmental problems closely related to human health. Its utilization as renewable materials has received a great attention in our present days and encouraged the use of it as an organic fertilizer. Composting these wastes not only reduces their weight and volume but also produces high-value-added products (compost). Manure is the most common organic and natural fertilizer form in our Egyptian rural Village. Due to the high cost of chemical fertilizers and the increase of organic fertilizers demand, it is necessary to use the local crop residues, \"Palm Secondary Products\" (PSP) as a basic (raw) material which contains 92.99% organic matter. Compost manufacturing provides successfully produce an organic fertilizer from available waste in each region which serves as both fertilizers and soil conditioners. In this study, we present Egyptian examples of the recycling of date palm pruning products mixed with other organic wastes in small scale (Faris rural village, Kom-Ombo, Aswan Governorate and Mandisha village, Baheria oases, Giza Governorate) and in large scale (Al-Kharga, New Valley Governorate). Introduction The total world number of date palms is about 120 million trees, distributed in 30 countries and producing nearly 7.5 million tons of fruit per year [1]. Arab countries account for 70% of the world's date palms number and are responsible for 67% of the global production of date palm [2]. The total number of palm tree planted in Egypt is 16 million including 12 million fruiting tree [3]. Mohamed [4] reported that the significant annual increase of fruit dates was about 298.9 thousand palm trees, equivalent to 2.75% of the average number of fruitful dates during the period (1997 2012). Due to its adaptation to various stress condition, its plantation is nowadays spread out all over Egypt including the new reclaimed land in the desert and in saline-affected areas. The utilization of by-products of date palm as raw material source for industrial activities gave a promising issues. Some studies have reported that Egypt alone generates more than 300,000 tons of date palm biomass each year [5]. Although date palm residues (DPR) consist of hardly decomposed elements (Cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and other compounds) they could be composted with microbiological process instead of burning in farms and causing serious threat to environment [6]. Many researchers reported about compost production from date palm by products [7, 8, 9, 10, and 11]. It should be noted that Egyptian agriculture is mainly dependent on chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphates and potassium) and organic fertilizers. So, recycling palm residues could reduce chemical fertilizers as well as the impact of drought and desertification and pesticides. Moreover, social, economic and environmental benefits could be obtained from the Recycling palm residues including increasing agricultures productio","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84307783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-20DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-29
H. Okasha
Egypt is one of the most important and oldest countries in the world that is known for producing dates, because date palms are available in all the cultivated areas of the country. Taking in account the date palm by-products (such as palm leaflets), this paper focuses and outlines the utilization of palm leaflets in making modern crafts and accessories in a creative way (“out of box”) and at the same time following the international fashion trends. This utilization can result in benefits like achieving added economic value in two ways: creating trendy modern fashionable crafts and achieving the concept of “zero waste”. Palm leaflets can be mixed and matched with fabrics and leather waste according the design idea. By using techniques of textile printing and dyeing to create more attractive designs according the trend, which can be employed in the palm leaflets and fabrics, a variety of innovated designs are created and can be applied in modern crafts according the international fashion trends for making accessories according the season. Also, dyed palm leaflets are mixed and matched with printed fabrics and leather wastes generating very unique up-cycled products in modern crafts and fashion accessories. At the end, a boxy bag prototype is implemented according the proposed outlines as a final product made from woven leaflets mixed with waste of fabrics and leather up-cycling. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight making fashionable accessories products according to the international fashion trends using mixed media as up-cycling product from (printed & dyed palm leaflets according the color of the season), waste of fabrics and waste of leather. Introduction Cultivation of date palms (Phoenix dactylifera) in Egypt goes back to thousands of years. Agricultural operations on date palm, like pollination, are known at least since 2,500 BC. In Egypt, date palm is cultivated and grown everywhere. Date palm grows in warm weather countries and has a tall trunk with a mass of long pointed leaves at the top [1]. Egyptian people use the parts of date palms in many things, like using palm leaflets in plaited cradle [2]. Nowadays date palm plantations are spread out all over country; wherever water is available. Egypt has more than 15 million date palm trees and is considered the world biggest producer of dates. It has a long heritage of utilization of date palm by product since ancient times [3]. The palm leaflets have been collected from the palm trees and dried by a traditional way, then woven as palm leaves folding (Fig. 1), so after that they can be used in many things, such as creating and making new ideas in modern crafts (such as, bags and accessories), furniture, tables sets and many other creative productions. These creative industries may be made by traditional or modern way with a unique and different concept according the international fashion trends for making accessories according the season. By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applica
{"title":"Using Printed Palm Leaflets in Modern Crafts according the International Fashion Trends","authors":"H. Okasha","doi":"10.21741/9781644900178-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-29","url":null,"abstract":"Egypt is one of the most important and oldest countries in the world that is known for producing dates, because date palms are available in all the cultivated areas of the country. Taking in account the date palm by-products (such as palm leaflets), this paper focuses and outlines the utilization of palm leaflets in making modern crafts and accessories in a creative way (“out of box”) and at the same time following the international fashion trends. This utilization can result in benefits like achieving added economic value in two ways: creating trendy modern fashionable crafts and achieving the concept of “zero waste”. Palm leaflets can be mixed and matched with fabrics and leather waste according the design idea. By using techniques of textile printing and dyeing to create more attractive designs according the trend, which can be employed in the palm leaflets and fabrics, a variety of innovated designs are created and can be applied in modern crafts according the international fashion trends for making accessories according the season. Also, dyed palm leaflets are mixed and matched with printed fabrics and leather wastes generating very unique up-cycled products in modern crafts and fashion accessories. At the end, a boxy bag prototype is implemented according the proposed outlines as a final product made from woven leaflets mixed with waste of fabrics and leather up-cycling. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight making fashionable accessories products according to the international fashion trends using mixed media as up-cycling product from (printed & dyed palm leaflets according the color of the season), waste of fabrics and waste of leather. Introduction Cultivation of date palms (Phoenix dactylifera) in Egypt goes back to thousands of years. Agricultural operations on date palm, like pollination, are known at least since 2,500 BC. In Egypt, date palm is cultivated and grown everywhere. Date palm grows in warm weather countries and has a tall trunk with a mass of long pointed leaves at the top [1]. Egyptian people use the parts of date palms in many things, like using palm leaflets in plaited cradle [2]. Nowadays date palm plantations are spread out all over country; wherever water is available. Egypt has more than 15 million date palm trees and is considered the world biggest producer of dates. It has a long heritage of utilization of date palm by product since ancient times [3]. The palm leaflets have been collected from the palm trees and dried by a traditional way, then woven as palm leaves folding (Fig. 1), so after that they can be used in many things, such as creating and making new ideas in modern crafts (such as, bags and accessories), furniture, tables sets and many other creative productions. These creative industries may be made by traditional or modern way with a unique and different concept according the international fashion trends for making accessories according the season. By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applica","PeriodicalId":9466,"journal":{"name":"By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90785895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-20DOI: 10.21741/9781644900178-14
O. A. Babalola, A. Olorunnisola
In this study the potential use of coconut husk (Cocos nucifera) husk fibre for the reinforcement of bio-plastic produced with cassava (Manihot utilissima) starch was investigated. Five compositions of the bioplastics were formulated containing 0% (control), 5%. 10%, 15% and 20% of coconut husk fibre. The tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, impact energy, water absorption, and biodegradability of the fibre-reinforced bioplastic samples were then determined in accordance with standard methods. Results obtained showed that the tensile strength values ranged from 0.36 to 0.68MPa; while the modulus of elasticity ranged from 2.7 x10 to 4.9 x10 N/m. The impact energy range was 1.73 3.7 J. Analysis of variance showed that coconut husk fibre content had a significant effect on the tensile strength. The impact energy increased with an increase in fibre content up to 15%. Also, water absorption (27.3 42.9%) increased with an increase in fibre content. The bioplastics were biodegraded within one month of grave yard test. The optimum fibre reinforcement level was found to be 10%. This may, however, be increased to 15% for impact resistance improvement. Introduction Plastic is a material consisting of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organics that are malleable and can be moulded into solid objects of diverse shapes. Plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products due to their long life and attractive properties including relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water. The world’s annual consumption of plastic materials has increased from around 5 million tons in the 1950s to nearly 100 million tons; thus, 20 times more plastic is produced today than 50 years ago [1]. This implies that on one hand, more resources are being used to meet the increased demand for plastics, and on the other hand, more plastic waste is being generated. Most of the plastic waste is neither collected properly nor disposed of in appropriate manner to avoid its negative impacts on the environment and public health in many African countries. Due to extremely long periods required for their natural decomposition, waste plastic is often the most visible component in waste dumps and open landfills. The increased use of synthetic plastics in developing countries is a particular concern as their waste management infrastructure are seldom able to deal effectively with the increasing levels of plastic waste [2,3]. In spite of this daunting challenge, however, the use of plastics has significantly replaced leaves, glasses and metals as a cheaper and more efficient means of packaging in many African societies, except in Kenya and few other countries that have recently banned the use plastic bags in shops and supermarkets. A group of more environmental friendly alternative materials worthy of consideration in Africa is collectively known as bio-plastics, i.e., plastics derived from renewable biomass By-Products of Palm Trees an
例如，从成熟椰子中提取的棕色纤维和从未成熟椰子中提取的白色纤维。棕色纤维厚实、结实、耐磨性高，而白色纤维更光滑、更细，但较弱。棕椰壳纤维(本研究的对象)有许多一般优点:它们防蛀，抗真菌和腐烂，提供优异的隔热和隔音，不易燃烧，阻燃，不受湿气和潮湿的影响，坚韧耐用，有弹性，即使在不断使用后也能恢复原状，完全无静电，易于清洁[8]。本研究的目的是研究椰子纤维增强对木薯淀粉基生物塑料选定性能的影响。生物塑料样品(如图1所示)是用木薯淀粉和不同的椰子壳纤维含量(按重量计)生产的，分别为0、5、10、15和20%。将纤维切成2mm长度，然后在1mol / l的NaOH溶液中50℃浸泡4小时，进行化学处理以减少木质素和半纤维素的含量。然后将纤维洗涤，在烤箱中80°C烘干，并在容器中按预定比例与木薯淀粉、水、甘油和乙酸混合。然后将混合好的混合物转移到模具中，加热至65℃4小时，并在室温下风冷。拉伸试验采用3mm厚的狗骨形试样。按照ASTM D638拉伸塑料性能的标准测试方法，以5 mm/ min的固定十字速度测试每种成分的三个重复样品。图1:采用ISO 6603-1标准，在60 x 60 x 2 mm样品上进行了椰子壳纤维增强生物塑料抗冲击试验。将已知重量为0.616kg的物体提升到已知高度，并让其落在每个试样上。当球在脸上出现第一个可见的裂缝时，球移动的高度被记录下来。断裂总能量由式1确定:
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