: A composite protective container is experimentally investigated to counter combined blast, fragmentation and thermal effects from either a 1.0 kg bare or 0.6 kg cased (pipe-bomb) TNT equivalent charge. Commercially available shaving foam was used as the internal filling material. The shaving foam quenched the initial fireball and afterburning reactions. The composite case contained the blast overpressure and prevented the escape of primary fragments. The novel combination of extended polystyrene (EPS) foam, bakelite and polyurethane (PU)- silica composite employed at the container base provided protection against in-contact explosive detonation. Maximum peak reflected overpressure of 86.87 kPa (12.6 psi) was measured at 1.0 m distance for 1.0 kg TNT equivalent charge detonation inside the container. The protective container provided 97% peak overpressure reduction compared to the equivalent surface burst detonation. The fragmentation and their impact on container were simulated using a coupled SPH-ALE approach. Steel casing fragments weighing up to 8.0 g with velocities in the range of 1260-1550 m/s were produced and impacted the container. This investigation provides a basis in the design of a device to combat terrorist devices in public places, high profile meeting venues and transportation systems
：对一个复合防护容器进行了实验研究，以对抗1.0公斤裸装或0.6公斤装（管状炸弹）TNT当量装药的爆炸、碎片和热效应。使用市售的剃须泡沫作为内部填充材料。剃须泡沫扑灭了最初的火球和后燃反应。复合材料外壳容纳了爆炸超压，防止了初级碎片的逃逸。容器底部采用的扩展聚苯乙烯（EPS）泡沫、酚醛树脂和聚氨酯（PU）-二氧化硅复合材料的新型组合提供了防止接触爆炸的保护。在容器内1.0 kg TNT当量装药引爆时，在1.0 m距离处测得86.87 kPa（12.6 psi）的最大峰值反射超压。与等效表面爆轰相比，保护容器提供了97%的峰值超压降低。使用SPH-ALE耦合方法模拟了碎片及其对容器的影响。产生了重达8.0克、速度在1260-1550米/秒范围内的钢套管碎片，并撞击了容器。这项调查为设计一种打击公共场所、高调会议场所和交通系统中恐怖分子装置的装置提供了基础
{"title":"A Study of a Protective Container for Combined Blast, Fragmentation and Thermal Effects from Energetic Materials Detonation","authors":"K. Ahmed, A. Malik","doi":"10.22211/cejem/150488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22211/cejem/150488","url":null,"abstract":": A composite protective container is experimentally investigated to counter combined blast, fragmentation and thermal effects from either a 1.0 kg bare or 0.6 kg cased (pipe-bomb) TNT equivalent charge. Commercially available shaving foam was used as the internal filling material. The shaving foam quenched the initial fireball and afterburning reactions. The composite case contained the blast overpressure and prevented the escape of primary fragments. The novel combination of extended polystyrene (EPS) foam, bakelite and polyurethane (PU)- silica composite employed at the container base provided protection against in-contact explosive detonation. Maximum peak reflected overpressure of 86.87 kPa (12.6 psi) was measured at 1.0 m distance for 1.0 kg TNT equivalent charge detonation inside the container. The protective container provided 97% peak overpressure reduction compared to the equivalent surface burst detonation. The fragmentation and their impact on container were simulated using a coupled SPH-ALE approach. Steel casing fragments weighing up to 8.0 g with velocities in the range of 1260-1550 m/s were produced and impacted the container. This investigation provides a basis in the design of a device to combat terrorist devices in public places, high profile meeting venues and transportation systems","PeriodicalId":9679,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47194556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ammonium Dodecahydrododecaborate (NH4)2[B12H12]: Hydrogen and Boron Rich Fuel for Jet Propulsion Engines","authors":"P. Jadhav, Hima Prasanth, J. Patil, C. G. Rao","doi":"10.22211/cejem/151579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22211/cejem/151579","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9679,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45817716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Elshenawy, A. Reyad, Eldesoky Ezzat, M. Abd Elkader
{"title":"Influence of Liner Wall Thickness on the Penetration Performance of PETN-HTPB PBX-based Shaped Charges into Steel Targets","authors":"T. Elshenawy, A. Reyad, Eldesoky Ezzat, M. Abd Elkader","doi":"10.22211/cejem/147682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22211/cejem/147682","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9679,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45629608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Radiative Properties of a Red Phosphorus Based Combustion Flame","authors":"E. Koch","doi":"10.22211/cejem/147623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22211/cejem/147623","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9679,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42545958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of the Thermal Decomposition Temperature of High-Energy Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds in Order to Increase Their Safety during Storage, Handling, and Application","authors":"M. Keshavarz, S. Mousavi, M. Drikvand","doi":"10.22211/cejem/147646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22211/cejem/147646","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9679,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46457581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sudhir Singh, Sidharth Raveendran, D. Kshirsagar, M. Gupta, C. Bhongale
: The isocyanate-based curing agents used for polyurethane are toxic and hygroscopic in nature. In the present work, an alternate approach was adopted, a reaction between the unsaturated rubber having an α -methylene hydrogen atom and a dinitrosobenzene (DNB) ‒ generating system (quinol ether of 1,4-benzoquinone dioxime, QE) without a catalyst, thus generating a cured system. QE is a novel curing agent for propellant applications which imparts the necessary curing. The curing reaction between nitrile butatadiene rubber (NBR) and quinol ether (QE) was studied by FTIR and the results revealed the formation of anil groups (Ar–C=N). The anil group results from the reaction between NBR and DNB, generated on decomposition of QE. Propellant formulations were prepared with variation of the curing agent from 0.2 to 0.5%. The composition and rheological, mechanical, ballistic and thermal properties of the resulting cured systems were investigated. The viscosity and spreadability were suitable for casting. The tensile strength, modulus, and hardness show an increasing trend and the elongation decreases on varying QE from 0.2 to 0.5% in the propellant. However, all of the compositions showed nearly the same burning rate and pressure exponent. The QE based curing system is non-hygroscopic and has extremely low toxicity. The experimental results revealed that the proposed curing agent may find application in explosives and propellants.
{"title":"Studies on Curing of an Aluminized Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Propellant Based on Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Using a Quinol Ether of 1,4-Benzoquinone Dioxime","authors":"Sudhir Singh, Sidharth Raveendran, D. Kshirsagar, M. Gupta, C. Bhongale","doi":"10.22211/cejem/147553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22211/cejem/147553","url":null,"abstract":": The isocyanate-based curing agents used for polyurethane are toxic and hygroscopic in nature. In the present work, an alternate approach was adopted, a reaction between the unsaturated rubber having an α -methylene hydrogen atom and a dinitrosobenzene (DNB) ‒ generating system (quinol ether of 1,4-benzoquinone dioxime, QE) without a catalyst, thus generating a cured system. QE is a novel curing agent for propellant applications which imparts the necessary curing. The curing reaction between nitrile butatadiene rubber (NBR) and quinol ether (QE) was studied by FTIR and the results revealed the formation of anil groups (Ar–C=N). The anil group results from the reaction between NBR and DNB, generated on decomposition of QE. Propellant formulations were prepared with variation of the curing agent from 0.2 to 0.5%. The composition and rheological, mechanical, ballistic and thermal properties of the resulting cured systems were investigated. The viscosity and spreadability were suitable for casting. The tensile strength, modulus, and hardness show an increasing trend and the elongation decreases on varying QE from 0.2 to 0.5% in the propellant. However, all of the compositions showed nearly the same burning rate and pressure exponent. The QE based curing system is non-hygroscopic and has extremely low toxicity. The experimental results revealed that the proposed curing agent may find application in explosives and propellants.","PeriodicalId":9679,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46267836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, Polymer Bonded Explosives (PBX) have been used in a wide variety of military applications. Many different kinds of polymers are used for such explosive formulations. This component determines both the preparation method and the properties of a PBX. In this paper, results are presented of studies on the preparation and testing of explosive compositions based on pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN, penthrite) and silicone rubber. These studies were undertaken to obtain elastic formulations of PBXs. Therefore, the possibility of applying a silicone rubber as a component of the composition was checked. In the first stage of this study, several compositions were prepared in order to choose the optimal mixture ratio with respect to cohesion of the explosive. For this purpose, a new method using the Brookfield Texture Analyser was developed. Subsequently, compatibility tests using thermal analysis methods were carried out. The best of composition was subjected to tests for determining its physicochemical and explosive characteristics.
{"title":"A New Testing Method for the Mechanical Properties of Elastic Explosive Compositions","authors":"D. Powała, M. Nita, A. Orzechowski, A. Maranda","doi":"10.22211/cejem/145427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22211/cejem/145427","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, Polymer Bonded Explosives (PBX) have been used in a wide variety of military applications. Many different kinds of polymers are used for such explosive formulations. This component determines both the preparation method and the properties of a PBX. In this paper, results are presented of studies on the preparation and testing of explosive compositions based on pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN, penthrite) and silicone rubber. These studies were undertaken to obtain elastic formulations of PBXs. Therefore, the possibility of applying a silicone rubber as a component of the composition was checked. In the first stage of this study, several compositions were prepared in order to choose the optimal mixture ratio with respect to cohesion of the explosive. For this purpose, a new method using the Brookfield Texture Analyser was developed. Subsequently, compatibility tests using thermal analysis methods were carried out. The best of composition was subjected to tests for determining its physicochemical and explosive characteristics.","PeriodicalId":9679,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47576490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Orzechowski, M. Nita, D. Powała, Mariusz Pietraszek, Tomasz Klemba, A. Maranda
Mg/Teflon®/Viton (MTV) flares are the pyrotechnic compositions used in infrared decoys to protect aerial targets from IR-guided missiles. In this study, the influence of formulation changes on the burning time, and on the time to reach the required level of intensity of infrared radiation was examined. An ignition, in particular the quantity of ignition mixture used, and the ignition surface has a significant influence on the tested parameters. For charges with a density of 1.7 g/cm3 and a mass of approx. 40 g, it was possible to obtain the required rise time and intensity of radiation after applying about 5 g of the igniting mixture. The ratio of the grooved area, with the ignition mixture on the lateral surface of the pellet, to the total lateral surface of the pellet was approx. 0.6.
{"title":"Investigation of the Ignition of MTV Decoy Flares","authors":"A. Orzechowski, M. Nita, D. Powała, Mariusz Pietraszek, Tomasz Klemba, A. Maranda","doi":"10.22211/cejem/145383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22211/cejem/145383","url":null,"abstract":"Mg/Teflon®/Viton (MTV) flares are the pyrotechnic compositions used in infrared decoys to protect aerial targets from IR-guided missiles. In this study, the influence of formulation changes on the burning time, and on the time to reach the required level of intensity of infrared radiation was examined. An ignition, in particular the quantity of ignition mixture used, and the ignition surface has a significant influence on the tested parameters. For charges with a density of 1.7 g/cm3 and a mass of approx. 40 g, it was possible to obtain the required rise time and intensity of radiation after applying about 5 g of the igniting mixture. The ratio of the grooved area, with the ignition mixture on the lateral surface of the pellet, to the total lateral surface of the pellet was approx. 0.6.","PeriodicalId":9679,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46267901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Gołofit, Bartosz Zakościelny, Paweł Maksimowski, M. Chmielarek, Katarzyna Cieślak, T. Sałaciński
{"title":"Review of Methods for Testing the Compatibility of High Energy Mixed Components","authors":"T. Gołofit, Bartosz Zakościelny, Paweł Maksimowski, M. Chmielarek, Katarzyna Cieślak, T. Sałaciński","doi":"10.22211/cejem/144931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22211/cejem/144931","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9679,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45433549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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