Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000200211
I. Khatab, M. Farid, Ahmed G. Abu amo, Y. El-Refaee
Salinity is a main obstacle of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. Selecting rice genotypes for salinity tolerance based on phenotypic characteristics alone is inefficient and less reliable, finally will delay progress in rice breeding program. The recent advantages of molecular markers such as simple sequence repeat (SSR) could be used to detect associated salt tolerance markers in rice. This study was conducted to detect genetic variation within some rice genotypes using SSR markers and to identify salt tolerance in the studied genotypes. Forty-five rice genotypes were evaluated for their agro-morphological characteristics under non-stress and saline conditions for two growing seasons in 2018 and 2019. Using 21 SSR primers located on chromosome 8, only 18 SSR primer generated polymorphic patterns with a total of 76 alleles, whereas the other 3 primers were monomorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 6 alleles with an average of 4.22 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values varied from 0.30 (RM342) to 0.71 (RM6976) with an average PIC of 0.49. Out of the 18 polymorphic markers only 5 primers (RM 6976, RM7631, RM 5556, RM152 and RM342) perfectly distinguished rice genotypes. The best preforming genotypes under salinity stress were N22, IR 63731-1-1-4-3-2, GZ 7112-1-2-1-4, FL 478, TCCP 266-1-3B-10-2-1, IR 65600-127-6-2, IR 68011-15-1-1 and IR 66160-5-2-3-2. Thus, SSR markers are effective to detect high polymorphisms and variations among the rice genotypes, which could facilitate improving salt tolerance of commercial Egyptian rice varieties exhibiting high yield potential. In addition, the selected genotypes might be integrated into breeding programs for salinity tolerance. A marker’s high PIC value suggests a high probability of detecting the number of alleles between cultivars. A PIC value above 0.50 reveals a high degree of polymorphism. On this basis, the very good primers for this diversity analysis were RM408, RM5556, RM544, RM547, RM3395, RM6976, RM7631 and RM5545. The findings of this research indicate that the markers used are revealing and good for studies on genetic diversity. It is effective and cost-efficient to use microsatellites. They are abundant, co-dominant, highly reproducible and interspersed in the genome as compared with other markers. In particular, in rice genetic studies, microsatellite markers have been widely applied because they are capable of detecting high levels of allelic variation. The SSR markers play an important role in identifying salt tolerance genes that can be useful in developing new cultivars for plant breeders. In order to accelerate genetic advancement in rice, molecular markers could be used to tag QTL and determine their contributions to the phenotype by selecting desirable alleles at certain loci in the marker assisted selection (MAS) method. This is faster, more reliable and more cost-effective under saline field conditions than traditional screening (A
{"title":"Screening of some rice genotypes for salinity tolerance using agro-morphological and SSR markers","authors":"I. Khatab, M. Farid, Ahmed G. Abu amo, Y. El-Refaee","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000200211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000200211","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity is a main obstacle of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. Selecting rice genotypes for salinity tolerance based on phenotypic characteristics alone is inefficient and less reliable, finally will delay progress in rice breeding program. The recent advantages of molecular markers such as simple sequence repeat (SSR) could be used to detect associated salt tolerance markers in rice. This study was conducted to detect genetic variation within some rice genotypes using SSR markers and to identify salt tolerance in the studied genotypes. Forty-five rice genotypes were evaluated for their agro-morphological characteristics under non-stress and saline conditions for two growing seasons in 2018 and 2019. Using 21 SSR primers located on chromosome 8, only 18 SSR primer generated polymorphic patterns with a total of 76 alleles, whereas the other 3 primers were monomorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 6 alleles with an average of 4.22 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values varied from 0.30 (RM342) to 0.71 (RM6976) with an average PIC of 0.49. Out of the 18 polymorphic markers only 5 primers (RM 6976, RM7631, RM 5556, RM152 and RM342) perfectly distinguished rice genotypes. The best preforming genotypes under salinity stress were N22, IR 63731-1-1-4-3-2, GZ 7112-1-2-1-4, FL 478, TCCP 266-1-3B-10-2-1, IR 65600-127-6-2, IR 68011-15-1-1 and IR 66160-5-2-3-2. Thus, SSR markers are effective to detect high polymorphisms and variations among the rice genotypes, which could facilitate improving salt tolerance of commercial Egyptian rice varieties exhibiting high yield potential. In addition, the selected genotypes might be integrated into breeding programs for salinity tolerance. A marker’s high PIC value suggests a high probability of detecting the number of alleles between cultivars. A PIC value above 0.50 reveals a high degree of polymorphism. On this basis, the very good primers for this diversity analysis were RM408, RM5556, RM544, RM547, RM3395, RM6976, RM7631 and RM5545. The findings of this research indicate that the markers used are revealing and good for studies on genetic diversity. It is effective and cost-efficient to use microsatellites. They are abundant, co-dominant, highly reproducible and interspersed in the genome as compared with other markers. In particular, in rice genetic studies, microsatellite markers have been widely applied because they are capable of detecting high levels of allelic variation. The SSR markers play an important role in identifying salt tolerance genes that can be useful in developing new cultivars for plant breeders. In order to accelerate genetic advancement in rice, molecular markers could be used to tag QTL and determine their contributions to the phenotype by selecting desirable alleles at certain loci in the marker assisted selection (MAS) method. This is faster, more reliable and more cost-effective under saline field conditions than traditional screening (A","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45783651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000200225
R. Osei, Chengde Yang, Fengfeng Cai, Solomon Boamah
Salicylic acid (SA) plays many roles in plant physiology. In addition to pathogenesis-related resistance, SA is involved in the response to biotic stress. There are no adequate studies on mechanism underlying SA-mitigated Lelliottia amnigena infestations in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) plant. Therefore, this study evaluated the mechanisms of SA on antioxidant enzyme activity of potato plant roots under L. amnigena stress. The bacterial suspension (3.69 × 10 7 CFU mL -1 ) at 0.3 mL was inoculated into potato plants through stem injection. After 24 h, different SA concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM) were sprayed to the potato plants, and water as control. The results showed that L. amnigena infestation decreased fresh weight, dry weight, and relative water content of roots by 44.8%, 11.8% and 34.8%, respectively, compared to the control. The potato plant treatment with SA increased fresh weight, dry weight, and relative water content by an average of 34.88%, 10.28% and 13.50%; increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) by 35.95%, 32.55%, 33.74%, 33.25%, and 38.90%; decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) content in potato plant roots by 42.7% and 31.1%, respectively, under L. amnigena stress compared to control. Treatment with SA induced transcriptional levels of the SOD, POD, CAT and glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene expression across the four levels of SA by an average of 3.12-fold, 3.46-fold, 2.93-fold and 3.83-fold, respectively, compared to control. Salicylic acid increased antioxidant enzymes activity in roots of potato plant under L. amnigena stress. oxidative an antioxidant In our the application of to plants under L. amnigena stress the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, PPO, and PAL) compared to the control plants. of oxidative damage by scavenging ROS antioxidant them key the removal of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 the action of superoxide dismutase In this study, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were altered in response to SA treatment. A similar change in these enzymes also observed by However, exogenous SA restored the activities of the tested enzymes, reducing ROS and oxidative damage in potato roots. The data confirm that the key role of SA is to serve as a signaling molecule, thereby strengthening the defense system. Similar results also observed Singh et Our results suggest that exogenous SA regulates antioxidant enzymes, thereby lowering ROS and protecting potato plants from pathogen stress. In general, based on the increased activities of SOD, POD, CAT, PPO and PAL, it can be said that the treatment of SA effectively increased the antioxidants of potato plant roots to defend against the pathogen.
{"title":"Mechanisms underlying salicylic acid on root parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity of potato plant under Lelliottia amnigena stress","authors":"R. Osei, Chengde Yang, Fengfeng Cai, Solomon Boamah","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000200225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000200225","url":null,"abstract":"Salicylic acid (SA) plays many roles in plant physiology. In addition to pathogenesis-related resistance, SA is involved in the response to biotic stress. There are no adequate studies on mechanism underlying SA-mitigated Lelliottia amnigena infestations in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) plant. Therefore, this study evaluated the mechanisms of SA on antioxidant enzyme activity of potato plant roots under L. amnigena stress. The bacterial suspension (3.69 × 10 7 CFU mL -1 ) at 0.3 mL was inoculated into potato plants through stem injection. After 24 h, different SA concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM) were sprayed to the potato plants, and water as control. The results showed that L. amnigena infestation decreased fresh weight, dry weight, and relative water content of roots by 44.8%, 11.8% and 34.8%, respectively, compared to the control. The potato plant treatment with SA increased fresh weight, dry weight, and relative water content by an average of 34.88%, 10.28% and 13.50%; increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) by 35.95%, 32.55%, 33.74%, 33.25%, and 38.90%; decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) content in potato plant roots by 42.7% and 31.1%, respectively, under L. amnigena stress compared to control. Treatment with SA induced transcriptional levels of the SOD, POD, CAT and glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene expression across the four levels of SA by an average of 3.12-fold, 3.46-fold, 2.93-fold and 3.83-fold, respectively, compared to control. Salicylic acid increased antioxidant enzymes activity in roots of potato plant under L. amnigena stress. oxidative an antioxidant In our the application of to plants under L. amnigena stress the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, PPO, and PAL) compared to the control plants. of oxidative damage by scavenging ROS antioxidant them key the removal of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 the action of superoxide dismutase In this study, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were altered in response to SA treatment. A similar change in these enzymes also observed by However, exogenous SA restored the activities of the tested enzymes, reducing ROS and oxidative damage in potato roots. The data confirm that the key role of SA is to serve as a signaling molecule, thereby strengthening the defense system. Similar results also observed Singh et Our results suggest that exogenous SA regulates antioxidant enzymes, thereby lowering ROS and protecting potato plants from pathogen stress. In general, based on the increased activities of SOD, POD, CAT, PPO and PAL, it can be said that the treatment of SA effectively increased the antioxidants of potato plant roots to defend against the pathogen.","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45352902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000200234
Chanxing Xu, Yan-Ping Zhang, Hong-Bing Yang
Salt-tolerant ‘Chuanqiao No.1’ and salt-sensitive ‘Chuanqiao No.2’ Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) were used as materials. Effects of ethephon on physiological characteristics of Tartary buckwheat under salt stress were studied by different concentrations of ethephon (ETH) under 150 mM NaCl stress. Ethephon treatment could improve seed germination rate of both varieties under salt stress, and the effect of ethephon treatment on salt-sensitive variety was better. Ethephon treatment could improve physiological characteristics of Tartary buckwheat seedlings under salt stress, and appropriate concentrations of ETH root treatment in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive variety were 1.0 and 1.5 mM, and for ETH spraying were 0.4 and 0.6 mM. The effect of ETH spraying on improving physiological characteristics of Tartary buckwheat under salt stress was better than that of ETH root treatment. Salt tolerance gene FtNHX1 reached its maximum expression level at 24 h, which was increased by 277.77% and 251.17% in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive variety compared with salt stress under ETH root treatment, while under ETH spraying treatment, which was increased by 232.39% and 190.91% in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive variety compared with salt stress. Salt tolerance gene FtSOS1 reached its maximum expression levels at 12 h, which was increased by 60.94% and 98.75% in salt-tolerant and saltsensitive variety compared with salt stress under ETH root treatment, while under ETH spraying treatment, which was increased by 35.98% and 67.63% in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive variety compared with salt stress. Key word: Ethephon, physiological characteristics, salt stress, Tartary buckwheat.
{"title":"Effects of ethephon on physiological characteristics and gene expression of Tartary buckwheat under salt stress","authors":"Chanxing Xu, Yan-Ping Zhang, Hong-Bing Yang","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000200234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000200234","url":null,"abstract":"Salt-tolerant ‘Chuanqiao No.1’ and salt-sensitive ‘Chuanqiao No.2’ Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) were used as materials. Effects of ethephon on physiological characteristics of Tartary buckwheat under salt stress were studied by different concentrations of ethephon (ETH) under 150 mM NaCl stress. Ethephon treatment could improve seed germination rate of both varieties under salt stress, and the effect of ethephon treatment on salt-sensitive variety was better. Ethephon treatment could improve physiological characteristics of Tartary buckwheat seedlings under salt stress, and appropriate concentrations of ETH root treatment in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive variety were 1.0 and 1.5 mM, and for ETH spraying were 0.4 and 0.6 mM. The effect of ETH spraying on improving physiological characteristics of Tartary buckwheat under salt stress was better than that of ETH root treatment. Salt tolerance gene FtNHX1 reached its maximum expression level at 24 h, which was increased by 277.77% and 251.17% in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive variety compared with salt stress under ETH root treatment, while under ETH spraying treatment, which was increased by 232.39% and 190.91% in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive variety compared with salt stress. Salt tolerance gene FtSOS1 reached its maximum expression levels at 12 h, which was increased by 60.94% and 98.75% in salt-tolerant and saltsensitive variety compared with salt stress under ETH root treatment, while under ETH spraying treatment, which was increased by 35.98% and 67.63% in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive variety compared with salt stress. Key word: Ethephon, physiological characteristics, salt stress, Tartary buckwheat.","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47413794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000200294
Violeta Muñoz, A. France, Hamil L Uribe, J. Hirzel
Soilless blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) production is an alternative system that is increasing worldwide in surface area. There is little scientific information available as yet on the agronomic management of this cultivation system. The objective of the present study was to evaluate four N rates (0%, 100%, 200%, and 300% of the reference rate) and three water replacement level (70%, 100%, 130%) on leaf biomass production and leaf N concentration previous to winter fall (May and August 2021) in 10 pot-grown blueberry cultivars (Blue Ribbon, Duke, Camelia, Cargo, Last Call, Legacy, Ochlockonee, Suzie Blue, Ventura, and Victoria). An experiment was conducted in south-central Chile (36°55’ S) with first-year plants. During the first growing season, results showed interactions between cultivars, N rates, and water replacement levels; there was a synergistic effect between N rates and water replacement levels on leaf biomass production in ‘Duke’, ‘Camelia’, ‘Ochlockonee’ and ‘Suzie Blue’. Overall, the highest leaf biomass production in most cultivars was obtained with an N rate ranging from 33.2 to 53.1 g plant -1 season -1 (100% and 200% N rates, respectively) and 100% and 130% water replacement levels. Water consumption during the season fluctuated between 93.79 a 136.23 L season -1 . The highest leaf N concentration in most of the blueberry cultivars was obtained with N rates ranging from 33.2 to 53.1 g plant -1 season -1 and 70% and 100% water replacement levels. Therefore, agronomic management recommendations for N fertilization and water replacement levels in blueberries produced with this growing system cannot be generalized. One-year-old blueberry plants were placed in 35 L pots filled with a 2:2:1 (v/v) mixture consisting of coconut fiber, peat, and perlite with a density of 20 000 plants ha -1 . The assay included 480 plants and 1 row for each cultivar. Ten blueberry cultivars were evaluated: ‘Blue Ribbon’, ‘Duke’, ‘Camelia’, ‘Cargo’, ‘Last Call’, ‘Legacy’, ‘Ochlockonee’, ‘Suzie Blue’, ‘Ventura’, and ‘Victoria’. Plants were fertilized twice a week with macro- and micronutrient solutions (Table 2) supplemented with one of four different ammonium sulfate concentrations per treatment. Irrigation was conducted with a drip system from October to April. Ten irrigation lines were placed along the rows of plants to independently irrigate each variety. The treatments were applied at different flow rates with two emitters per plant (Supertif PCND, Rivulis, Kibbutz Gvat, Jezreel Valley, Israel): two emitters at 1.1 L h -1 (70%), one emitter at 1.1 and one at 2.2 L h -1 (100%), and two emitters at 2.2 L h -1 (130%). Plants were irrigated daily at a rate of 2 to 3 min every hour (irrigation events) until substrate saturation (onset of leaching) was reached using an irrigation controller (Pro-C support, Hunter, San Marcos, California, USA). The number of irrigation events per day and the duration of each event were adjusted once a week with a water
{"title":"Effect of nitrogen rate and water replacement level on leaf biomass production and leaf nitrogen concentration of ten pot-grown blueberry cultivars","authors":"Violeta Muñoz, A. France, Hamil L Uribe, J. Hirzel","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000200294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000200294","url":null,"abstract":"Soilless blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) production is an alternative system that is increasing worldwide in surface area. There is little scientific information available as yet on the agronomic management of this cultivation system. The objective of the present study was to evaluate four N rates (0%, 100%, 200%, and 300% of the reference rate) and three water replacement level (70%, 100%, 130%) on leaf biomass production and leaf N concentration previous to winter fall (May and August 2021) in 10 pot-grown blueberry cultivars (Blue Ribbon, Duke, Camelia, Cargo, Last Call, Legacy, Ochlockonee, Suzie Blue, Ventura, and Victoria). An experiment was conducted in south-central Chile (36°55’ S) with first-year plants. During the first growing season, results showed interactions between cultivars, N rates, and water replacement levels; there was a synergistic effect between N rates and water replacement levels on leaf biomass production in ‘Duke’, ‘Camelia’, ‘Ochlockonee’ and ‘Suzie Blue’. Overall, the highest leaf biomass production in most cultivars was obtained with an N rate ranging from 33.2 to 53.1 g plant -1 season -1 (100% and 200% N rates, respectively) and 100% and 130% water replacement levels. Water consumption during the season fluctuated between 93.79 a 136.23 L season -1 . The highest leaf N concentration in most of the blueberry cultivars was obtained with N rates ranging from 33.2 to 53.1 g plant -1 season -1 and 70% and 100% water replacement levels. Therefore, agronomic management recommendations for N fertilization and water replacement levels in blueberries produced with this growing system cannot be generalized. One-year-old blueberry plants were placed in 35 L pots filled with a 2:2:1 (v/v) mixture consisting of coconut fiber, peat, and perlite with a density of 20 000 plants ha -1 . The assay included 480 plants and 1 row for each cultivar. Ten blueberry cultivars were evaluated: ‘Blue Ribbon’, ‘Duke’, ‘Camelia’, ‘Cargo’, ‘Last Call’, ‘Legacy’, ‘Ochlockonee’, ‘Suzie Blue’, ‘Ventura’, and ‘Victoria’. Plants were fertilized twice a week with macro- and micronutrient solutions (Table 2) supplemented with one of four different ammonium sulfate concentrations per treatment. Irrigation was conducted with a drip system from October to April. Ten irrigation lines were placed along the rows of plants to independently irrigate each variety. The treatments were applied at different flow rates with two emitters per plant (Supertif PCND, Rivulis, Kibbutz Gvat, Jezreel Valley, Israel): two emitters at 1.1 L h -1 (70%), one emitter at 1.1 and one at 2.2 L h -1 (100%), and two emitters at 2.2 L h -1 (130%). Plants were irrigated daily at a rate of 2 to 3 min every hour (irrigation events) until substrate saturation (onset of leaching) was reached using an irrigation controller (Pro-C support, Hunter, San Marcos, California, USA). The number of irrigation events per day and the duration of each event were adjusted once a week with a water ","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49585912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000200320
P. León-Lobos, E. Salazar, R. Diaz, P. Hinrichsen, C. Muñoz, F. Ortega
{"title":"Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture in Chile: Progress in conservation, characterization and uses","authors":"P. León-Lobos, E. Salazar, R. Diaz, P. Hinrichsen, C. Muñoz, F. Ortega","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000200320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000200320","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44763694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000200348
G. Castañeda-Ramírez, L. Aguilar-Marcelino, G. López-Guillén
Agri-food production is affected by various factors, such as insect pests. Inadequate use of pesticides has generated resistance, and some pesticides have been shown to affect human health and the environment. Therefore, alternative control methods have been sought, such as the use of biocontrol with fungi; these organisms have shown activity against insect pests. Thus, this review compiles relevant and important studies that have been carried out over the last four decades. In general, fungi are divided into two large groups, macroscopic and microscopic fungi. In these two groups, possible fungal candidates with activity against insects have been found. They were subdivided into two groups: microscopic entomopathogenic fungi and macroscopic entomopathogenic fungi with basidiomata. In the case of microscopic entomopathogenic fungi, only the main species of these fungi ( Metarhizium anisopliae , Beauveria bassiana, and Isaria fumosorosea ) have been examined. These fungi present degrees of specificity at the family or closely related species level. For these three fungal species alone, more than 500 species of affected insects have been reported in this and other reviews. Finally, more than 200 species of fungi with basidiomata have been studied for their insecticidal activity. Additionally, possible compounds with insecticidal activity, such as ibotenic acid, beauvericin, ergosterol, and ostreolysin, are described. The studies found in the present review of fungi with insecticidal activity are promising. It was concluded that fungi, their compounds, and the proteins they contain may have a biotechnological application in the control of insect pests.
{"title":"Macroscopic and microscopic fungi with insecticidal activity","authors":"G. Castañeda-Ramírez, L. Aguilar-Marcelino, G. López-Guillén","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000200348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000200348","url":null,"abstract":"Agri-food production is affected by various factors, such as insect pests. Inadequate use of pesticides has generated resistance, and some pesticides have been shown to affect human health and the environment. Therefore, alternative control methods have been sought, such as the use of biocontrol with fungi; these organisms have shown activity against insect pests. Thus, this review compiles relevant and important studies that have been carried out over the last four decades. In general, fungi are divided into two large groups, macroscopic and microscopic fungi. In these two groups, possible fungal candidates with activity against insects have been found. They were subdivided into two groups: microscopic entomopathogenic fungi and macroscopic entomopathogenic fungi with basidiomata. In the case of microscopic entomopathogenic fungi, only the main species of these fungi ( Metarhizium anisopliae , Beauveria bassiana, and Isaria fumosorosea ) have been examined. These fungi present degrees of specificity at the family or closely related species level. For these three fungal species alone, more than 500 species of affected insects have been reported in this and other reviews. Finally, more than 200 species of fungi with basidiomata have been studied for their insecticidal activity. Additionally, possible compounds with insecticidal activity, such as ibotenic acid, beauvericin, ergosterol, and ostreolysin, are described. The studies found in the present review of fungi with insecticidal activity are promising. It was concluded that fungi, their compounds, and the proteins they contain may have a biotechnological application in the control of insect pests.","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48482427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000200276
Rubiyo Rubiyo, S. Sudarsono, M. Anshori, N. Nurdebyandaru, Y. A. Dewi, M. R. Akbar
Identification of kinship in various coffees in the Indonesian Industrial & Beverages Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI) is essential for the coffee breeding process in the future. The kinship analysis can be done by using multivariate analysis. This study aimed to identify the kinship pattern and specific morphological characteristics of the coffee clone collections by using multivariate analysis. The experiment was carried out through the observational method corrected with analysis of covariance. The plant materials used were five genotypes of robusta coffee ( Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) and three arabica coffee ( Coffea arabica L.) genotypes. Robusta genotypes studied were BP 308, BP 436, BP 42, SA 237, and SA 203; and arabica genotypes were S 795, Kartika 1, and Kartika 2. The study used an IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) list descriptor modified for coffee plants characterization. The morphological characters consisted of 46 characters. The results showed that coffee clones in the IIBCRI had relatively high diversity in clone grouping, both between types and between clones within the species. The grouping results showed that subgroup 1 of the robusta coffee consisted of BP 308, SA237, and SA203 coffee clones. Conversely, subgroups 2 of the robusta coffee consisted of BP 436 and BP 42. As for arabica coffee, subgroup 1 consisted of Kartika 1 and Kartika 2 clones, while the S795 clone has grouped solely in subgroup 2. Based on this study, the IIBCRI was also considered suitable for selecting and identifying morphological lines of coffee, particularly robusta coffee. stipule shape, firmness of leaf surface waves, and firmness of leaf edge waves; inflorescence and flower description covered (15): inflorescence position, inflorescence on old wood, anther insertion, flower tip shape, flower base shape, number of flowers per axil, number of fascicles per axil, number of flowers per fascicle, corolla tub length, number of stamens, corolla length, corolla width, anther length, stigma length, and pistil length; fruit description covered (7): fruit color, fruit shape, fruit-disc shape, endocarp texture, fruit length, fruit width, and pulp thickness; and seed description covered (7): husk seed length, bean length, husk seed width, bean width, husk seed thickness, bean thickness, and husk seed shape. The observation used the common observation tools, like meter tool, ruler, vernier calipers, pen, and digital scales to identify the quantitative characters. Besides that, the additional tool used in this study was the color chart from the Royal Horticultural Society (London, UK) to observe color morphology characters.
印度尼西亚工业与饮料作物研究所(IIBCRI)对各种咖啡的亲缘关系进行鉴定对未来的咖啡育种过程至关重要。亲属关系分析可采用多变量分析。本研究旨在利用多变量分析方法对咖啡无性系的亲缘关系和特定形态特征进行鉴定。实验采用观测法进行，并用协方差分析进行校正。所用植物材料为罗布斯塔咖啡(Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner)的5个基因型和阿拉比卡咖啡(Coffea arabica L.)的3个基因型。研究的罗布斯塔菌基因型为BP 308、BP 436、BP 42、SA 237和SA 203;阿拉比卡的基因型分别为s795、Kartika 1和Kartika 2。该研究使用了IPGRI(国际植物遗传资源研究所)改良的咖啡植物描述符。形态性状共有46个。结果表明，IIBCRI的咖啡无性系在类群间和种内无性系间均具有较高的多样性。分组结果表明，罗布斯塔咖啡亚组1由BP 308、SA237和SA203咖啡无性系组成。相反，罗布斯塔咖啡的亚组2由BP 436和BP 42组成。至于阿拉比卡咖啡，第1亚组由Kartika 1和Kartika 2无性系组成，而S795无性系只属于第2亚组。基于本研究，IIBCRI也被认为适合于咖啡，特别是罗布斯塔咖啡的形态系选择和鉴定。托叶形状、叶面波的牢固度、叶边波的牢固度;花序和花的描述(15):花序位置，老木本花序，花药插入，花尖形状，花基形状，每腋花数，每腋束数，每束花数，花冠盆长，雄蕊数，花冠长度，花冠宽度，花药长度，柱头长度，雌蕊长度;涵盖的果实描述(7):果实颜色、果实形状、果盘形状、内果皮质地、果实长度、果实宽度和果肉厚度;种子描述涵盖了(7):果皮种子长度、豆长、果皮种子宽度、豆宽、果皮种子厚度、豆厚、果皮种子形状。观察使用常用的观察工具，如仪表工具、尺子、游标卡尺、笔、数字秤等进行定量特征的识别。除此之外，本研究还使用了来自英国伦敦皇家园艺学会(Royal Horticultural Society, London, UK)的颜色图表来观察颜色形态特征。
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Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000200256
H. Ding, Zhimeng Zhang, Guanchu Zhang, Yang Xu, Qinglin Guo, F. Qin, L. Dai
Drought stress and nutrient deficiency are two main factors that restrict the growth and yield of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the effects of N fertilizer on root growth and pod yield of peanut under different water conditions are unclear. The growth, root morphology, and pod yield of peanut were studied under different water and N combinations. Two soil water treatments were tested: Well-watered (WW, 80%-85% field capacity) and drought stress conditions (DS, 55%-60% field capacity). Three N treatments were tested: no N application (NN), moderate N (MN, 90 kg ha -1 ), and high N (HN, 180 kg ha -1 ). Results showed that pod yield of peanut was limited by drought and N deficiency. Compared with NN, peanut shoot DM and pod yield were improved by MN under DS, with an average increase range of pod yield of 16.2% in the 2 yr. The annual average root length density (RLD) in the deeper soil layer (40-100 cm) was 5.5% higher under DS-MN than DS-NN treatment. The N use efficiency (NUE) was 12.3% higher under WW than DS treatment, and the NUE of MN was significantly higher than that of HN under different water treatments. Root lengths in 40-60 and 60-80 cm soil layers were also positively correlated with pod yield (r = 0.66** and 0.47**, respectively) and NUE (r = 0.60* and 0.85**, respectively). In this study, root growth in deeper soil was improved by MN application under DS, thus increasing yield and NUE of DS conditions.
干旱胁迫和营养缺乏是制约干旱半干旱区花生生长和产量的两个主要因素。然而，不同水分条件下氮肥对花生根系生长和荚果产量的影响尚不清楚。研究了不同水氮组合对花生生长、根系形态和荚果产量的影响。试验了两种土壤水分处理:水分充足(WW，田间容量80% ~ 85%)和干旱胁迫(DS，田间容量55% ~ 60%)。试验3种氮素处理:不施氮(NN)、中施氮(MN, 90 kg ha -1)和高施氮(HN, 180 kg ha -1)。结果表明，干旱和缺氮限制了花生的豆荚产量。与氮化氮处理相比，氮化氮处理提高了花生茎部DM和荚果产量，2年平均荚果产量提高16.2%，较深层(40-100 cm)年平均根长密度(RLD)比氮化氮处理高5.5%。WW处理的氮素利用效率(NUE)比DS处理高12.3%，不同水处理下MN的NUE均显著高于HN。40 ~ 60 cm和60 ~ 80 cm土层根长与荚果产量(r分别为0.66**和0.47**)和氮肥利用率(r分别为0.60*和0.85**)呈正相关。在本研究中，免耕条件下施用MN可促进深层土壤根系生长，从而提高免耕条件下的产量和氮肥利用效率。
{"title":"Nitrogen application improved peanut yield and nitrogen use efficiency by optimizing root morphology and distribution under drought stress","authors":"H. Ding, Zhimeng Zhang, Guanchu Zhang, Yang Xu, Qinglin Guo, F. Qin, L. Dai","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000200256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000200256","url":null,"abstract":"Drought stress and nutrient deficiency are two main factors that restrict the growth and yield of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the effects of N fertilizer on root growth and pod yield of peanut under different water conditions are unclear. The growth, root morphology, and pod yield of peanut were studied under different water and N combinations. Two soil water treatments were tested: Well-watered (WW, 80%-85% field capacity) and drought stress conditions (DS, 55%-60% field capacity). Three N treatments were tested: no N application (NN), moderate N (MN, 90 kg ha -1 ), and high N (HN, 180 kg ha -1 ). Results showed that pod yield of peanut was limited by drought and N deficiency. Compared with NN, peanut shoot DM and pod yield were improved by MN under DS, with an average increase range of pod yield of 16.2% in the 2 yr. The annual average root length density (RLD) in the deeper soil layer (40-100 cm) was 5.5% higher under DS-MN than DS-NN treatment. The N use efficiency (NUE) was 12.3% higher under WW than DS treatment, and the NUE of MN was significantly higher than that of HN under different water treatments. Root lengths in 40-60 and 60-80 cm soil layers were also positively correlated with pod yield (r = 0.66** and 0.47**, respectively) and NUE (r = 0.60* and 0.85**, respectively). In this study, root growth in deeper soil was improved by MN application under DS, thus increasing yield and NUE of DS conditions.","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42917437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000200335
Claudia Garrido‐Ruiz, M. Sandoval, N. Stolpe, J. Sánchez-Hernández
{"title":"Fire impacts on soil and post fire emergency stabilization treatments in Mediterranean-climate regions","authors":"Claudia Garrido‐Ruiz, M. Sandoval, N. Stolpe, J. Sánchez-Hernández","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000200335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000200335","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43290687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000200244
J. Rivera, Jhon Reyes, J. Cuervo, M. Martínez-Cordón, Adriana M. Zamudio
Cadmium is an extremely toxic heavy metal that affects agricultural lands, concentrations above 0.2 mg kg-1 in leafy vegetables is restricted for human consumption. Biochar is a promising amendment for degraded soils with low fertility and high levels of heavy metals contamination, since it can reduce Cd2+ levels in vegetables. However, these reductions depend on the nature of the soil and biochar properties. This pot experiment in greenhouse conditions evaluated the effect of biochars amendments under Cd stress conditions on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa L.) plants grown in four soils: Ferralsol (FS), Andosol (AS), Umbrisol (US) and Technosol (TS). Six treatments were compared: Biochars doses at 3, 6, 9 and 12 t ha-1, conventional fertilization (NPK) and control absolute. Biochars were obtained by slow pyrolysis from five agricultural residues: Palm empty fruit bunches (PEFBB), palm kernel (PKB), wood waste (WWB), coffee pulp (CPB) and rose stems (RSB). The CPB amendment resulted in a fresh weight plant increase of 238% to 323% in 3 to 12 t ha-1 comparing with control treatment, while WWB induced a fresh weight decrease of 90.85%. The PKB amendment presented a 20% additional fresh weight in comparison to PEFBB in Ferralsol. These results indicate that biochar positively contributes to the water status. Application of RSB at 12 t ha-1 resulted in a decrease of 50.61% in Cd concentration and a decrease of 37.4% in Cd concentration in CPB at a 12 t ha-1, both results representing promising alternatives to remediate contaminated soils. The AS+CPB and US+RSB assays showed a significant negative correlation of leaf Cd concentration when increasing biochar doses were used indicating the mitigation of the phytotoxic effect of Cd in plants.
镉是一种影响农田的剧毒重金属，叶菜中镉的浓度超过0.2 mg kg-1是限制人类食用的。生物炭可以降低蔬菜中Cd2+的含量，是一种很有前景的改良土壤的方法，可以改善低肥力和高重金属污染的退化土壤。然而，这些减少取决于土壤的性质和生物炭的特性。本试验在温室盆栽条件下，评价了Cd胁迫条件下生物炭改性对莴苣(Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa L.)在4种土壤(Ferralsol (FS)、Andosol (AS)、Umbrisol (US)和Technosol (TS))生长的影响。比较6种处理:生物炭3、6、9和12 t hm -1，常规施肥和绝对对照。以棕榈空果束(PEFBB)、棕榈仁(PKB)、废木材(WWB)、咖啡浆(CPB)和玫瑰茎(RSB) 5种农业废弃物为原料，进行慢速热解制备生物炭。在3 ~ 12 t hm -1处理中，CPB处理使植株鲜重比对照增加238% ~ 323%，而WWB处理使植株鲜重减少90.85%。与Ferralsol中的PEFBB相比，PKB修正案增加了20%的新鲜重量。这些结果表明，生物炭对水状况有积极的贡献。在12 t ha-1下施用RSB, Cd浓度下降50.61%，CPB中Cd浓度下降37.4%，这两个结果都是修复污染土壤的有希望的选择。AS+CPB和US+RSB试验表明，增加生物炭剂量与叶片Cd浓度呈显著负相关，表明Cd在植物中的毒性作用得到缓解。
{"title":"Effect of biochar amendments on the growth and development of ‘Vera’ crisp lettuce in four soils contaminated with cadmium","authors":"J. Rivera, Jhon Reyes, J. Cuervo, M. Martínez-Cordón, Adriana M. Zamudio","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000200244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000200244","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium is an extremely toxic heavy metal that affects agricultural lands, concentrations above 0.2 mg kg-1 in leafy vegetables is restricted for human consumption. Biochar is a promising amendment for degraded soils with low fertility and high levels of heavy metals contamination, since it can reduce Cd2+ levels in vegetables. However, these reductions depend on the nature of the soil and biochar properties. This pot experiment in greenhouse conditions evaluated the effect of biochars amendments under Cd stress conditions on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa L.) plants grown in four soils: Ferralsol (FS), Andosol (AS), Umbrisol (US) and Technosol (TS). Six treatments were compared: Biochars doses at 3, 6, 9 and 12 t ha-1, conventional fertilization (NPK) and control absolute. Biochars were obtained by slow pyrolysis from five agricultural residues: Palm empty fruit bunches (PEFBB), palm kernel (PKB), wood waste (WWB), coffee pulp (CPB) and rose stems (RSB). The CPB amendment resulted in a fresh weight plant increase of 238% to 323% in 3 to 12 t ha-1 comparing with control treatment, while WWB induced a fresh weight decrease of 90.85%. The PKB amendment presented a 20% additional fresh weight in comparison to PEFBB in Ferralsol. These results indicate that biochar positively contributes to the water status. Application of RSB at 12 t ha-1 resulted in a decrease of 50.61% in Cd concentration and a decrease of 37.4% in Cd concentration in CPB at a 12 t ha-1, both results representing promising alternatives to remediate contaminated soils. The AS+CPB and US+RSB assays showed a significant negative correlation of leaf Cd concentration when increasing biochar doses were used indicating the mitigation of the phytotoxic effect of Cd in plants.","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48707710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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