For the purpose of analysing individual alkylnaphthalenes in petroleum middle distillates, an isolating method using liquid chromatography was investigated for simplicity and quantitative reliability. The alkylnaphthalenes could be isolated rapidly and quantitatively from saturates, mono-aromatics and sulfides by liquid solid chromatography using alumina of properly adjusted activity. In this chromatography, alkylbiphenyls and alkylbenzothiophenes showed the same behavior to alkylnaphthalenes.In order to separate alkylnaphthalenes from alkylbenzothiophenes a new liquid-liquid chromatographic technique was developed. Alumina or silica gel impregnated with a polar solvent had the ability to separate these compounds. Using basic alumina as the solid support and dimethylsulfoxide as the stationary liquid phase, naphthalene and benzothiophene were completely separated in preparative scale. Further, using a mixture of dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylformamide as the liquid phase, dimethylnaphthalenes in petroleum middle distillates were also successfully separated from analytically interfering C10 alkylbenzothiophenes.
{"title":"Isolation of Alkylnaphthalenes from the Middle Distillate of Petroleum by Liquid-Solid and Liquid-Liquid Chromatography","authors":"Kyosuke Kasamatsu","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.17.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.17.21","url":null,"abstract":"For the purpose of analysing individual alkylnaphthalenes in petroleum middle distillates, an isolating method using liquid chromatography was investigated for simplicity and quantitative reliability. The alkylnaphthalenes could be isolated rapidly and quantitatively from saturates, mono-aromatics and sulfides by liquid solid chromatography using alumina of properly adjusted activity. In this chromatography, alkylbiphenyls and alkylbenzothiophenes showed the same behavior to alkylnaphthalenes.In order to separate alkylnaphthalenes from alkylbenzothiophenes a new liquid-liquid chromatographic technique was developed. Alumina or silica gel impregnated with a polar solvent had the ability to separate these compounds. Using basic alumina as the solid support and dimethylsulfoxide as the stationary liquid phase, naphthalene and benzothiophene were completely separated in preparative scale. Further, using a mixture of dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylformamide as the liquid phase, dimethylnaphthalenes in petroleum middle distillates were also successfully separated from analytically interfering C10 alkylbenzothiophenes.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"93 11 1","pages":"21-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83456796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Japan Petroleum Institute has investigated means for determination of total nitrogen in fuel oils as requested by the Petroleum Association of Japan.This report describes the activity of the subcommittee organized for the establishment of testing methods for nitrogen content in petroleum products and for preparation of a draft for JIS method.The committee has established four methods, macro-Kjeldahl, micro-Kjeldahl, automated Dumas, and microcoulometric titrating which are applicable to the samples containing more than 0.01%N. In addition, an unique technique for coulometrical determination of total nitrogen in many residual oils has been devised.
{"title":"Establishment of Test Methods for Determination of Total Nitrogen in Fuel Oil","authors":"Jpi Sub-comm. Testing Method for Nitrogen","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.17.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.17.123","url":null,"abstract":"The Japan Petroleum Institute has investigated means for determination of total nitrogen in fuel oils as requested by the Petroleum Association of Japan.This report describes the activity of the subcommittee organized for the establishment of testing methods for nitrogen content in petroleum products and for preparation of a draft for JIS method.The committee has established four methods, macro-Kjeldahl, micro-Kjeldahl, automated Dumas, and microcoulometric titrating which are applicable to the samples containing more than 0.01%N. In addition, an unique technique for coulometrical determination of total nitrogen in many residual oils has been devised.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"22 1","pages":"123-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90203794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kunugi, D. Kunii, H. Tominaga, T. Sakai, Shunsuke Mabuchi, Kosuke Takeshige
The basic study on pyrolysis of crude oils for olefin production was made by use of a fluidized bed reactor containing carbon particles. Seven crude oils were tested. Kuwait, Minas crudes, and Kuwait distillates and residues were examined particularly in detail. Pyrolysis conditions were: temperaturer 750∼850°C; residence time, 0.2∼1sec; and the steam to hydrocarbon dilution ratio by weight 0.5∼2. The yields of products were plotted against the modified characterization factor (K=3√TB'/d) of the respective feed. Changes in the product yields with pyrolysis severity were represented in terms of the intensity function (IF=T•θ0.06). These monographs provide the means for estimating the pyrolysis results of any crude oil with known 50% distillation point (TB', °R) and specific gravity (d, @ 60°F) at given reaction temperature (T, °F) and residence time (θ, sec) with steam dilution.
{"title":"Basic Study on Pyrolysis of Crude Oils for Olefin Production by Use of Fluidized Bed Reactor","authors":"T. Kunugi, D. Kunii, H. Tominaga, T. Sakai, Shunsuke Mabuchi, Kosuke Takeshige","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.17.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.17.43","url":null,"abstract":"The basic study on pyrolysis of crude oils for olefin production was made by use of a fluidized bed reactor containing carbon particles. Seven crude oils were tested. Kuwait, Minas crudes, and Kuwait distillates and residues were examined particularly in detail. Pyrolysis conditions were: temperaturer 750∼850°C; residence time, 0.2∼1sec; and the steam to hydrocarbon dilution ratio by weight 0.5∼2. The yields of products were plotted against the modified characterization factor (K=3√TB'/d) of the respective feed. Changes in the product yields with pyrolysis severity were represented in terms of the intensity function (IF=T•θ0.06). These monographs provide the means for estimating the pyrolysis results of any crude oil with known 50% distillation point (TB', °R) and specific gravity (d, @ 60°F) at given reaction temperature (T, °F) and residence time (θ, sec) with steam dilution.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"27 1","pages":"43-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72900917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kuriyama, Hiromichi Miyoshi, N. Ohnishi, Kazuo Amezawa, K. Katō
A computer control system of a crude distillation unit with a design capacity of 150,000 BPSD has been developed. The crude distillation unit consists of a topping unit and a gas recovery unit. The main purpose of the system is to optimize the former unit and to control products quality of the latter unit. In either case, most of the system has been put to practical use, and its application has proved to be satisfactory. The system concept and structure are described, and the usefulness of this system has been substantiated by the results of applications.
{"title":"Computer Control System of Crude Distillation Unit","authors":"T. Kuriyama, Hiromichi Miyoshi, N. Ohnishi, Kazuo Amezawa, K. Katō","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.17.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.17.114","url":null,"abstract":"A computer control system of a crude distillation unit with a design capacity of 150,000 BPSD has been developed. The crude distillation unit consists of a topping unit and a gas recovery unit. The main purpose of the system is to optimize the former unit and to control products quality of the latter unit. In either case, most of the system has been put to practical use, and its application has proved to be satisfactory. The system concept and structure are described, and the usefulness of this system has been substantiated by the results of applications.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"80 1","pages":"114-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73237285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The catalytic activity of multi-component oxide systems containing Mo, especially Mo-Bi and Mo-Bi-Ba oxide systems, in vapor phase oxidation of 1-butene has been studied in connection with the method of preparation and structure of the catalyst. The catalytic oxidation was performed at 470°C, with 17% 1-butene in air. X-ray, IR and thermal analyses were made in order to identify the structure of the catalyst.Mo-Bi oxide catalyst prepared from an acidic mixture of raw materials, containing NO3 ion, has high activity for diene formation and contains a chemical compound whose structure is thought to be Bi2MoO6. Mo-Bi-Ba system catalyst made from a mixture of Mo, Bi and Ba compounds with excess of NO3 ion, containing Ba(NO3)2 and the above mentioned structure shows also high activity for diene .formation and, moreover, maintains this activity even after the escape of nitrogen oxide during the reaction.It is thought that there is an important correlation between the existence of Bi2MoO6 and activity for diene synthesis.Mo-Bi oxide catalyst prepared from a basic medium containing excess of ammonia and Mo-Bi-Ba oxide catalyst made by adding Ba(OH)2 to the Mo-Bi oxide system have some catalytic activity in which the carbon oxides formation is predominant. It has been considered that the structure of Bi4MoO9 is contained in the former catalyst and BaMoO4 in the latter, and these compounds have high selectivity for formation of carbon oxides or isomers.Mo-As-X oxide catalyst (X: alkaline earth metal) shows also high activity for diene synthesis; however, considerable differences exist between the effects of adding X to the Mo-Bi system and to the Mo-As system.
本文研究了含Mo的多组分氧化物体系，特别是Mo- bi和Mo- bi - ba氧化物体系气相氧化1-丁烯的催化活性，并对催化剂的制备方法和结构进行了研究。催化氧化在470℃下进行，空气中含有17%的1-丁烯。对催化剂进行了x射线、红外和热分析，以确定催化剂的结构。由酸性混合原料制备的Mo-Bi氧化物催化剂，含有NO3离子，具有较高的二烯生成活性，并且含有一种结构被认为是Bi2MoO6的化合物。Mo-Bi-Ba体系催化剂由Mo、Bi和Ba化合物与过量的NO3离子混合而成，含有Ba(NO3)2和上述结构，也具有较高的二烯生成活性，并且即使在反应过程中氮氧化物逸出后仍保持这种活性。人们认为Bi2MoO6的存在与二烯合成活性之间存在着重要的相关性。在含有过量氨的碱性介质中制备的Mo-Bi氧化物催化剂和在Mo-Bi氧化物体系中加入Ba(OH)2制备的Mo-Bi-Ba氧化物催化剂具有一定的催化活性，其中以碳氧化物形成为主。一直认为Bi4MoO9的结构包含在前一种催化剂中，BaMoO4包含在后一种催化剂中，这些化合物对碳氧化物或异构体的形成有很高的选择性。Mo-As-X氧化物催化剂(X:碱土金属)也表现出较高的二烯合成活性;然而，在Mo-Bi体系和Mo-As体系中加入X的效果存在相当大的差异。
{"title":"Oxidation of 1-Butene over Multi-Component Oxide System Containing Molybdenum","authors":"T. Ishikawa, T. Hayakawa","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.17.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.17.76","url":null,"abstract":"The catalytic activity of multi-component oxide systems containing Mo, especially Mo-Bi and Mo-Bi-Ba oxide systems, in vapor phase oxidation of 1-butene has been studied in connection with the method of preparation and structure of the catalyst. The catalytic oxidation was performed at 470°C, with 17% 1-butene in air. X-ray, IR and thermal analyses were made in order to identify the structure of the catalyst.Mo-Bi oxide catalyst prepared from an acidic mixture of raw materials, containing NO3 ion, has high activity for diene formation and contains a chemical compound whose structure is thought to be Bi2MoO6. Mo-Bi-Ba system catalyst made from a mixture of Mo, Bi and Ba compounds with excess of NO3 ion, containing Ba(NO3)2 and the above mentioned structure shows also high activity for diene .formation and, moreover, maintains this activity even after the escape of nitrogen oxide during the reaction.It is thought that there is an important correlation between the existence of Bi2MoO6 and activity for diene synthesis.Mo-Bi oxide catalyst prepared from a basic medium containing excess of ammonia and Mo-Bi-Ba oxide catalyst made by adding Ba(OH)2 to the Mo-Bi oxide system have some catalytic activity in which the carbon oxides formation is predominant. It has been considered that the structure of Bi4MoO9 is contained in the former catalyst and BaMoO4 in the latter, and these compounds have high selectivity for formation of carbon oxides or isomers.Mo-As-X oxide catalyst (X: alkaline earth metal) shows also high activity for diene synthesis; however, considerable differences exist between the effects of adding X to the Mo-Bi system and to the Mo-As system.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"66 1","pages":"76-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86102465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dehydrogenation of isopentane over chromia-alumina catalyst of several sizes (42∼60mesh to 5mmφ×5mm) has been carried out. The catalyst. foulig by the deposited coke was observed in a fixed-bed reactor. The coke distribution in a catalyst pellet was found to be uniform. The diffusivity of the reactants within the catalyst pellet was measured and found to be a linear function of the coke content.A kinetic model was proposed and kinetic parameters were estimated by computer simulation under the condition that intraparticle diffusion was negligible. Using this kinetic model and the function of diffusivity, the effect of intraparticle diffusion on conversion and the profile of the coke content in the reactor were experimentally described.
{"title":"Isopentane Dehydrogenation with Chromia-Alumina Catalyst","authors":"H. Noda, Masatoshi Ozaki, S. Tone, T. Otake","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.17.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.17.88","url":null,"abstract":"Dehydrogenation of isopentane over chromia-alumina catalyst of several sizes (42∼60mesh to 5mmφ×5mm) has been carried out. The catalyst. foulig by the deposited coke was observed in a fixed-bed reactor. The coke distribution in a catalyst pellet was found to be uniform. The diffusivity of the reactants within the catalyst pellet was measured and found to be a linear function of the coke content.A kinetic model was proposed and kinetic parameters were estimated by computer simulation under the condition that intraparticle diffusion was negligible. Using this kinetic model and the function of diffusivity, the effect of intraparticle diffusion on conversion and the profile of the coke content in the reactor were experimentally described.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"26 1","pages":"88-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81542690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Sugawara, A. Moriyoshi, T. Kamijima, A. Kasahara
This paper describes the test results concerning the failure behavior of bituminous mixtures which is required for rational designing of pavement structures and pavement performance evaluation. For single load application tests, stress-strain relationships of bituminous mixtures were investigated under various loading conditions at various temperatures, and, at the same time, dynamic responses under repeated applications of load and fatigue properties of bituminous mixtures were investigated. For conventional bituminous mixtures, it was found that strain at failure was in the order of 10-5 to 10-2, depending upon the loading and temperature conditions. In spite of the fact that strain at failure in the single load application test was in the order of 10-3 to 10-2, it was shown that the strain level of 10-4 and 10-5 in the repeated applications of load and temperature conditions caused fatigue failure. Most of single load application tests were carried out by means of flexure; and the mode of failure, relationships between strength vs. temperature, strain at failure vs. temperature, and stiffness at failure vs. temperature were obtained; and convergence of the strain in ductile failure
{"title":"Failure Behavior of Bituminous Mixtures","authors":"T. Sugawara, A. Moriyoshi, T. Kamijima, A. Kasahara","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.17.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.17.35","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the test results concerning the failure behavior of bituminous mixtures which is required for rational designing of pavement structures and pavement performance evaluation. For single load application tests, stress-strain relationships of bituminous mixtures were investigated under various loading conditions at various temperatures, and, at the same time, dynamic responses under repeated applications of load and fatigue properties of bituminous mixtures were investigated. For conventional bituminous mixtures, it was found that strain at failure was in the order of 10-5 to 10-2, depending upon the loading and temperature conditions. In spite of the fact that strain at failure in the single load application test was in the order of 10-3 to 10-2, it was shown that the strain level of 10-4 and 10-5 in the repeated applications of load and temperature conditions caused fatigue failure. Most of single load application tests were carried out by means of flexure; and the mode of failure, relationships between strength vs. temperature, strain at failure vs. temperature, and stiffness at failure vs. temperature were obtained; and convergence of the strain in ductile failure","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"39 1","pages":"35-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74384827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Studies on Coking of Residual Oil (Part 5):Kinetics of Coking of Kuwait Vacuum Residual Oil","authors":"H. Ozaki, Mamoru Yamane, T. Tokairin","doi":"10.1627/jpi1959.17.188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi1959.17.188","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"30 1","pages":"188-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82324609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Studies on Coking of Residual Oils (Part 3):Coking of Residual Oils with Gas Flow","authors":"H. Ozaki, Mamoru Yamane, T. Tokairin","doi":"10.1627/jpi1959.17.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi1959.17.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"21 1","pages":"14-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82605793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study was made on the estimating methods of the characteristics of over-based sulfurized calcium phenates containing about 150 to 1,000% of the theoretical amount of calcium which was prepared from p-octylphenol, calcium oxide, elemental su fur, ethylene glycol, carbon dioxide, lauryl alcohol and oil as starting materials. From the theory and the experimental values, some analytical expressions for alkalinity value, the specific gravity or the viscosity of the phenate and its more dilution, and for the specific gravity of the micell could be derived semi-empirically.
{"title":"Study on Over-Based Sulfurized Colcium Phenate Homologs (Part 3):Analytical Treatment of Characteristics of Mixed Homologs in Oil-Diluent","authors":"T. Hori, Y. Kato, Y. Kojima, K. Okawa","doi":"10.1627/jpi1959.17.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi1959.17.193","url":null,"abstract":"A study was made on the estimating methods of the characteristics of over-based sulfurized calcium phenates containing about 150 to 1,000% of the theoretical amount of calcium which was prepared from p-octylphenol, calcium oxide, elemental su fur, ethylene glycol, carbon dioxide, lauryl alcohol and oil as starting materials. From the theory and the experimental values, some analytical expressions for alkalinity value, the specific gravity or the viscosity of the phenate and its more dilution, and for the specific gravity of the micell could be derived semi-empirically.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"19 1","pages":"193-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83045139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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