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Background

The introduction of non-native species can cause significant ecological and economic impacts by disrupting local habitats and ecosystem services. Due to its central European location and extensive trade networks, Germany is particularly susceptible to the introduction and spread of non-native species. Here, we compiled the first comprehensive list of established non-native species in Germany, detailing the invaded environments, native regions, and documented impacts.

Results

The final list included 1962 established non-native species from 594 families and 35 phyla, with Tracheophyta (n = 839), Arthropoda (n = 612), and Chordata (n = 129) being the most represented. Most of these species were terrestrial (79.3%), followed by semi-aquatic (8.4%), with less than 5% occupying freshwaters and other ecosystems. This study highlights a significant lack of information on the impacts of non-native species in Germany, with 97.9% of species having unknown effects. The greatest number of species included in this list were native to the Palearctic region (n = 813), followed by the Nearctic (n = 365) and Neotropic (n = 127) regions. However, many species were of unknown origin (n = 335), with a smaller subset classified as widespread (n = 166).

Conclusions

This first comprehensive list of established non-native species is essential for guiding management strategies in Germany. By cataloguing established non-native species and their impacts, it provides policymakers and stakeholders with a clearer understanding of which species are present, their patterns of spread, and their potential impacts, enabling them to prioritise management efforts for the most harmful species.

Debris flows can significantly amplify both discharge and destructive potential as they flow over a colluvial channel with non-uniform cross-sections. However, the mechanisms driving this growth remain largely unclear. In this study, we examined the influence of channel narrowing or widening on debris flow dynamics through in-situ investigations following the debris flow events in Western China, specifically in Zhouqu in 2010 and Heixiluo in 2020. By introducing two dimensionless parameters, namely the discharge amplification factor and channel narrowness, we found a significant correlation between peak discharges of the debris flows and channel widths. When the channel narrows, the increase in flow velocity leads to flow amplification, intensifying the erosive force of the debris flow and causing more severe localized failure of the bed sediments. In contrast, when the channel widens, fluid dispersion results in a decrease in flow velocity, reducing the overall scale and destructive power of the debris flow. Based on experimental measurements, an exponential relationship between the flow amplification factor and channel narrowness was determined using regression analysis. This research may aid in comprehending the dynamics of debris flow and in the evaluation and mitigation of associated disasters.

We explore bipartite and multipartite nonlocality in the alternating Heisenberg–Ising spin chain model, emphasizing the contrasting and complementary roles of the relative coupling strength (lambda ) (the ratio of the Ising interaction to the Heisenberg interaction), the external magnetic field h, and the temperature T. Bipartite nonlocality is evaluated using the CHSH inequality, and multipartite nonlocality is assessed through Bell-type inequalities derived from g-grouping model theory. Our results show that (lambda ), h, and T significantly affect nonlocality in distinct ways. Increasing (lambda ) suppresses bipartite nonlocality but enhances multipartite nonlocality, highlighting the interaction-specific roles in the system: The Heisenberg interaction primarily governs bipartite nonlocal correlations, whereas the Ising interaction drives multipartite nonlocal correlations. In contrast, both h and T universally suppress bipartite and multipartite nonlocal correlations, irrespective of the interaction type. We also reveal scaling behaviors of nonlocality near the quantum critical points, denoted as (lambda _{c}), where both bipartite and multipartite nonlocality exhibit clear signatures in their first derivatives. Critical scaling is described by (lambda _{c}(N) = lambda _{c}(infty )-aN^{-b}), allowing precise determination of the critical value (lambda _{c}(infty ) = 2) in the thermodynamic limit.

Elemental [Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Nitrogen (TN)] compositions and stable isotope ratio of carbon (δ¹³C), and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) compositions were measured in four sediment core samples from Mumbai Harbour Bay (MHB), Mumbai, India, to assess the impact of anthropogenic discharges on organic matter in the area and to identify the contribution of terrestrial and marine sources to sedimentary organic carbon. The average values for TOC (%), TN (%) and TOC/TN ratio at different sampling locations in the study area ranges from 1.86% to 2.29%, 0.16% to 0.22%, and 10.49 to 12.01, respectively. Similarly, the average values for δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N were found to vary from - 23.53‰ to - 21.12‰ and from 1.22‰ to 3.14‰, respectively. The sediment from regions impacted by anthropogenic activities had a higher terrestrial organic matter. Application of a two end-member mixing model indicated the contribution of marine sources to organic matter increased from 53.40 ± 11.24% at the northern end to 90.51 ± 6.91% at the southern end of the bay. The correlation between the measured parameters indicates that the organic matter in the region has undergone significant diagenesis and bacterial decomposition. Overall, this study highlights the importance of stable isotope ratios in understanding the complex dynamics of marine ecosystems and the source of organic matter.

Designing advanced photofunctional materials within the core of ionic liquids (ILs) has stimulated considerable attention within the scientific communities due to their impactful significance and physicochemical properties such as ionic nature, low melting point, non-volatility, and tunability without hampering their inherent photofunctionality. Herein, we have synthesized a photoluminescent IL, HTIL from 8-hydroxy pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt [HPTS] and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride ([TTP]Cl) by simple ionic exchange reaction. Water-dispersible IL-based low-dimensional materials referred to as nHTIL were developed by a reprecipitation technique and validated using various spectroscopic and microscopic analyses methods. We have successfully demonstrated that neat HTIL could be used as a solvent-free fluorescent ink and checked its superiority as a security writing tool. A ratiometric cyanish to bluish fluorometric change is observed upon the addition of diethylchlorophosphate (DCP), a sarin mimic in the solution having detection and quantification limits within the µM range. Also, a portable and super handy paper-based test kit experiment has been illustrated and performed verifying DCP detection in the solid phase. A vapor strip–based experiment by nHTIL was conducted to explore the vapor phase detection of DCP. This report presents an innovative way to develop DCP-sensitive IL-based low-dimensional materials exhibiting remarkable properties compared to traditional ones for forensic and environmental monitoring.

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