Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000300502
J. A. da Silva, L. G. de Carvalho, Fabrício Ribeiro Andrade
The availability of water above compacted soil layer improves the performance of soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) gas exchanges. However, studies do not address the responses of the photosynthetic process of soybean in compacted soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of gas exchange, growth and performance of soybean in compacted soil with poor irrigation. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design in a 3 × 4 split plot for three soil densities (1.0 ± 0.013, 1.15 ± 0.022 and 1.30 ± 0.035 Mg m -3 ) and four daily water depths (4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 mm d -1 ) with three replicates. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g s ), water use efficiency (WUE), instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE), net assimilation rate, growth rate of shoot and root, relative growth rate of shoot and root, shoot biomass, root biomass at different layers (upper, compacted and lower), total root biomass and pod biomass were evaluated. The 4.0 and 5.0 mm d -1 water depths provided higher WUE and iWUE, but not soybean biomass accumulation; with these water depths and 1.15 Mg·dm -3 , gas exchange and accumulation of shoot biomass improved. From 45 to 65 d after emergence (DAE), shoot growth rate had a maximum peak at 7.0 mm d -1 in compacted soil. The growth rate and relative growth rate of soybean roots had smaller increases in biomass at 65 DAE. Daily water depths of 4.0 and 5.0 mm d -1 provided the best results in terms of WUE, however, it did not reflect an accumulation in soybean biomass. In these depths, soil compaction at 1.15 Mg m -3 provided an increase in g s , E, and A.
{"title":"Gas exchanges and growth of soybean as affected by irrigation depths and soil compaction","authors":"J. A. da Silva, L. G. de Carvalho, Fabrício Ribeiro Andrade","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000300502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000300502","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of water above compacted soil layer improves the performance of soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) gas exchanges. However, studies do not address the responses of the photosynthetic process of soybean in compacted soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of gas exchange, growth and performance of soybean in compacted soil with poor irrigation. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design in a 3 × 4 split plot for three soil densities (1.0 ± 0.013, 1.15 ± 0.022 and 1.30 ± 0.035 Mg m -3 ) and four daily water depths (4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 mm d -1 ) with three replicates. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g s ), water use efficiency (WUE), instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE), net assimilation rate, growth rate of shoot and root, relative growth rate of shoot and root, shoot biomass, root biomass at different layers (upper, compacted and lower), total root biomass and pod biomass were evaluated. The 4.0 and 5.0 mm d -1 water depths provided higher WUE and iWUE, but not soybean biomass accumulation; with these water depths and 1.15 Mg·dm -3 , gas exchange and accumulation of shoot biomass improved. From 45 to 65 d after emergence (DAE), shoot growth rate had a maximum peak at 7.0 mm d -1 in compacted soil. The growth rate and relative growth rate of soybean roots had smaller increases in biomass at 65 DAE. Daily water depths of 4.0 and 5.0 mm d -1 provided the best results in terms of WUE, however, it did not reflect an accumulation in soybean biomass. In these depths, soil compaction at 1.15 Mg m -3 provided an increase in g s , E, and A.","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44668212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000300448
L. Albrecht, Andressa S. Yokoyama, A. Albrecht, Rogério Kosinski, Rafael Milleo, A. F. M. Silva
{"title":"Glufosinate and diquat in pre-harvest desiccation of soybean at four phenological stages, and their impact on seed quality","authors":"L. Albrecht, Andressa S. Yokoyama, A. Albrecht, Rogério Kosinski, Rafael Milleo, A. F. M. Silva","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000300448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000300448","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70272647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000300493
Qi Li, Jinping Yu, Wenlei Guo, Long Du, P. Bai, Yixue Liu
Japanese brome ( Bromus japonicus Houtt.) is a troublesome annual weed and widely distributed in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) fields in the North China Plain. A B. japonicus population (TJ06) suspected of resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors was found in Tianjin, China. In this study, the TJ06 population with an Asp-376-Glu mutation in ALS gene was identified. TJ06 population developed 66.7-fold resistance to flucarbazone-sodium and exhibited obvious cross-resistance to other two ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The 50% plant growth reduction (GR 50 ) to herbicides of pyroxsulam and mesosulfuron-methyl were 28.72 and 39.44 g ai ha -1 , respectively. In in vitro ALS activity assays, the concentration of flucarbazone-sodium required to inhibit 50% ALS activity (I 50 ) for TJ06 was 11.3-fold greater than that for a susceptible population (TJ01), which was highly correlated with that of whole-plant response experiments and indicated that the Asp-376-Glu mutation leading to resistance reduced sensitivity of the ALS enzyme to flucarbazone-sodium. Besides, one derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) marker was designed to quickly detect Asp376 mutation in ALS gene of B. japonicus . of Bromus japonicus has evolved high-level resistance to flucarbazone, and demonstrates the molecular mechanism underlying this resistance by an Asp-376-Glu mutation in the ALS gene. These results demonstrate that persistent and intensive application of flucarbazone-sodium has resulted in resistance in B. japonicus in China, and an integrated weed management system is highly necessary for B. japonicus control in wheat fields.
日本雀麦（Bromusjaponicus Houtt.）是一种常见的一年生杂草，广泛分布于华北平原冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）地。在天津发现一个疑似对乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）抑制剂具有耐药性的日本血吸虫种群（TJ06）。在本研究中，鉴定了ALS基因中存在Asp-376-Glu突变的TJ06群体。TJ06群体对氟卡松钠产生了66.7倍的抗性，对其他两种抑制ALS的除草剂表现出明显的交叉抗性。吡嘧磺隆和甲基中磺隆除草剂的50%植物生长抑制率分别为28.72和39.44 g ai ha-1。在体外ALS活性测定中，TJ06抑制50%ALS活性所需的氟卡唑酮钠浓度（I50）是易感群体（TJ01）的11.3倍，这与全植物反应实验的浓度高度相关，表明导致抗性的Asp-376-Glu突变降低了ALS酶对氟卡唑钠的敏感性。此外，设计了一个衍生的裂解扩增多态性序列（dCAPS）标记，用于快速检测日本血吸虫ALS基因的Asp376突变。日本Bromus japonicus已经进化出对氟卡唑酮的高水平抗性，并通过ALS基因中的Asp-376-Glu突变证明了这种抗性的分子机制。这些结果表明，在中国，持续和密集施用氟卡松钠已导致日本血吸虫病的抗性，因此，在麦田中建立一个综合杂草管理系统是非常必要的。
{"title":"Target-site basis for resistance to flucarbazone- sodium in Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Houtt.) in China","authors":"Qi Li, Jinping Yu, Wenlei Guo, Long Du, P. Bai, Yixue Liu","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000300493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000300493","url":null,"abstract":"Japanese brome ( Bromus japonicus Houtt.) is a troublesome annual weed and widely distributed in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) fields in the North China Plain. A B. japonicus population (TJ06) suspected of resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors was found in Tianjin, China. In this study, the TJ06 population with an Asp-376-Glu mutation in ALS gene was identified. TJ06 population developed 66.7-fold resistance to flucarbazone-sodium and exhibited obvious cross-resistance to other two ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The 50% plant growth reduction (GR 50 ) to herbicides of pyroxsulam and mesosulfuron-methyl were 28.72 and 39.44 g ai ha -1 , respectively. In in vitro ALS activity assays, the concentration of flucarbazone-sodium required to inhibit 50% ALS activity (I 50 ) for TJ06 was 11.3-fold greater than that for a susceptible population (TJ01), which was highly correlated with that of whole-plant response experiments and indicated that the Asp-376-Glu mutation leading to resistance reduced sensitivity of the ALS enzyme to flucarbazone-sodium. Besides, one derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) marker was designed to quickly detect Asp376 mutation in ALS gene of B. japonicus . of Bromus japonicus has evolved high-level resistance to flucarbazone, and demonstrates the molecular mechanism underlying this resistance by an Asp-376-Glu mutation in the ALS gene. These results demonstrate that persistent and intensive application of flucarbazone-sodium has resulted in resistance in B. japonicus in China, and an integrated weed management system is highly necessary for B. japonicus control in wheat fields.","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42214075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000300426
S. Elradi, M. Suliman, Guisheng Zhou, Eltyeb Nimir, N. Nimir, G. Zhu, Xiurong Jiao, Tianyao Meng, M. Ibrahim, A. Ali
Salinity stress is one of the most prevalent environmental factors that severely affect seed germination, early growth stages
{"title":"Seeds priming with ß-aminobutyric acid alleviated salinity stress of chickpea at germination and early seedling growth","authors":"S. Elradi, M. Suliman, Guisheng Zhou, Eltyeb Nimir, N. Nimir, G. Zhu, Xiurong Jiao, Tianyao Meng, M. Ibrahim, A. Ali","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000300426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000300426","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity stress is one of the most prevalent environmental factors that severely affect seed germination, early growth stages","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46406342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000300412
Preeyanuch Larkunthod, Jakkree Boonlakhorn, Payu Pansarakham, P. Pongdontri, P. Thongbai, P. Theerakulpisut
Silicon (Si) is considered a beneficial element for rice ( Oryza sativa L.) The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of Si in the form of nanoparticles on growth and physiology of rice under salt stress. Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized from rice husk by sol-gel method. The prepared SNPs powders were agglomerated in semi-spherical nano-sized particles with diameters in the range of 60-135 nm. Three rice cultivars namely ‘Pokkali’, ‘KDML105’ and ‘IR29’ were grown for 30 d in plastic pots, and then divided into four groups i.e., control, SNPs, NaCl and NaCl + SNPs. Foliar spray of 120 mg L -1 SNPs was given to the SNPs and NaCl + SNPs groups for 4 d. After that the plants in NaCl and NaCl + SNPs groups were exposed to 150 mM NaCl for 17 d. The salt-stressed plants suffered significant reductions in biomass, net photosynthesis rate (P N ), and maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (F v /F m ) while three stress indicators (malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide [H 2 O 2 ] and proline) considerably increased. The SNPs mitigated the adverse effects of salt stress by increasing P N (18% to 116% increase) and lowering H 2 O 2 (8% to 31% reduction) in all cultivars, compared with the values under salt stress, while proline was reduced by 7% in ‘KDML105’ and 19% in ‘IR29’. The H 2 O 2 content was regulated by the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes, notably catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase. The application method and concentrations of SNPs used for rice plants under stress should be further optimized for the highest benefit of growth and yield in the field conditions.
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles from rice husk and their effects on physiology of rice under salt stress","authors":"Preeyanuch Larkunthod, Jakkree Boonlakhorn, Payu Pansarakham, P. Pongdontri, P. Thongbai, P. Theerakulpisut","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000300412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000300412","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon (Si) is considered a beneficial element for rice ( Oryza sativa L.) The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of Si in the form of nanoparticles on growth and physiology of rice under salt stress. Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized from rice husk by sol-gel method. The prepared SNPs powders were agglomerated in semi-spherical nano-sized particles with diameters in the range of 60-135 nm. Three rice cultivars namely ‘Pokkali’, ‘KDML105’ and ‘IR29’ were grown for 30 d in plastic pots, and then divided into four groups i.e., control, SNPs, NaCl and NaCl + SNPs. Foliar spray of 120 mg L -1 SNPs was given to the SNPs and NaCl + SNPs groups for 4 d. After that the plants in NaCl and NaCl + SNPs groups were exposed to 150 mM NaCl for 17 d. The salt-stressed plants suffered significant reductions in biomass, net photosynthesis rate (P N ), and maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (F v /F m ) while three stress indicators (malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide [H 2 O 2 ] and proline) considerably increased. The SNPs mitigated the adverse effects of salt stress by increasing P N (18% to 116% increase) and lowering H 2 O 2 (8% to 31% reduction) in all cultivars, compared with the values under salt stress, while proline was reduced by 7% in ‘KDML105’ and 19% in ‘IR29’. The H 2 O 2 content was regulated by the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes, notably catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase. The application method and concentrations of SNPs used for rice plants under stress should be further optimized for the highest benefit of growth and yield in the field conditions.","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42726052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000300484
Ashara Sajid, Y. Iftikhar, M. U. Ghazanfar, M. Mubeen, Z. Hussain, E. Moya-Elizondo
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the world’s worst diseases of citrus trees. The research was conducted to characterize positive citrus samples of two local varieties, ‘Kinnow’ mandarin ( Citrus reticulata Blanco) and ‘Mosambi’ orange ( C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck), based on morphological, physical and biochemical characters. Physical and biochemical parameters of greening infected and healthy samples of both the cultivars were significantly different. Citrus fruits were lopsided and half to full green in the HLB infected trees compared to healthy. The HLB infected leaves samples were small and narrow. Fruit diameter, leaf area, and juice weight of HLB infected samples were significantly less than healthy samples. The rind thickness of infected fruits (70% and 80%) was significantly higher than healthy ones (20% and 30%). Starch content of leaves from mandarin (5.54 μg mL -1 ) and orange (6.12 μg mL -1 ) were significantly higher in HLB infected plants, while juice percentage of HLB infected fruit samples was lesser in mandarin and orange (22.73%, and 14.70%, respectively) than healthy fruits (38.22% and 31.30%, respectively). Acidity was significantly increased in juice of HLB infected mandarin and orange fruits (0.57%, and 0.53%, respectively). Similarly, there was significant reduction in biochemical parameters; total sugars in mandarin and orange (5.16% and 4.79%), total soluble solids (8.54% and 8.28%), total chlorophyll (13.50 and 14.92 mg mL -1 ) and ascorbic acid (34.28% and 34.12%) in HLB infected samples of both cultivars. This study determined differences of physical and biochemical parameters of two local citrus varieties, commonly cultivated in the Asian region.
{"title":"Morpho-chemical characterization of Huanglongbing in mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and orange (Citrus sinensis) varieties from Pakistan","authors":"Ashara Sajid, Y. Iftikhar, M. U. Ghazanfar, M. Mubeen, Z. Hussain, E. Moya-Elizondo","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000300484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000300484","url":null,"abstract":"Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the world’s worst diseases of citrus trees. The research was conducted to characterize positive citrus samples of two local varieties, ‘Kinnow’ mandarin ( Citrus reticulata Blanco) and ‘Mosambi’ orange ( C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck), based on morphological, physical and biochemical characters. Physical and biochemical parameters of greening infected and healthy samples of both the cultivars were significantly different. Citrus fruits were lopsided and half to full green in the HLB infected trees compared to healthy. The HLB infected leaves samples were small and narrow. Fruit diameter, leaf area, and juice weight of HLB infected samples were significantly less than healthy samples. The rind thickness of infected fruits (70% and 80%) was significantly higher than healthy ones (20% and 30%). Starch content of leaves from mandarin (5.54 μg mL -1 ) and orange (6.12 μg mL -1 ) were significantly higher in HLB infected plants, while juice percentage of HLB infected fruit samples was lesser in mandarin and orange (22.73%, and 14.70%, respectively) than healthy fruits (38.22% and 31.30%, respectively). Acidity was significantly increased in juice of HLB infected mandarin and orange fruits (0.57%, and 0.53%, respectively). Similarly, there was significant reduction in biochemical parameters; total sugars in mandarin and orange (5.16% and 4.79%), total soluble solids (8.54% and 8.28%), total chlorophyll (13.50 and 14.92 mg mL -1 ) and ascorbic acid (34.28% and 34.12%) in HLB infected samples of both cultivars. This study determined differences of physical and biochemical parameters of two local citrus varieties, commonly cultivated in the Asian region.","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44450895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000300360
Han Lin Liu, Wen Jun Shi, Guang Hui Xie
Selection of a representative sampling area for accurate and reliable yield evaluation of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is important for optimizing straw retention in soils and its removal as biofuel feedstock. A field experiment was conducted at four wheat fields in the North China in 2020. Wheat straw and grain yields varied from 359.2-682.8 and 338.5-640.4 g m -2 , respectively, and plant height varied from 51.3-59.7 cm across all plots in the four sites. Variation in either relative deviation (RD) or standard error (SE) of straw and grain yield and plant height estimates decreased with the increase in random sampling square (RSS) (one square = approximately 1 m²) and random sampling plant (RSP) numbers, respectively. Minimum RSS numbers of 3-10 and 1-10 m 2 were needed to satisfy RD less than 5% in two-third of the plots for straw and grain yield estimates, respectively. This suggests that 10 m 2 could be recommended as the minimum RSS number per plot. However, the incidence frequency of RD was 63.75% and 60.00% within the RD interval of 0%-5% for straw and grain yield estimates, respectively, from the RSS number of 10 m 2 , indicating that yields from RSSs in field trials are prone to large variations. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to design a large plot as possible and to harvest the whole plot for estimating yields. The threshold RSP number ranged from 14-18 to satisfy RD less than 1.5% and a minimum RSP of 20 plants (including mains and tillers) per plot could be recommended for wheat field experiments.
选择具有代表性的采样区域进行准确可靠的小麦产量评估，对于优化秸秆在土壤中的保留及其作为生物燃料原料的去除具有重要意义。2020年在华北地区4块麦田进行了田间试验。4个样地小麦秸秆和籽粒产量分别为359.2 ~ 682.8和338.5 ~ 640.4 g m -2，株高为51.3 ~ 59.7 cm。秸秆、籽粒产量和株高估计值的相对偏差(RD)或标准误差(SE)随随机抽样平方数(1平方约为1 m²)和随机抽样株数(RSP)的增加而减小。在秸秆和谷物产量估算中，3-10和1-10 m2的相对相对过低值分别需要满足2 / 3地块的相对相对过低值小于5%。这表明可以推荐10平方米作为每个地块的最小RSS数。然而，在秸秆和谷物产量估算的RD区间(0 ~ 5%)，从10 m2的RSS数来看，RD的发生率分别为63.75%和60.00%，表明田间试验中rs的产量容易发生较大变化。因此，强烈建议设计尽可能大的地块，并采全地块进行产量估算。小麦田间试验的阈值RSP数在14 ~ 18之间，以满足RD小于1.5%的要求;推荐最小RSP数为每小区20株(包括主蘖和分蘖)。
{"title":"Optimum sampling size for straw and grain yields and plant height in experimental plots of wheat","authors":"Han Lin Liu, Wen Jun Shi, Guang Hui Xie","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000300360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000300360","url":null,"abstract":"Selection of a representative sampling area for accurate and reliable yield evaluation of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is important for optimizing straw retention in soils and its removal as biofuel feedstock. A field experiment was conducted at four wheat fields in the North China in 2020. Wheat straw and grain yields varied from 359.2-682.8 and 338.5-640.4 g m -2 , respectively, and plant height varied from 51.3-59.7 cm across all plots in the four sites. Variation in either relative deviation (RD) or standard error (SE) of straw and grain yield and plant height estimates decreased with the increase in random sampling square (RSS) (one square = approximately 1 m²) and random sampling plant (RSP) numbers, respectively. Minimum RSS numbers of 3-10 and 1-10 m 2 were needed to satisfy RD less than 5% in two-third of the plots for straw and grain yield estimates, respectively. This suggests that 10 m 2 could be recommended as the minimum RSS number per plot. However, the incidence frequency of RD was 63.75% and 60.00% within the RD interval of 0%-5% for straw and grain yield estimates, respectively, from the RSS number of 10 m 2 , indicating that yields from RSSs in field trials are prone to large variations. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to design a large plot as possible and to harvest the whole plot for estimating yields. The threshold RSP number ranged from 14-18 to satisfy RD less than 1.5% and a minimum RSP of 20 plants (including mains and tillers) per plot could be recommended for wheat field experiments.","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42955066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000300407
Nela Gloríková, M. Řezáč
Broad-spectrum herbicides containing glyphosate are one of the most widely used pesticides in the world. They appear to be only slightly toxic to model animals in laboratory experiments. We investigated the lethal effect of the glyphosate-based herbicide to the first nymphal instar of the comb-footed spider Phylloneta impressa L. Koch 1881, which is a common spider predator of agroecosystem pests. Lethal concentrations LC 50 and LC 90 were calculated 24 h after dorsal application of the recommended herbicide dosage in Potter laboratory spray tower. The concentration recommended by manufacturer killed almost 25% of tested spiders. The concentration that would kill 90% of spiders was calculated to be 2.34 times higher than the highest recommended concentration.
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Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000300469
F. Asri
Different ways of benefiting from plant wastes in agricultural production are developed. One of the methods is to convert wastes into biochar and use it as a soil regulator. This study was conducted to determine the effects of biochar produced from tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant waste on soil fertility and nutritional status of the lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) plant. For this purpose, the combined effect of five different doses of biochar (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 t ha -1 ) and three chemical fertilizers (control, half-dose NPK and full-dose NPK) were investigated. The research was conducted in two cultivation periods. Biochar was applied to the soil just in the first period. In the first period, applications increased electrical conductivity, organic matter content, total N, and concentration of available P, Zn, and Mn, and the exchangeable K and Mg in the soil. Biochar and chemical fertilizer applications positively affected the lettuce plant’s N, P, and K concentrations. In the second period, concentrations of the available P, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and exchangeable Ca, Mg in soil, as well as the N, P, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu concentrations of the plant are higher compared to the first period. It was determined that biochar application alone was not sufficient for the nutrition of the lettuce plant, chemical fertilizers should be used additionally. In lettuce cultivation, half-dose NPK was recommended in addition to 30 t ha -1 biochar. As a result, it was determined that biochar produced from tomato plant waste was an effective soil improver material and might be an alternative source of K. kg ha -1 K 2 O). Application amounts were determined according to local recommendations. Ammonium nitrate, mono ammonium phosphate, and potassium nitrate were used as sources of fertilizer. The study was established as factorial and four replicates according to the design of the randomized plot. The first cultivation period was terminated on 20 December 2016, with the cutting of lettuce plants from the root collars. Since biochar is a material whose effects are long-lasting, its residual effects were intended to detect. Therefore, after the plants were cut from the root collars, four lettuce seedlings were planted in the same pots on 11 January 2017. As in the first trial, chemical fertilizers were applied in the same doses. The second cultivation period was completed with the cutting of lettuce plants from the root collars on 1 March 2017. At the end of the trial, wet and dry weights (dried at 65 °C for 3 d) of the plants cut from the root collars were determined.
开发了多种利用农业生产中植物废弃物的方法。其中一种方法是将废物转化为生物炭，并将其用作土壤调节剂。本研究旨在研究利用番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)植株废弃物生产的生物炭对生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)植株土壤肥力和营养状况的影响。为此，研究了5种不同剂量生物炭(0、10、20、30和40 t / ha -1)和3种化肥(对照、半剂量和全剂量NPK)的联合效应。研究分两个栽培期进行。生物炭只在第一期施用于土壤。在第一个阶段，施用增加了土壤的电导率、有机质含量、全氮、速效磷、锌和锰的浓度以及交换性钾和镁。施用生物炭和化肥对生菜植株的氮、磷、钾浓度有正向影响。在第二阶段，土壤中有效磷、铁、锌、锰、铜和交换性钙、镁的浓度，以及植物体内氮、磷、钙、镁、锌和铜的浓度均高于第一阶段。结果表明，单独施用生物炭对莴苣植株的营养是不够的，应在施用化学肥料的基础上进行。在生菜栽培中，建议在30 t / 1生物炭的基础上添加半剂量氮磷钾。结果表明，从番茄植株废料中产生的生物炭是一种有效的土壤改良剂，可能是K kg ha -1 K 2o的替代来源。施用量根据当地建议确定。硝酸铵、磷酸一铵和硝酸钾作为肥料的来源。按随机图设计，采用因子分析法，设4个重复。第一个栽培期于2016年12月20日终止，生菜从根颈处被割下。由于生物炭是一种影响持久的材料，因此旨在检测其残余影响。因此，2017年1月11日，在将植株从根环上剪下后，在同一盆中种植了四棵生菜幼苗。与第一次试验一样，施用了相同剂量的化肥。第二个栽培期于2017年3月1日完成，从根环上切下生菜植株。试验结束时，测定从根颈上切下的植株的湿重和干重(65℃干燥3 d)。
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Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-58392022000200199
Mahesh Liyanage, M. Hanafi, M. Sulaiman, R. Ismail, G. Gunaratne, Saman Dharmakeerthi, Geethika Rupasinghe, A. Mayakaduwa
Understanding of N mineralization dynamics of frequently available organic amendments in the tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) ecosystem has greater importance in land restoration. Hence, this study focused on assessing the effects of organic amendments on N mineralization and soil quality improvement in tea growing soil. Garden compost (CMP), Gliricidia ( Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.)) leaves (GLI), charged tea waste biochar (CBC), tea waste (TW), and tea waste biochar without charging (RBC) were incubated with soil at a rate of 186 mg N kg -1 . Incubated soils were analyzed periodically for soil pH, available NO 3 - -N, NH 4 + -N, soil P, and S for 120-d. Microbial biomass C (MBC), protease, urease, phosphatase, and dehydrogenase activities were determined at the end of the incubation. All amendments showed different N mineralization patterns. Gliricidia , CMP, and TW released N by 94%, 43%, and 24%, respectively. Gliricidia showed the highest peak of NH 4 + -N after 21-d incubation, depicting rapid ammonification. Charged BC and RBC showed N immobilization throughout the incubation period, which finally amounted to 12% and 17%, respectively. Gliricidia showed 0.79 mg d -1 maximum N mineralization rate and 150 mg kg -1 total mineralizable N. The N mineralization was sequenced as GLI > CMP > TW > CBC > RBC. All amendments showed more than 45% increase in MBC, where Gliricidia gave the highest (146%) compared to the control. Application of CBC promotes all enzyme activities by > 90% over control. In conclusion, GLI meets the immediate plant N requirement, and CBC significantly improves the degraded soil quality.
了解茶树生态系统中常用有机改良剂的氮矿化动态对土地恢复具有重要意义。因此，本研究旨在评估有机改良剂对茶园土壤氮矿化和土壤质量改善的影响。将花园堆肥（CMP）、胶质菌（Gliricidia sepium（Jacq.））叶（GLI）、带电的茶渣生物炭（CBC）、茶渣（TW）和未带电的茶废生物炭（RBC）与土壤以186 mg N kg-1的速率孵育。对培养土壤的pH值、有效NO3--N、NH4+-N、土壤P和S进行周期性分析，分析时间为120d。培养结束时测定微生物生物量C（MBC）、蛋白酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性。所有改良剂均表现出不同的N矿化模式。胶质菌、CMP和TW分别释放了94%、43%和24%的氮。Gliricidia在培养21 d后出现NH4+-N的最高峰值，表现为快速氨化。带电的BC和RBC在整个培养期内表现出氮的固定化，最终分别达到12%和17%。Gliricidia的最大氮矿化率为0.79 mg d-1，总可矿化氮为150 mg kg-1。氮矿化顺序为GLI>CMP>TW>CBC>RBC。所有修正案都显示MBC增加了45%以上，与对照组相比，Gliricidia的MBC最高（146%）。CBC的应用使所有酶活性比对照组提高了90%以上。总之，GLI满足了植物对氮的直接需求，CBC显著改善了退化的土壤质量。
{"title":"Consequences of nitrogen mineralization dynamics for soil health restoration of degraded tea-growing soil using organic amendments","authors":"Mahesh Liyanage, M. Hanafi, M. Sulaiman, R. Ismail, G. Gunaratne, Saman Dharmakeerthi, Geethika Rupasinghe, A. Mayakaduwa","doi":"10.4067/s0718-58392022000200199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000200199","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding of N mineralization dynamics of frequently available organic amendments in the tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) ecosystem has greater importance in land restoration. Hence, this study focused on assessing the effects of organic amendments on N mineralization and soil quality improvement in tea growing soil. Garden compost (CMP), Gliricidia ( Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.)) leaves (GLI), charged tea waste biochar (CBC), tea waste (TW), and tea waste biochar without charging (RBC) were incubated with soil at a rate of 186 mg N kg -1 . Incubated soils were analyzed periodically for soil pH, available NO 3 - -N, NH 4 + -N, soil P, and S for 120-d. Microbial biomass C (MBC), protease, urease, phosphatase, and dehydrogenase activities were determined at the end of the incubation. All amendments showed different N mineralization patterns. Gliricidia , CMP, and TW released N by 94%, 43%, and 24%, respectively. Gliricidia showed the highest peak of NH 4 + -N after 21-d incubation, depicting rapid ammonification. Charged BC and RBC showed N immobilization throughout the incubation period, which finally amounted to 12% and 17%, respectively. Gliricidia showed 0.79 mg d -1 maximum N mineralization rate and 150 mg kg -1 total mineralizable N. The N mineralization was sequenced as GLI > CMP > TW > CBC > RBC. All amendments showed more than 45% increase in MBC, where Gliricidia gave the highest (146%) compared to the control. Application of CBC promotes all enzyme activities by > 90% over control. In conclusion, GLI meets the immediate plant N requirement, and CBC significantly improves the degraded soil quality.","PeriodicalId":9851,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47117090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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