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Fitoesteroles circulantes: biomarcadores de la absorción de los esteroles de la dieta habitual y de adherencia a alimentos suplementados con esteroles vegetales 循环植物甾醇:从日常饮食中吸收甾醇和坚持添加植物甾醇的食物的生物标志物
Pub Date : 2010-01-01 Epub Date: 2010-05-05 DOI: 10.1016/S1138-0322(10)70002-X
Verónica Escurriol , Montserrat Cofán , Emili Ros

Introduction

Foods enriched with ∼2 g of phytosterols have an obvious cholesterol-lowering effect. Although they are less known, the phytosterols of natural foods in the normal diet also help to reduce cholesterol. Taking phytosterols increases its plasma concentrations, especially those of sitosterol, which is the most abundant.

Objectives

To analyse the relation between the consumption of phytosterols from food, both in the normal diet and after taking supplemented foods, with phytosterolaemia and its relation with plasma lipids.

Design

The first work is a clinical study over a period of one year with 114 participants in the PREDIMED intervention study with a Mediterranean diet and, therefore, with food rich in phytosterols. The second work is a transversal observational study of 883 individuals from the Spanish group of the EPIC study. The third is a cross study of dietary intervention with a control group carried out on 56 subjects with hypercholesterolaemia who consumed milk supplemented with 2 g of phytosterols or a placebo.

Results and conclusions

The increase in the consumption of phytosterols, with their normal diet or with supplemented foods, is associated to high concentrations of sitosterol in plasma and which are inversely related with the concentrations of lathosterol, a cholesterol synthesis marker. In turn, the high counts of circulating sitosterol are associated with a better lipid profile and are markers of a healthy diet, with a high intake of vegetable foods, or else they reflect the adherence to the consumption of foods supplemented with phytosterols.

富含~ 2克植物甾醇的食物具有明显的降胆固醇效果。虽然人们不太了解,但正常饮食中天然食物中的植物甾醇也有助于降低胆固醇。服用植物甾醇会增加其血浆浓度,尤其是含量最高的谷甾醇。目的分析正常饮食和补充食物后从食物中摄取植物甾醇与植物甾醇血症的关系及其与血脂的关系。第一项工作是一项为期一年的临床研究,114名参与者参加了PREDIMED干预研究,他们采用地中海饮食,因此食用富含植物甾醇的食物。第二项工作是一项来自西班牙EPIC研究小组的883人的横向观察研究。第三个是饮食干预的交叉研究,与对照组进行了56名高胆固醇血症患者,他们喝的牛奶中添加了2克植物甾醇或安慰剂。结果与结论正常饮食或补充食品中植物甾醇摄入量的增加与血浆中谷甾醇浓度升高有关,而谷甾醇浓度与胆固醇合成标志物胆甾醇浓度呈负相关。反过来,高循环谷甾醇计数与较好的脂质谱有关,是健康饮食的标志,摄入大量植物性食物,或者它们反映了坚持食用补充植物甾醇的食物。
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引用次数: 3
Percepción, información, creencias y actitudes de la población femenina sobre la salud general, el cuidado del cuerpo, la alimentación y las dietas de adelgazamiento: resultados de una encuesta telefónica 女性人口对一般健康、身体护理、饮食和减肥饮食的认知、信息、信念和态度:电话调查结果
Pub Date : 2009-10-01 Epub Date: 2010-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/S1138-0322(09)73426-1
Eduard Baladia , Maria Manera , Julio Basulto , Marta Olmos , David Calbet

Introduction

There is a lack of data on how information, attitudes, perceptions and personal beliefs can affect eating behaviour.

Objective

To obtain data on the perception, information, beliefs and attitudes of the female population on general health, caring for the body, food and slimming diets through a telephone survey.

Methods

An observational and epidemiological transversal study carried out through a unique telephone interview, assisted by a computer (Computer Aided Telephone Interviewing [CATI]), done on a random sample of the female population from all over Spain. The survey had 36 questions drawn up jointly by the Revision, Study and Positioning Group of the Spanish Association of Dieticians-Nutritionists (GREP-AEDN) and the Department of Nutrition and Regulations of the company Danone S.A., and aimed at obtaining data on this population's perception, information, beliefs and attitudes on general health, caring for the body, food and slimming diets. The women surveyed answered the questionnaire voluntarily, and in no case was the truth of the replies they offered checked (even those that may seem objective).

Results

3,012 telephone surveys were done on women from all the autonomous regions. It is seen that, as the age of the population increases, the amount of overweight and obesity increases, and the highest rate of weight below normal is found in the younger population. Although 80% of the women say that they are happy with their weight, as the overweight increases, the tendency to “resign themselves” and “to be concerned” about their weight increases. Although most of the women surveyed, regardless of their age, state that they take care of themselves for health reasons, the younger and slimmer the woman is, the more she tends to take care of herself for aesthetic reasons. Physical exercise and a balanced diet are the strategies that are reported most for taking care of health and for reducing weight. Also, 8 out of every 10 women agree that less fat should be eaten and 6 out of every 10 agree that a low-calorie diet should be followed. More than 10% of the population believes that it may have a nutritional deficit, 50% believes that nutrients are lost when a low-calorie diet is followed and, as the age and the BMI increase, the tendency to think that there may be a nutritional deficit increases. The data were analysed using the SAS 9.1.3 statistical package.

Conclusions

There is a relation between self-perception, information or social beliefs about food and health, and the attitude or individual eating behaviour. The study of these relationships can help health professionals make better decisions affecting the public health field.

关于信息、态度、观念和个人信仰如何影响饮食行为的数据缺乏。目的通过电话调查,了解女性对一般健康、身体护理、食物和减肥饮食的看法、信息、信念和态度。方法在计算机辅助下,通过独特的电话访谈(计算机辅助电话访谈[CATI])对来自西班牙各地的随机女性人群进行观察性和流行病学横向研究。该调查共有36个问题,由西班牙营养师-营养学家协会(GREP-AEDN)的修订、研究和定位小组和达能公司的营养和法规部联合起草,目的是获得关于这一人口对一般健康、照顾身体、食物和减肥饮食的看法、信息、信念和态度的数据。接受调查的女性自愿回答了问卷,而且在任何情况下,她们提供的答案都是真实的(即使是那些看起来客观的)。结果共对自治区妇女进行电话调查3012次。可以看出,随着人口年龄的增长,超重和肥胖的数量增加,体重低于正常水平的比例在年轻人群中最高。尽管80%的女性说她们对自己的体重很满意,但随着体重的增加,“放弃自我”和“关心”自己体重的倾向也在增加。尽管大多数接受调查的女性,无论年龄大小,都表示她们照顾自己是出于健康原因,但越年轻、越苗条的女性,越倾向于出于审美原因照顾自己。体育锻炼和均衡饮食是报道最多的照顾健康和减肥的策略。此外,每10个女性中有8个同意应该少吃脂肪,每10个女性中有6个同意应该遵循低热量饮食。超过10%的人认为自己可能营养不足,50%的人认为低热量饮食会导致营养流失,随着年龄和体重指数的增加,认为自己可能营养不足的倾向也会增加。采用SAS 9.1.3统计软件包对数据进行分析。结论自我感知、食物健康信息或社会信念与个体饮食态度或饮食行为之间存在一定的关系。对这些关系的研究可以帮助卫生专业人员做出影响公共卫生领域的更好决策。
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引用次数: 3
Ácido esteárico y salud cardiovascular
Pub Date : 2009-10-01 Epub Date: 2010-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/S1138-0322(09)73428-5
Julio Basulto Marset, Maria Teresa Comas, Maria Manera Bassols, Eduard Baladia Rodríguez

Stearic acid (SA), the second most consumed saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the West, is a clear candidate for replacing the trans fatty acids (TFAs) in many processed foods. This would lead to an unprecedented increase in its intake, the effect of which on health is unknown. This is why the Revision, Study and Positioning Group of the Spanish Association of Dieticians-Nutritionists (GREP-AEDN) has gone through the scientific literature which allows it to assess the overall effect of the intake of SA on the lipid profile and on cardiovascular health. Through what is explained in this document, the GREP-AEDN does not consider it reasonable to encourage a considerable increase in the consumption of SA, in spite of its apparent advantages with respect to other SFAs, due to its potential contribution to diabetes and to the little, ambiguous information that exists on the consequences that eating a high amount of SA on a long-term basis can have on certain cardiovascular risk markers.

硬脂酸(SA)是西方第二大消耗的饱和脂肪酸(SFA),是许多加工食品中替代反式脂肪酸(tfa)的明确人选。这将导致其摄入量空前增加,其对健康的影响尚不清楚。这就是为什么西班牙营养学家协会(GREP-AEDN)的修订、研究和定位小组通过科学文献来评估摄入SA对血脂和心血管健康的总体影响。通过本文的解释,GREP-AEDN认为鼓励大量增加SA的摄入是不合理的,尽管它相对于其他sfa有明显的优势,因为它可能导致糖尿病,而且关于长期大量摄入SA对某些心血管风险标志物的影响的信息很少,也不明确。
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引用次数: 2
Para ti, información práctica 给你,实用的信息
Pub Date : 2009-10-01 Epub Date: 2010-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/S1138-0322(09)73430-3
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引用次数: 0
Seguridad alimentaria en época de crisis 危机时期的粮食安全
Pub Date : 2009-10-01 Epub Date: 2010-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/S1138-0322(09)73425-X
Pilar Cervera Ral
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引用次数: 0
Management of overweight and obesity in adolescents: an integral lifestyle approach 青少年超重和肥胖的管理:综合生活方式方法
Pub Date : 2009-10-01 Epub Date: 2010-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/S1138-0322(09)73427-3
Odette Muralles Hazbun , Cristina Azcona , J. Alfredo Martínez , Amelia Martí

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is still too high and represents a pool of latent morbidity. Data from Spain reveal an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and youth. Treatment of obesity seems easy, that is, just advice children and their families to eat less and to exercise more. In practice, however, treatment of childhood obesity is time-consuming, frustrating, difficult, and expensive.

According to evidence, what seems to be the most successful approach is intensive lifestyle modification that includes guidance on dietary aspects, food-related factors, physical activity, and behavioral strategies. Family support is of utmost importance. All of these considerations are essential for developing and implementing preventive measures specifically directed toward children and adolescents.

超重和肥胖在儿童和青少年中的流行率仍然太高,代表着潜在的发病率。来自西班牙的数据显示,儿童和青少年肥胖率的上升令人担忧。治疗肥胖似乎很容易,那就是建议孩子和他们的家人少吃多运动。然而,在实践中,治疗儿童肥胖是费时、令人沮丧、困难和昂贵的。根据证据,似乎最成功的方法是强化生活方式的改变,包括饮食方面的指导,食物相关因素,身体活动和行为策略。家庭支持是最重要的。所有这些考虑对于制定和执行专门针对儿童和青少年的预防措施都是必不可少的。
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引用次数: 5
Los primeros preparados destinados a la lactancia materna registrados en España (1919-1935) 在西班牙注册的第一批母乳喂养制剂(1919-1935)
Pub Date : 2009-10-01 Epub Date: 2010-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/S1138-0322(09)73429-7
Josep Boatella

The different types and characteristics of products meant for maternal nursing registered in Spain during the period 1919-1935 are analysed, in accordance with the provisions made in the “Regulations for preparing and selling pharmaceutical specialities”. With respect to the type of products, the group corresponding to “condensed milks” (56%) and the very small amount of continuation preparations present (flours with milk and such like) stand out. The results also show a high percentage of specialities that belong to and are prepared by foreign countries (approx. 50%).

根据“专门制药和销售条例”的规定,分析了1919-1935年期间在西班牙注册的用于产妇护理的产品的不同类型和特点。就产品类型而言,与“炼乳”(56%)相对应的那一组和非常少量的继续制剂(含牛奶的面粉等)脱颖而出。结果还显示,属于外国或由外国准备的专业的比例很高(约为10%)。50%)。
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引用次数: 6
Formación a lo largo de la vida profesional 在整个工作生涯中进行的培训
Pub Date : 2009-10-01 Epub Date: 2010-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/S1138-0322(09)73431-5
Pilar Cervera Ral , Giuseppe Russolillo Femenías
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引用次数: 1
Revisión y comparación de las recomendaciones dietéticas basadas en la evidencia en el paciente diabético establecidas por las principales sociedades científicas internacionales 回顾和比较由主要国际科学协会建立的基于证据的糖尿病患者饮食建议
Pub Date : 2009-07-01 Epub Date: 2009-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/S1138-0322(09)72449-6
Alejandro Sanz París , Patricia de Diego García , Diego Álvarez Ballano , Cristina Tella Madorrán , Ramón Albero Gamboa

Nutritional handling of the diabetic patient goes beyond being the mere provision of nutrients, but rather it is the basis of his/her general treatment to such an extent that the international scientific societies have decided to call it “nutritional medical treatment” (NMT) to give it the emphasis it deserves. However, a consensus has still not quite been reached and established on NMT, in such a way that the scientific societies’ recommendations have been changing in these last few years in light of the application of the evidence-based medicine revision methodology. In this article, the main dietary recommendations based on evidence from different international societies are reviewed and compared. In this sense, most societies recommend the provision of carbohydrates to be personalized, without indicating a specific amount. The fat content is well-established, and a maximum intake of 7% of the total calorie count in the form of saturated fats and less than 200 mg/day of cholesterol are recommended. The recommended protein intake is what has changed least over the years and is established at 15%-20% of the total calorie count. The effectiveness of the action of fibre on the improvement of the lipid and glycide metabolism is controversial, and even more so considering the low consumption of fibre in the Spanish population.

对糖尿病患者的营养处理不仅仅是提供营养,而是他/她的一般治疗的基础,以至于国际科学协会决定将其称为“营养医学治疗”(NMT),以给予它应有的重视。然而,关于NMT的共识还没有完全达成和建立,在这样一种方式下,科学协会的建议在过去几年中已经根据循证医学修订方法的应用而发生了变化。在本文中,主要的饮食建议基于证据从不同的国际社会进行了回顾和比较。从这个意义上说,大多数社会建议提供个性化的碳水化合物,而不是指出具体的数量。脂肪含量是确定的,饱和脂肪的最大摄入量为总热量的7%,建议每天摄入的胆固醇不超过200毫克。推荐的蛋白质摄入量是多年来变化最小的,确定在总热量的15%-20%。纤维在改善脂质和甘油代谢方面的作用的有效性是有争议的,考虑到西班牙人群中纤维的低消耗,更是如此。
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引用次数: 0
La educación diabetológica en la infancia puede mejorar el control de la glucemia y evitar el retraso ponderoestatural: un caso clínico 儿童糖尿病教育可改善血糖控制,防止体重发育迟缓:一个临床案例
Pub Date : 2009-07-01 Epub Date: 2009-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/S1138-0322(09)72445-9
M. Cristina Anguita, Ana Gómez, Marina Llobet, Carmen Yoldi

A healthy, balanced diet, treatment with insulin and physical activity are essential issues for keeping a stable control of glycaemia in people with diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) and to allow children who suffer from it to grow at a speed considered normal. Diabetological education is what conveys knowledge on the disease and the treatment for patients with T1DM and their families for them to acquire sufficient skills and a proper attitude to handle the treatment and its possible complications well, especially at the childhood stage. A 10 year-old patient has the glycaemia poorly controlled (glycosylated haemoglobin, HbA1c > 8% and pre-prandial capillary glycaemia tests at above 180 mg/dL) and may have stopped increasing in height and weight. After the diabetological re-education, and a change in the food and insulin plan, satisfactory improvements are seen after 3 months with regards to the metabolic control of the disease (HbA1c < 8% and pre-prandial glycaemia tests) and a pondero-statural growth rate is re-established which is comparable to the average of the population of this age group. In short, the educational intervention has allowed the food plan and the insulin dosage to be improved and adapted to the child's age and psychosocial needs, allowing the disease to be better controlled metabolically and the pondero-statural development to be improved.

健康、均衡的饮食、胰岛素治疗和体育活动是保持1型糖尿病(T1DM)患者血糖稳定控制和使患有糖尿病的儿童以正常速度生长的关键问题。糖尿病教育是向T1DM患者及其家属传达有关疾病和治疗的知识,使他们获得足够的技能和正确的态度来处理好治疗及其可能的并发症,特别是在儿童阶段。1例10岁患者血糖控制不良(糖化血红蛋白,HbA1c >(8%,餐前毛细血管血糖测试高于180 mg/dL),身高和体重可能已停止增长。经过糖尿病再教育,改变饮食和胰岛素计划,3个月后疾病代谢控制(HbA1c <(8%和餐前血糖测试)和体重-身高增长率重新确立,与该年龄组人口的平均水平相当。简而言之,教育干预使饮食计划和胰岛素剂量得到改善,并适应儿童的年龄和社会心理需求,从而使疾病在代谢方面得到更好的控制,并改善体重-体格发育。
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引用次数: 0
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Actividad Dietética
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