OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and mechanism of Tripterygium hypoglaucum (THH) on serum IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in chronic, nephritis rats. METHOD The rabbit serum of anti-rat kidney was initially prepared, and then injected into normal rats to induce the formation of chronic glomerulonephritis. In this model, THH was administrated for 4 weeks, while saline and prednisone were respectively used as negative and positive controls. Some of laboratory parameters were observed from the rats above. RESULT THH not only significantly decreased urine protein, reduced serum urea nitrogen, but also decreased the releases of inflammatory mediators (such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha). CONCLUSION THH is effective in treating rat nephrotoxic serum glormerulonephritis, its mechanism probably related to decreasing inflammatory mediator levels.
{"title":"Effects of Tripterygium hypoglaucum on serum IL-1,IL-6,and TNF-α in chronic nephritis rats","authors":"Xiao-bo Wu, Jiahong Xu, Xianqin Luo","doi":"10.4268/CJCMM20102427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20102427","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and mechanism of Tripterygium hypoglaucum (THH) on serum IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in chronic, nephritis rats. METHOD The rabbit serum of anti-rat kidney was initially prepared, and then injected into normal rats to induce the formation of chronic glomerulonephritis. In this model, THH was administrated for 4 weeks, while saline and prednisone were respectively used as negative and positive controls. Some of laboratory parameters were observed from the rats above. RESULT THH not only significantly decreased urine protein, reduced serum urea nitrogen, but also decreased the releases of inflammatory mediators (such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha). CONCLUSION THH is effective in treating rat nephrotoxic serum glormerulonephritis, its mechanism probably related to decreasing inflammatory mediator levels.","PeriodicalId":9835,"journal":{"name":"China Journal of Chinese Matera Medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76197946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of Weichang'an pill on the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) in model rats. METHOD Animal model of compound diarrhea was induced by a lactose enriched diet in the Wistar rat, combining with restraint stress. Twenty four female Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group and 60 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) Weichang'an pill group. The rate of weight increase, the incubation period of diarrhea and the diarrhea index were observed. Then 45 female Wistar rats randomly divided into five groups: control group, model group and Weichang'an pill groups of high, medium and low doses (80, 60, 40 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)). The indexes of thymus and spleen were calculated. The activities of LDH, MDH and disaccharidase in intestinal organization were inspected. Serum D-xylose content and the AQP4 concentration in proximal colon were detected. RESULT After taking Weichang'an pill for 4 days, the rate of weight increase in Weichang'an pill group was higher than the model group's. While the rate of diarrhea was lower significantly. So the best cycle of taking medicine was 4 days. The indexes of thymus and spleen of model group were decreased than that of control group. And the activities of LDH, MDH and disaccharidase in intestinal organization were also decreased. But the AQP4 concentration in proximal colon was increased. Compared with the model group, the indexes of thymus and spleen increased remarkably in the group of medium doses. Meanwhile, the activities of LDH, MDH and disaccharidase increased. But the AQP4 concentration didn't change. CONCLUSION Weichang'an pill has the effect of antidiarrhea. It can adjust the sugar's catabolism through increasing the activity of intestinal digestive ferment.
目的观察胃肠安丸对腹泻型肠易激综合征(IBS-D)模型大鼠的治疗作用。方法采用富乳糖日粮联合约束应激法建立Wistar大鼠复合腹泻模型。将24只雌性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组和胃肠安丸60 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)组。观察体重增重率、腹泻潜伏期和腹泻指数。将45只雌性Wistar大鼠随机分为5组:对照组、模型组和胃肠安丸高、中、低剂量组(80、60、40 mg × kg(-1) × d(-1))。计算胸腺、脾脏各项指标。检测肠道组织乳酸脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶和双糖酶的活性。检测大鼠血清d -木糖含量及近端结肠AQP4浓度。结果胃肠安丸给药4 d后，胃肠安丸组大鼠体重增加率明显高于模型组。腹泻率明显降低。因此，最佳服药周期为4天。模型组大鼠胸腺、脾脏各项指标均较对照组降低。肠道组织中LDH、MDH和双糖酶的活性也降低。但近端结肠AQP4浓度升高。与模型组比较，中剂量组胸腺、脾脏各项指标均显著升高。同时，LDH、MDH和双糖酶活性升高。但AQP4浓度没有变化。结论胃肠安丸具有止泻作用。通过增加肠道消化酵素的活性来调节糖的分解代谢。
{"title":"Effect of Weichang′an pill on intestinal digestive ferment and the AQP4 concentration in proximal colon in IBS-D rats","authors":"Rui-ying Hu, Tongmao Zhang, Fangli Tang","doi":"10.4268/CJCMM20102123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20102123","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of Weichang'an pill on the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) in model rats. METHOD Animal model of compound diarrhea was induced by a lactose enriched diet in the Wistar rat, combining with restraint stress. Twenty four female Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group and 60 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) Weichang'an pill group. The rate of weight increase, the incubation period of diarrhea and the diarrhea index were observed. Then 45 female Wistar rats randomly divided into five groups: control group, model group and Weichang'an pill groups of high, medium and low doses (80, 60, 40 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)). The indexes of thymus and spleen were calculated. The activities of LDH, MDH and disaccharidase in intestinal organization were inspected. Serum D-xylose content and the AQP4 concentration in proximal colon were detected. RESULT After taking Weichang'an pill for 4 days, the rate of weight increase in Weichang'an pill group was higher than the model group's. While the rate of diarrhea was lower significantly. So the best cycle of taking medicine was 4 days. The indexes of thymus and spleen of model group were decreased than that of control group. And the activities of LDH, MDH and disaccharidase in intestinal organization were also decreased. But the AQP4 concentration in proximal colon was increased. Compared with the model group, the indexes of thymus and spleen increased remarkably in the group of medium doses. Meanwhile, the activities of LDH, MDH and disaccharidase increased. But the AQP4 concentration didn't change. CONCLUSION Weichang'an pill has the effect of antidiarrhea. It can adjust the sugar's catabolism through increasing the activity of intestinal digestive ferment.","PeriodicalId":9835,"journal":{"name":"China Journal of Chinese Matera Medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79385177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OBJECTIVE: To establish a sensitive HPLC method for determining the concentrations of paeonol in rat plasma and to evaluate its pharmacokinetic characteristics. METHOD: The paeonol from eortex Moutan was distilled by the way of water-vapor. A single i.v. dose of 4 mg x kg(-1) paeonol injection was given to 5 health rats. Paeonol was separated on a Diamonsil -C18 column with methanol-water (60: 40)as mobile phase. The plasma concentrations of paeonol were determined and its pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and evaluated by using kinetica 4.0. RESULT: The linear range of the method for paeonol was 0.204-20.4 mg x L(-1) and the determination limit was 0.204 mg x L(-1). The main pharmacokinetic parameters, such as AUC, MRT, C(max), Kel, t(1/2kel), after a single dose of paeonol injection were (111.88 +/- 14.44) mg x L(-1) x min(-1), (23.25 +/- 5.86) min, (8.99 +/- 0.84) mg x L(-1), (0.082 +/- 0.015) min(-1) and (8.73 +/- 1.54) min, respectively. CONCLUSION: The HPLC method for determining paeonol concentration in plasma is simple, rapid, sensitive and suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.
{"title":"Determination of paeonol in rat plasma by HPLC and pharmacokinetic study","authors":"C. Xiaolan","doi":"10.4268/CJCMM20102108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20102108","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To establish a sensitive HPLC method for determining the concentrations of paeonol in rat plasma and to evaluate its pharmacokinetic characteristics. METHOD: The paeonol from eortex Moutan was distilled by the way of water-vapor. A single i.v. dose of 4 mg x kg(-1) paeonol injection was given to 5 health rats. Paeonol was separated on a Diamonsil -C18 column with methanol-water (60: 40)as mobile phase. The plasma concentrations of paeonol were determined and its pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and evaluated by using kinetica 4.0. RESULT: The linear range of the method for paeonol was 0.204-20.4 mg x L(-1) and the determination limit was 0.204 mg x L(-1). The main pharmacokinetic parameters, such as AUC, MRT, C(max), Kel, t(1/2kel), after a single dose of paeonol injection were (111.88 +/- 14.44) mg x L(-1) x min(-1), (23.25 +/- 5.86) min, (8.99 +/- 0.84) mg x L(-1), (0.082 +/- 0.015) min(-1) and (8.73 +/- 1.54) min, respectively. CONCLUSION: The HPLC method for determining paeonol concentration in plasma is simple, rapid, sensitive and suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.","PeriodicalId":9835,"journal":{"name":"China Journal of Chinese Matera Medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78663462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
External preparations of traditional Chinese medicine inherits features of traditional Chinese pharmaceuticals while presenting the application of modern scientific technology in the field of medicine preparations. This paper will discuss some issues that investigators should pay attention to when they work on the preparations, such as the rationality of selecting drug dosage forms, how to select and handle drug auxiliary materials, and how to study medicinal material processing techniques. All these issues were found out during the drug evaluation cases in recent years.
{"title":"Some issues to notice in the research and quality evaluation of external preparations of traditional Chinese medicine","authors":"Jin Fang","doi":"10.4268/CJCMM20102131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20102131","url":null,"abstract":"External preparations of traditional Chinese medicine inherits features of traditional Chinese pharmaceuticals while presenting the application of modern scientific technology in the field of medicine preparations. This paper will discuss some issues that investigators should pay attention to when they work on the preparations, such as the rationality of selecting drug dosage forms, how to select and handle drug auxiliary materials, and how to study medicinal material processing techniques. All these issues were found out during the drug evaluation cases in recent years.","PeriodicalId":9835,"journal":{"name":"China Journal of Chinese Matera Medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79029148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study on HPLC fingerprinting and determine six kinds of ester-type alkaloids of Radix Aconiti lateralis praeparata slice","authors":"Jiang Guofei","doi":"10.4268/CJCMM20102109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20102109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9835,"journal":{"name":"China Journal of Chinese Matera Medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80073645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Determination of 25 ruscogenin 1-O- β-D-fucopyranoside in Liriope muscari from different habitats and different harvest time by HPLC-ELSD","authors":"Hu Zhengfang","doi":"10.4268/CJCMM20101902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20101902","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9835,"journal":{"name":"China Journal of Chinese Matera Medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81023898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OBJECTIVE: To breed and spread a new cultivar of Artemisia annua. METHOD: The excellent germplasm resources of A. annua in the main production area of Artemisia were collected, and the improved germplasm were screened, the content of artemisinin was determined, and yield per plant was measured. The systematically maternal line and seed production techniques of mass selection were applied combined with the variety test, variety regional test trials and production trials for breeding and spreading the new cultivars of artemisia. RESULT: The popularization and experiment illustrated the production of the new species reached 3 000 kg x hm(-2), compared with wild A. annua it increased 10% -14%. The content of artemisinin reached more than 1%, increased more than 0.2%. CONCLUSION: It is proved that the systematically maternal line and seed production techniques of mass selection can significantly improve the quality of A. annua and it is an acceptable way to cultivate new variety. By production verification, it is practicable and high technical and economic benefits to popularize the new cultivar "Yu-Qing No. 1" of A. annua.
目的:选育和推广黄花蒿新品种。方法:收集青蒿主产区黄花蒿优良种质资源，筛选改良种质，测定青蒿素含量，测定单株产量。结合品种试验、品种区域试验和生产试验，采用系统的母系和大批量选种技术，选育推广青蒿新品种。结果:经推广试验表明，新种产量可达3 000 kg × hm(-2)，比野生黄花蒿产量提高10% ~ 14%。青蒿素含量达到1%以上，增加0.2%以上。结论:系统的母系选育和大批量选种技术能显著提高黄花苜蓿的品质，是培育黄花苜蓿新品种的可行途径。经生产验证，推广黄花苜蓿新品种“玉青1号”是切实可行的，具有较高的技术经济效益。
{"title":"[Breeding and spreading of new vairety \"Yu-Qing No. 1\" of Artemisia annua].","authors":"L. Longyun","doi":"10.4268/CJCMM20101904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20101904","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To breed and spread a new cultivar of Artemisia annua. METHOD: The excellent germplasm resources of A. annua in the main production area of Artemisia were collected, and the improved germplasm were screened, the content of artemisinin was determined, and yield per plant was measured. The systematically maternal line and seed production techniques of mass selection were applied combined with the variety test, variety regional test trials and production trials for breeding and spreading the new cultivars of artemisia. RESULT: The popularization and experiment illustrated the production of the new species reached 3 000 kg x hm(-2), compared with wild A. annua it increased 10% -14%. The content of artemisinin reached more than 1%, increased more than 0.2%. CONCLUSION: It is proved that the systematically maternal line and seed production techniques of mass selection can significantly improve the quality of A. annua and it is an acceptable way to cultivate new variety. By production verification, it is practicable and high technical and economic benefits to popularize the new cultivar \"Yu-Qing No. 1\" of A. annua.","PeriodicalId":9835,"journal":{"name":"China Journal of Chinese Matera Medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84604753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discussion and analysis on determination term of medicinal materials and decotion pieces in Chinese pharmacopoeia","authors":"Li Dejun","doi":"10.4268/CJCMM20101618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20101618","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9835,"journal":{"name":"China Journal of Chinese Matera Medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73177949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OBJECTIVE: To research the regulation of transmembrane transport activity of paclitaxel influenced by fangchinoline in MDR1-MDCK II cells. METHOD: Paclitaxel, one of the substrate of P-gp, was selected as the model drug. Verapamil hydrochloride was adopted as the active control to investigate the bilateral transport activity of paclitaxel regulated by fangchinoline in MDR1-MDCK II cells. RP-HPLC was applied to determine the concentration of paclitaxel in the transporting medium, which was used to calculate apparent permeability coefficient of paclitaxel across MDR1-MDCK I1 monolayer cells. RESULT: The efflux rate of paclitaxel was faster than the absorption rates across the MDR1-MDCK II monolayer cells with highly expressed P-gp. The absorption rates of paclitaxel combinated with fangchinoline and verapamil hydrochloride respectively were remarkably increased and the efflux rate was decreased. The reversal effect of the fangchinoline was stronger than the verapamil hydrochloride with the same molar concention. CONCLUSION: Fangchinoline can apparently decrease the efflux of paclitaxel and inhibit the multidrug resistance of antitumor drug mediated by P-gp.
{"title":"[Transmembrane transport activity of paclitaxel regulated by fangchinoline in MDR1-mDCK II cells].","authors":"He Li","doi":"10.4268/CJCMM20101126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20101126","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To research the regulation of transmembrane transport activity of paclitaxel influenced by fangchinoline in MDR1-MDCK II cells. METHOD: Paclitaxel, one of the substrate of P-gp, was selected as the model drug. Verapamil hydrochloride was adopted as the active control to investigate the bilateral transport activity of paclitaxel regulated by fangchinoline in MDR1-MDCK II cells. RP-HPLC was applied to determine the concentration of paclitaxel in the transporting medium, which was used to calculate apparent permeability coefficient of paclitaxel across MDR1-MDCK I1 monolayer cells. RESULT: The efflux rate of paclitaxel was faster than the absorption rates across the MDR1-MDCK II monolayer cells with highly expressed P-gp. The absorption rates of paclitaxel combinated with fangchinoline and verapamil hydrochloride respectively were remarkably increased and the efflux rate was decreased. The reversal effect of the fangchinoline was stronger than the verapamil hydrochloride with the same molar concention. CONCLUSION: Fangchinoline can apparently decrease the efflux of paclitaxel and inhibit the multidrug resistance of antitumor drug mediated by P-gp.","PeriodicalId":9835,"journal":{"name":"China Journal of Chinese Matera Medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73883052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OBJECTIVE: beta-Elemene is an active component of herb medicine Curcuma wenyujin, N-(beta-elemene-13-yl)tryptophan (ET) was synthesized to increase the activity. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of ET were investigated with NB4 cell. METHOD: The mechanism of ET were studied with the technology of cell culture in vitro using MTT assay, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. RESULT: ET inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in NB4 cell at concentrations less than 40 micromol x L(-1). The apoptosis induction of ET in NB4 cell was associated with the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and activation of caspase-3. Catalase pretreatment blocked ET-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells. CONCLUSION: ET induces apoptosis through generation of H2O2 in NB4 cell.
{"title":"[Mechanism study of beta-elemene derivative (ET) in NB4 cell on apoptosis induction].","authors":"Yu Zhiying","doi":"10.4268/CJCMM20101023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20101023","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: beta-Elemene is an active component of herb medicine Curcuma wenyujin, N-(beta-elemene-13-yl)tryptophan (ET) was synthesized to increase the activity. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of ET were investigated with NB4 cell. METHOD: The mechanism of ET were studied with the technology of cell culture in vitro using MTT assay, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. RESULT: ET inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in NB4 cell at concentrations less than 40 micromol x L(-1). The apoptosis induction of ET in NB4 cell was associated with the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and activation of caspase-3. Catalase pretreatment blocked ET-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells. CONCLUSION: ET induces apoptosis through generation of H2O2 in NB4 cell.","PeriodicalId":9835,"journal":{"name":"China Journal of Chinese Matera Medica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87388453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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