Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ubiquitously infects human beings and is associated with several malignancies. However, the mechanism of the viral oncogenicity remains largely to be understood. In our investigations, we have reported a tumor model in which that EBV facilitated the tumorigenesis in epithelial cells latently infected by EBV genome. Using this model, we have found several clues and further confirmed them for the viral pathogenesis. We have recently reported that the EBV copy number is related with the potential malignancy of the infected cells, corresponding to the activation level of LMP1 and NF-κB signaling. Though the DNA load in patient blood has been well-documented as an potential indicator of EBV-related diseases, this was the first experimental model to verify that the EBV copy number in cancer cells directly correlates with the tumorigenesis. We emphasize that not only “with or without” but also “more or less” should be concerned in EBV-related approaches at gene expression level or in genome context.
{"title":"The oncogenicity of Epstein-Barr virus: Being “more or less” is to be concerned","authors":"Jianhong Lu, L. Zuo, Shujuan Du, Lingzhi Liu","doi":"10.14800/CCM.1300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14800/CCM.1300","url":null,"abstract":"Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ubiquitously infects human beings and is associated with several malignancies. However, the mechanism of the viral oncogenicity remains largely to be understood. In our investigations, we have reported a tumor model in which that EBV facilitated the tumorigenesis in epithelial cells latently infected by EBV genome. Using this model, we have found several clues and further confirmed them for the viral pathogenesis. We have recently reported that the EBV copy number is related with the potential malignancy of the infected cells, corresponding to the activation level of LMP1 and NF-κB signaling. Though the DNA load in patient blood has been well-documented as an potential indicator of EBV-related diseases, this was the first experimental model to verify that the EBV copy number in cancer cells directly correlates with the tumorigenesis. We emphasize that not only “with or without” but also “more or less” should be concerned in EBV-related approaches at gene expression level or in genome context.","PeriodicalId":9576,"journal":{"name":"Cancer cell & microenvironment","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86230590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The quest for negative margins during head and neck oncologic surgery continues to challenge surgeons worldwide. Current technological advances offer significant promise to advance the field and improve operative margin detection. This review focuses on current optical technology, which has been evaluated for intraoperative margin control in head and neck oncologic surgery for possible application in optical margin control. Many of the current systems have technical limitations and there is no current standard technology being applied in the field of head and neck oncology to enhance intraoperative margin control. Surgeons continue to rely on intraoperative frozen section analysis, however many optical systems have shown high rates of sensitivity and specificity when discriminating benign from malignant tissue. These technologies shows significant promise for intraoperative margin control and may be enhanced by targeted molecular imaging, or spectral analysis, in the future. Translational trials are rare and are the key to the path of independence from frozen section analysis.
{"title":"How close are we to real time optical margin control in head and neck oncologic surgery","authors":"B. Miles","doi":"10.14800/CCM.1305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14800/CCM.1305","url":null,"abstract":"The quest for negative margins during head and neck oncologic surgery continues to challenge surgeons worldwide. Current technological advances offer significant promise to advance the field and improve operative margin detection. This review focuses on current optical technology, which has been evaluated for intraoperative margin control in head and neck oncologic surgery for possible application in optical margin control. Many of the current systems have technical limitations and there is no current standard technology being applied in the field of head and neck oncology to enhance intraoperative margin control. Surgeons continue to rely on intraoperative frozen section analysis, however many optical systems have shown high rates of sensitivity and specificity when discriminating benign from malignant tissue. These technologies shows significant promise for intraoperative margin control and may be enhanced by targeted molecular imaging, or spectral analysis, in the future. Translational trials are rare and are the key to the path of independence from frozen section analysis.","PeriodicalId":9576,"journal":{"name":"Cancer cell & microenvironment","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82061833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Thomas, Zhuliet Grami, Sharvil Mehta, Kushal Patel
5-fluorouracial (5-FU) is an antimetabolite chemotherapy drug. 5-FU has many adverse effects like any other chemotherapy agent as it has effects not only on cancer cells, but healthy cell as well. Serious side effects which are uncommon (occurring in about 1% of patients) and will be the focus of this paper are cardiac effects, hyperammonemia or encephalopathy and neurologic effects. There are many other side effects associated with 5-FU. In this paper we will discuss the rare side effects and alternatives on what to do if they occur during treatment based on case reports.
{"title":"Adverse effects of 5-fluorouracil: Focus on rare side effects","authors":"S. Thomas, Zhuliet Grami, Sharvil Mehta, Kushal Patel","doi":"10.14800/CCM.1266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14800/CCM.1266","url":null,"abstract":"5-fluorouracial (5-FU) is an antimetabolite chemotherapy drug. 5-FU has many adverse effects like any other chemotherapy agent as it has effects not only on cancer cells, but healthy cell as well. Serious side effects which are uncommon (occurring in about 1% of patients) and will be the focus of this paper are cardiac effects, hyperammonemia or encephalopathy and neurologic effects. There are many other side effects associated with 5-FU. In this paper we will discuss the rare side effects and alternatives on what to do if they occur during treatment based on case reports.","PeriodicalId":9576,"journal":{"name":"Cancer cell & microenvironment","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81667519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaomin Li, L. Jia, Xiu-ying Lu, Yupeng Shen, Zhen Li, Q. Song
Accumulating evidence from epidemiological, pharmacological and case control studies has shown that dihydroartemisinin (DHA), one of first-line antimalarial drugs recommended by World Health Organization (WHO), possesses antineoplastic activity and selective cytotoxicity to a variety of human cancer cell model systems. Although some antitumor mechanisms of DHA have been confirmed, the findings from the previous studies are insufficient to fully reveal the whole picture of tumor suppression by DHA. In a recent investigation, we demonstrated that DHA exhibits antitumor properties against a variety of human HNSCC cells both in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanism involves selective inhibition of Jak2/STAT3 signaling. By specific inhibition of STAT3 activation, DHA exerted the chemotherapeutic efficacy, including reduction in cell viability and migratory capability, along with induction of G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HNSCC cells. All of data suggested that DHA may be a potent inhibitor of STAT3 that can be potentially used to treat patients with HNSCC, as well as other human cancers harboring STAT3 activation.
{"title":"Dihydroartemisinin is a newly defined STAT3 inhibitor that may be of multiple potential uses in cancer treatment","authors":"Xiaomin Li, L. Jia, Xiu-ying Lu, Yupeng Shen, Zhen Li, Q. Song","doi":"10.14800/CCM.1254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14800/CCM.1254","url":null,"abstract":"Accumulating evidence from epidemiological, pharmacological and case control studies has shown that dihydroartemisinin (DHA), one of first-line antimalarial drugs recommended by World Health Organization (WHO), possesses antineoplastic activity and selective cytotoxicity to a variety of human cancer cell model systems. Although some antitumor mechanisms of DHA have been confirmed, the findings from the previous studies are insufficient to fully reveal the whole picture of tumor suppression by DHA. In a recent investigation, we demonstrated that DHA exhibits antitumor properties against a variety of human HNSCC cells both in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanism involves selective inhibition of Jak2/STAT3 signaling. By specific inhibition of STAT3 activation, DHA exerted the chemotherapeutic efficacy, including reduction in cell viability and migratory capability, along with induction of G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HNSCC cells. All of data suggested that DHA may be a potent inhibitor of STAT3 that can be potentially used to treat patients with HNSCC, as well as other human cancers harboring STAT3 activation.","PeriodicalId":9576,"journal":{"name":"Cancer cell & microenvironment","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82675977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable diseases and premature deaths worldwide . Its use killed 100 million people in the 20th century and if current trends continue, tobacco will kill one billion people in 21st century, with 80 percent of these deaths from low and middle income countries . Despite, the massive death toll, almost a billion men and 250 million women smoke in the world. Half of the male smokers live in low and middle income countries . However, smokers don’t pay alone; the unfortunate victims who unnecessarily suffer are the secondhand smokers.
{"title":"Second-hand smoke (SHS), a cocktail of toxic chemicals, cannot be ignored","authors":"R. Rafiq, N. Dar","doi":"10.14800/CCM.1253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14800/CCM.1253","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable diseases and premature deaths worldwide . Its use killed 100 million people in the 20th century and if current trends continue, tobacco will kill one billion people in 21st century, with 80 percent of these deaths from low and middle income countries . Despite, the massive death toll, almost a billion men and 250 million women smoke in the world. Half of the male smokers live in low and middle income countries . However, smokers don’t pay alone; the unfortunate victims who unnecessarily suffer are the secondhand smokers.","PeriodicalId":9576,"journal":{"name":"Cancer cell & microenvironment","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84658538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recent U.S. FDA approval of monoclonal antibodies against CTLA4 (ipilimumab) and PD1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab), together with the increasing number of clinical trials for new immune-checkpoint blockade antibodies in monotherapy and in combinations, have emphasized the therapeutic potential of using immunomodulatory antibodies to elicit an effective protective immunity for cancer immunotherapy. However, the treatment of cancer patients with immune-checkpoint blockade antibodies, not devoid of toxicity, is associated with severe auto-inflammatory immune responses. It is urgent to identify new therapeutic immune-checkpoint blockade reagents with more manageable side effects. The chemically synthesized single-strand oligonucleotide aptamers have substantial advantages versus antibodies in terms of cost production and handling side effects.
{"title":"Immune-checkpoint blockade aptamers as a feasible clinical alternative to monoclonal antibodies","authors":"F. Pastor","doi":"10.14800/CCM.1247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14800/CCM.1247","url":null,"abstract":"The recent U.S. FDA approval of monoclonal antibodies against CTLA4 (ipilimumab) and PD1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab), together with the increasing number of clinical trials for new immune-checkpoint blockade antibodies in monotherapy and in combinations, have emphasized the therapeutic potential of using immunomodulatory antibodies to elicit an effective protective immunity for cancer immunotherapy. However, the treatment of cancer patients with immune-checkpoint blockade antibodies, not devoid of toxicity, is associated with severe auto-inflammatory immune responses. It is urgent to identify new therapeutic immune-checkpoint blockade reagents with more manageable side effects. The chemically synthesized single-strand oligonucleotide aptamers have substantial advantages versus antibodies in terms of cost production and handling side effects.","PeriodicalId":9576,"journal":{"name":"Cancer cell & microenvironment","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81159708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pancreatic cancer is the known kind of tumor biologically featured as high malignancy, lack of effective methods for diagnosis and treatment. Tumor microenvironment is generally considered as an important promotor in tumor invasion and metastasis. This review aims to deeply understand the mechanism of the tumor progression and validly provide the evidence for diagnosis and treatment by means focusing on the advances in the research of pancreatic cancer in the fields of stromal cells, inflammation and hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic carcinoma.
{"title":"The advancement of tumor microenvironment in pancreatic carcinoma","authors":"N. Pu, Guo-chao Zhao, Y. Lv, Wenchuan Wu","doi":"10.14800/CCM.1248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14800/CCM.1248","url":null,"abstract":"Pancreatic cancer is the known kind of tumor biologically featured as high malignancy, lack of effective methods for diagnosis and treatment. Tumor microenvironment is generally considered as an important promotor in tumor invasion and metastasis. This review aims to deeply understand the mechanism of the tumor progression and validly provide the evidence for diagnosis and treatment by means focusing on the advances in the research of pancreatic cancer in the fields of stromal cells, inflammation and hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic carcinoma.","PeriodicalId":9576,"journal":{"name":"Cancer cell & microenvironment","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88610870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Ruiz, M. Zizzo, L. Ugoletti, A. Giunta, C. Pedrazzoli
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents 2% of all cancers, being the clear cell subtype the most common among renal tumors (70-80%). RCC is well know for its capacity to metastasize in an early stage of the disease, gallbladder metastases are consider extremly rare. The symptomatology goes from asymptomatic to cholecystitis like-symptoms. Ultrasonography, may be often, the first diagnostic tool, tumors can appear under different hyperechoic masses without acoustic shadowing. Metastasectomy has gained a wide consensus because of the possibility of extending survival, keeping in mind the importance of selection of the ideal candidate for it. The surgical procedure will be chosen upon the extent of the disease, it may go from a simple cholecystectomy to a cholecystectomy associated with a wedge/right hepatic lobectomy for curative purposes.
{"title":"Gallbladder's clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastasis: A systematic review of the literature","authors":"C. Ruiz, M. Zizzo, L. Ugoletti, A. Giunta, C. Pedrazzoli","doi":"10.14800/CCM.1240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14800/CCM.1240","url":null,"abstract":"Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents 2% of all cancers, being the clear cell subtype the most common among renal tumors (70-80%). RCC is well know for its capacity to metastasize in an early stage of the disease, gallbladder metastases are consider extremly rare. The symptomatology goes from asymptomatic to cholecystitis like-symptoms. Ultrasonography, may be often, the first diagnostic tool, tumors can appear under different hyperechoic masses without acoustic shadowing. Metastasectomy has gained a wide consensus because of the possibility of extending survival, keeping in mind the importance of selection of the ideal candidate for it. The surgical procedure will be chosen upon the extent of the disease, it may go from a simple cholecystectomy to a cholecystectomy associated with a wedge/right hepatic lobectomy for curative purposes.","PeriodicalId":9576,"journal":{"name":"Cancer cell & microenvironment","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83382526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease progressing asymptomatically until death within months after diagnosis. Defining at-risk populations should promote an early diagnosis and efficient follow-up, therefore avoiding its development. Single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, constitute the most abundant form of genetic variation in the human genome. SNPs are markers of diverse populations or individuals, yet also can be associated with differences in susceptibility or severity of certain diseases and/or individual responses to drugs. Many SNPs have previously been identified in studies of healthy subjects and patients with different alleles of a given gene. To date, around forty SNPs from the human genome have been correlated with predisposition to PDAC by pan-genomic studies or genome wide association studies (GWAS). However, parts of the human genome located within the GC-rich repeated domain of chromosomes are unsuitable for GWAS. Unfortunately, of those forty SNPs none are currently used in routine clinical protocols as potential biomarkers for PDAC. Exon 11 of the bile salt-dependent lipase gene ( BSDL ) plays a key role in pancreatic disease and encodes variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) sequences, therefore Martinez et al . [Oncotarget. 2015; 6: 39855-39864.] hypothesized that a genetic link exists between mutations in VNTR loci and predisposition to pancreatic cancer (PC). Authors reported that the c.1719C>T transition (SNP rs488087) present in BSDL VNTR may be a useful marker for defining a population at risk of developing PC (occurrence: 63.90% in the PC group versus 27.30% in the control group). Notably, the odds ratio (OR) of 4.7 for the T allele was larger than those already determined for other SNPs suspected to be predictive of PC. Further studies on tumor pancreatic tissue suggested that the T allele may favor Kras G12R/G12D somatic mutations which represent negative prognostic factors associated with reduced survival. Furthermore, a robust method using probes for droplet digital (dd)-PCR was designed to specifically discriminate the C/C major from C/T or T/T minor genotypes. Altogether, Martinez et al . propose that detection of the T allele in rs488087 SNP should lead to an in-depth follow-up of these patients, particularly if associated with other potential risk factors of PC.
{"title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms and risk factors predictive of pancreatic adenocarcinoma","authors":"E. Martinez, F. Silvy, D. Lombardo, E. Mas","doi":"10.14800/CCM.1231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14800/CCM.1231","url":null,"abstract":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease progressing asymptomatically until death within months after diagnosis. Defining at-risk populations should promote an early diagnosis and efficient follow-up, therefore avoiding its development. Single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, constitute the most abundant form of genetic variation in the human genome. SNPs are markers of diverse populations or individuals, yet also can be associated with differences in susceptibility or severity of certain diseases and/or individual responses to drugs. Many SNPs have previously been identified in studies of healthy subjects and patients with different alleles of a given gene. To date, around forty SNPs from the human genome have been correlated with predisposition to PDAC by pan-genomic studies or genome wide association studies (GWAS). However, parts of the human genome located within the GC-rich repeated domain of chromosomes are unsuitable for GWAS. Unfortunately, of those forty SNPs none are currently used in routine clinical protocols as potential biomarkers for PDAC. Exon 11 of the bile salt-dependent lipase gene ( BSDL ) plays a key role in pancreatic disease and encodes variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) sequences, therefore Martinez et al . [Oncotarget. 2015; 6: 39855-39864.] hypothesized that a genetic link exists between mutations in VNTR loci and predisposition to pancreatic cancer (PC). Authors reported that the c.1719C>T transition (SNP rs488087) present in BSDL VNTR may be a useful marker for defining a population at risk of developing PC (occurrence: 63.90% in the PC group versus 27.30% in the control group). Notably, the odds ratio (OR) of 4.7 for the T allele was larger than those already determined for other SNPs suspected to be predictive of PC. Further studies on tumor pancreatic tissue suggested that the T allele may favor Kras G12R/G12D somatic mutations which represent negative prognostic factors associated with reduced survival. Furthermore, a robust method using probes for droplet digital (dd)-PCR was designed to specifically discriminate the C/C major from C/T or T/T minor genotypes. Altogether, Martinez et al . propose that detection of the T allele in rs488087 SNP should lead to an in-depth follow-up of these patients, particularly if associated with other potential risk factors of PC.","PeriodicalId":9576,"journal":{"name":"Cancer cell & microenvironment","volume":"74 1","pages":"1231-1231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90291338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of fluorescent proteins for imaging in vivo, pioneered by our laboratory, revolutionalized the in vivo study of cancer in mouse models to visualize tumor growth and progression. With the use of multiple colored fluorescent proteins, we developed imaging of the tumor microenvironment (TME) by color-coding cancer and stromal cells, and demonstrated the essential role of tumor-associated host cells in tumor progression and metastasis. Color-coded imaging of the TME has also enabled important discoveries of its cellular components.
{"title":"Imaging the role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression and metastasis","authors":"R. Hoffman","doi":"10.14800/CCM.1206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14800/CCM.1206","url":null,"abstract":"The use of fluorescent proteins for imaging in vivo, pioneered by our laboratory, revolutionalized the in vivo study of cancer in mouse models to visualize tumor growth and progression. With the use of multiple colored fluorescent proteins, we developed imaging of the tumor microenvironment (TME) by color-coding cancer and stromal cells, and demonstrated the essential role of tumor-associated host cells in tumor progression and metastasis. Color-coded imaging of the TME has also enabled important discoveries of its cellular components.","PeriodicalId":9576,"journal":{"name":"Cancer cell & microenvironment","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73189287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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