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Extraction of synthetic cathinones from biological samples: A systematic review 从生物样本中提取合成卡西酮:系统综述
IF 5.2 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sampre.2024.100133
Analysis of biological samples containing synthetic cathinones has become a significant area of interest for researchers in recent years, because synthetic cathinones can cause adverse reactions such as delusions and hallucinations. Generally, the intricate nature of the sample matrix and exceedingly low drug concentration in biological samples present significant challenges for the determination of target substances. Accordingly, scientists were dedicated to the advancement of effective sample preparation techniques to address these difficulties. However, the current reviews involved in synthetic cathinones all focused on detection methods. A systematic review focusing on sample preparation for the quantification of synthetic cathinones is still lacking. In light of that, this paper reviewed the most commonly used sample preparation techniques for synthetic cathinones. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for synthetic cathinones in different biological samples such as blood, urine, oral fluid and hair samples were discussed. In addition, we prospected the challenges and the future perspectives of biological sample preparation techniques for synthetic cathinones determination.
近年来,对含有合成卡西酮的生物样本进行分析已成为研究人员关注的一个重要领域,因为合成卡西酮可导致妄想和幻觉等不良反应。一般来说,生物样本中复杂的样本基质和极低的药物浓度给目标物质的测定带来了巨大挑战。因此,科学家们致力于开发有效的样品制备技术来解决这些难题。然而,目前有关合成卡西酮的综述都集中在检测方法上。目前仍缺乏针对合成卡西酮定量的样品制备的系统综述。有鉴于此,本文综述了合成卡西酮最常用的样品制备技术。讨论了不同生物样本(如血液、尿液、口腔液和毛发样本)中合成卡西酮的样本制备技术的最新进展。此外,我们还展望了用于合成卡西酮测定的生物样品制备技术所面临的挑战和未来前景。
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引用次数: 0
Microextraction by packed sorbent: Introducing a novel hybrid silica-based chitosan-graphene oxide biosorbent for the evaluation of pesticides and antibiotics in food matrices 利用填料吸附剂进行微萃取:采用新型壳聚糖-氧化石墨烯混合硅基生物吸附剂评估食品基质中的农药和抗生素
IF 5.2 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sampre.2024.100134
This study introduces a novel silica-graphene oxide@chitosan (SiGO@CS) material as a packed biosorbent for microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of pesticides (atrazine and thiamethoxam) and antibiotics (ceftiofur and sulfonamide) in food samples. The graphene-based aerogel was modified with varying percentages of silica-graphene oxide/chitosan (w/w) and characterized to confirm successful chitosan incorporation. Optimization of the MEPS protocol, using 24–1 and 23 experimental designs, identified draw/eject and washing cycles as the most influential parameters for extraction efficiency. The SiGO@CS biosorbent with 80 % CS/SiGO (w/w) exhibited superior extraction efficiency compared to other ratios and commercial sorbents. The method demonstrated excellent linearity for all analytes (R² > 0.9900), with low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) ranging from 0.020 to 0.045 µg l-1 and 0.045 to 1.0 µg l-1 for pesticides, respectively, and 5 to 15 µg l-1 and 15 to 20 µg l-1 for antibiotics, respectively. Trueness values were within 82 % to 109 %. The method's green credentials were confirmed using AGREEprep and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) approach, highlighting sorbent reusability (over 15 times) and rapid analytical throughput (5 min per sample) with low use of pre-treated sample extract volume (500 µL). The application to local corn, tomato, and milk samples confirmed the detection and quantification of thiamethoxam and atrazine at concentrations above the recommended ingestion per day for one sample of tomato and corn out of the three samples analyzed. Furthermore, using the novel SiGO@CS biosorbent in the MEPS protocol offers a green, high-performance analytical alternative to traditional sorbent phases, with the potential for evaluating trace levels of pesticides and antibiotics in food matrices.
本研究介绍了一种新型二氧化硅-氧化石墨烯@壳聚糖(SiGO@CS)材料,它是一种填料生物吸附剂,可用于填料吸附剂微萃取(MEPS),然后通过液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)分析食品样品中的农药(阿特拉津和噻虫嗪)和抗生素(头孢噻呋和磺酰胺)。用不同比例的二氧化硅-氧化石墨烯/壳聚糖(重量比)对石墨烯基气凝胶进行了改性,并对其进行了表征,以确认壳聚糖的成功加入。采用 24-1 和 23 实验设计对 MEPS 方案进行了优化,确定抽吸/喷射和洗涤周期是对萃取效率影响最大的参数。与其他比例和商用吸附剂相比,SiGO@CS 生物吸附剂(CS/SiGO(重量比)为 80%)的萃取效率更高。该方法对所有分析物均表现出良好的线性关系(R² > 0.9900),检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)较低,农药的检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为 0.020 至 0.045 µg l-1 和 0.045 至 1.0 µg l-1,抗生素的检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为 5 至 15 µg l-1 和 15 至 20 µg l-1。真实值在 82 % 至 109 % 之间。使用 AGREEprep 和绿色分析程序指数 (GAPI) 方法确认了该方法的绿色证书,突出了吸附剂的可重复使用性(超过 15 次)和快速分析吞吐量(每个样品 5 分钟),且预处理样品提取物用量少(500 µL)。对当地玉米、番茄和牛奶样品的应用证实,在分析的三个样品中,有一个番茄和一个玉米样品的噻虫嗪和阿特拉津的检测和定量浓度超过了建议的每日摄入量。此外,在 MEPS 方案中使用新型 SiGO@CS 生物吸附剂为传统吸附剂相提供了一种绿色、高性能的分析替代品,有望评估食品基质中痕量农药和抗生素的含量。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of steroid hormones in sea urchins by microwave-assisted extraction and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry 微波辅助萃取和超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定海胆中的类固醇激素
IF 5.2 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sampre.2024.100132
Marine pollution poses significant threats to ecosystems by contaminating habitats and degrading marine life. This involves the need to develop efficient methodologies to evaluate the compounds that affect marine organisms, such as steroid hormones. The study of the presence of these compounds in marine organisms like sea urchins is very interesting given their role as bioindicators because they feed on algae and are constantly in contact with sediments. Given the low concentrations of steroid hormones in marine environments, it is necessary to develop extraction procedures that allow these pollutants to be extracted and preconcentrated before chemical analyses. Of all the extraction methods, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has been used for its many advantages compared to traditional extraction techniques, such as easy sample handling or scarce organic solvents use, and for providing very selective extractions. This study presents the novel MAE optimisation for the extraction of 15 hormones, including five oestrogens, three androgens, four progestogens and three glucocorticoids from sea urchin tissues. The extracted hormones were subsequently determined by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this approach has not been previously developed. To perform extraction optimisation, different variables were studied following factorial experimental designs. The optimised extraction method showed very appropriate analytical parameters, with limits of detection between 0.21 and 20.4 ng·g-1 for the four families of studied steroid hormones, and recovery extractions over 60 % for most target compounds. After optimisation, the analytical methodology was applied to samples of three different sea urchins species (Arbacia lixula, Paracentrotus lividus, Sphaerechinus granularis) caught in different locations around the Gran Canaria island (Canary Islands, Spain). The results showed the great applicability of the optimised methodology and two target hormones, boldenone and prednisolone, which were quantified in different samples and locations. This indicates the potential of sea urchins as bioindicators of the health of marine ecosystems and of anthropogenic contamination.
海洋污染会污染栖息地并使海洋生物退化,从而对生态系统构成重大威胁。这就需要开发有效的方法来评估影响海洋生物的化合物,如类固醇激素。由于海胆以藻类为食,并经常与沉积物接触,因此作为生物指示剂,研究这些化合物在海胆等海洋生物体内的存在非常有意义。由于海洋环境中的类固醇激素浓度较低,因此有必要开发萃取程序,以便在进行化学分析之前对这些污染物进行萃取和预浓缩。在所有萃取方法中,微波辅助萃取(MAE)因其与传统萃取技术相比的诸多优势而得到了广泛应用,如样品处理简便、有机溶剂用量少、萃取选择性强等。本研究介绍了从海胆组织中提取 15 种激素(包括 5 种雌激素、3 种雄激素、4 种孕激素和 3 种糖皮质激素)的新型 MAE 优化方法。提取的激素随后通过高效液相色谱串联质谱法进行测定。据作者所知,这种方法以前从未开发过。为了对萃取进行优化,采用因子实验设计对不同的变量进行了研究。优化后的萃取方法显示出非常合适的分析参数,对所研究的四个甾体激素家族的检测限在 0.21 至 20.4 纳克-克-1 之间,对大多数目标化合物的萃取回收率超过 60%。经过优化后,该分析方法被应用于在大加那利岛(西班牙加那利群岛)附近不同地点捕获的三种不同海胆(Arbacia lixula、Paracentrotus lividus、Sphaerechinus granularis)样本。结果表明,优化方法和两种目标荷尔蒙(勃地酮和泼尼松龙)的适用性很强,可在不同的样本和地点进行定量分析。这表明海胆具有作为海洋生态系统健康和人为污染的生物指标的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Simultaneous and sequential combination of techniques for the sustainable and extensive extraction of proteins and polyphenols from malt rootlets 同时和有序组合各种技术,从麦芽根茎中可持续地广泛提取蛋白质和多酚类物质
IF 5.2 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.sampre.2024.100131
The emergence of tecnhiques such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasounds-assisted extraction (UAE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) has brough many benefits but their single use does not guarantee the hollistic extraction of target compounds from complex samples. Taking into account their different principles and that one technique may favour the extraction of certain compounds over others, this work proposes the combination of these techniques for improving extraction yields in the recovery of proteins, as example of large molecule, and phenolic compounds, as example of small molecule, from a recalcitrant sample. No single extraction technique recovered all proteins or phenolic compounds, even after a proper optimization. Among them, PLE was the most advantageous, enabling the extraction of 67 % proteins and 1.20 g gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g sample. Analysis of samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and separation of extracts by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed that PLE showed the most distinct efficiency among EAE, MAE, and UAE, whereas the latter three exhibited more similar results. Based in these results, ten different combinations (sequential and/or simultaneous) of these techniques were proposed. PLE in combination with another technique showed a great potential for the extraction of both large and small molecules. Particularly, the combination of EAE and PLE recovered 100 % of proteins and more than three times the phenolic compounds extracted by other methods reported in the literature, even revealing significant synergistic effects.
微波辅助萃取(MAE)、酶辅助萃取(EAE)、超声辅助萃取(UAE)和加压液体萃取(PLE)等技术的出现带来了许多好处,但这些技术的单一使用并不能保证从复杂样品中准确萃取目标化合物。考虑到这几种萃取技术的不同原理,以及一种技术可能比其他技术更有利于萃取某些化合物,本研究建议将这几种萃取技术结合使用,以提高萃取率,从而从难萃取的样品中回收蛋白质(如大分子)和酚类化合物(如小分子)。即使经过适当的优化,也没有一种萃取技术能回收所有蛋白质或酚类化合物。其中,PLE 最具优势,可提取 67% 的蛋白质和 1.20 克没食子酸当量(GAE)/100 克样品。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品进行分析,并通过反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)和十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)对提取物进行分离,结果表明,在 EAE、MAE 和 UAE 中,PLE 的效率最高,而后三者的结果较为相似。根据这些结果,提出了这些技术的十种不同组合(连续和/或同时)。PLE 与另一种技术的结合显示了提取大分子和小分子的巨大潜力。特别是,EAE 和 PLE 的组合能 100% 地回收蛋白质,其酚类化合物的回收率是文献报道的其他方法的三倍以上,甚至显示出显著的协同效应。
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引用次数: 0
Improving sample preparation by biochar-coated sampling tubes: proof-of-concept extraction of sex hormones from real waters 通过生物炭涂层采样管改进样品制备:从真实水体中提取性激素的概念验证
IF 5.2 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.sampre.2024.100129
This work showcases a novel application of biochar for analytical sample treatment. The carbonaceous material, obtained by pyrolysis of orange peel waste (550°C) without any post-synthesis treatment or functionalization, was thoroughly characterized and easily immobilized on the inner wall of sampling tubes in order to perform a sort of “in-vial” solid-phase extraction (SPE). The as-obtained device was tested for the extraction of seven sexual steroids, as probe water pollutants, from tap, lake, river water and wastewater treatment plant effluent samples spiked with 0.2-5 µg L−1 of each compound. The sorption kinetics profiles showed quantitative uptake from the sample (25 mL) in 20 min contact time, followed by complete elution in pure ethanol (2 mL, 15 min), thanks to the proper balance between sorption affinity and ease of elution. Under the selected conditions, recovery was in the range 60-123 %, with good inter-day precision (RSD 10-18 %, n=3). As evidence of the excellent reproducibility, an overall RSD below 15 % was observed from inter-day inter-batch recovery tests on three individually prepared sampling tubes. The procedure, carried out on a roller mixer, allows 10 samples to be extracted simultaneously, improving the sample throughput. Moreover, reusability tests showed that the same device maintains its efficiency for 10 consecutive sorption/desorption cycles. The greenness assessment, carried out by two dedicated software, further supported the sustainability of this biochar-based sample preparation as an alternative SPE.
这项工作展示了生物炭在分析样品处理中的新应用。通过热解(550°C)橘皮废料而获得的碳质材料无需进行任何合成后处理或功能化,这种碳质材料具有全面的特征,并且很容易固定在采样管的内壁上,以便进行某种 "体内 "固相萃取(SPE)。我们测试了从自来水、湖水、河水和污水处理厂废水样品中萃取七种性类固醇(每种化合物的浓度为 0.2-5 µg L-1)作为水污染物探针的过程。吸附动力学曲线显示,样品(25 毫升)在 20 分钟的接触时间内被定量吸收,随后在纯乙醇(2 毫升,15 分钟)中被完全洗脱,这得益于吸附亲和力和洗脱难易度之间的适当平衡。在选定的条件下,回收率在 60-123 % 之间,日间精度良好(RSD 10-18 %,n=3)。在对三个单独制备的采样管进行的日间批间回收率测试中,发现总体 RSD 低于 15%,证明了其出色的重现性。该过程在滚筒式混合器上进行,可同时提取 10 个样品,提高了样品处理量。此外,可重复使用性测试表明,同一设备可在连续 10 个吸附/解吸循环中保持其效率。由两个专用软件进行的绿色评估进一步证明了这种基于生物炭的样品制备方法作为 SPE 替代方法的可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Green and miniaturized ultrasonic-assisted extraction using natural deep eutectic solvents to extract phenolic compounds from tea samples 利用天然深共晶溶剂从茶叶样品中提取酚类化合物的绿色微型超声波辅助萃取技术
IF 5.2 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.sampre.2024.100128

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have emerged as promising green solvents, particularly useful in sample treatment procedures. For the first time, different types of NADES were prepared and evaluated as potential phenolic extraction solvents from tea samples (Camellia sinensis). The NADES, composed of lactic acid:glycerol:water in a molar ratio of 1:1:3, provided the best results for the simultaneous extraction of the target phenolic compounds. This NADES was also characterized by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the presence of nuclear Overhauser enhancement effects confirmed its supramolecular structure. The experimental conditions affecting the miniaturized ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) were optimized to maximize extraction efficiency by performing a design of experiments. The proposed sample treatment was combined with ultra-high performance liquid-chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-MS/MS) to determine 21 phenolic compounds including catechin derivatives and other minor compounds. The UAE-UHPLC-MS/MS method was successfully characterized and applied to the analysis of various commercial green, black, white and red tea samples. In all cases, 18 phenolic compounds were determined with concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 29,125 mg kg−1. The proposed sample treatment is a high-throughput, easy, fast and robust alternative to conventional procedures, which reduces organic solvent consumption and costs, aligned with green sample preparation principles.

天然深共晶溶剂(NADES)是一种前景广阔的绿色溶剂,尤其适用于样品处理过程。本研究首次制备了不同类型的 NADES,并对其作为茶叶样品中潜在的酚类提取溶剂进行了评估。乳酸:甘油:水摩尔比为 1:1:3 的 NADES 在同时萃取目标酚类化合物方面效果最佳。这种 NADES 还通过核磁共振(NMR)进行了表征,核奥弗霍斯增强效应的存在证实了其超分子结构。通过实验设计优化了影响微型超声辅助萃取(UAE)的实验条件,以最大限度地提高萃取效率。建议的样品处理与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测(UHPLC-MS/MS)相结合,测定了 21 种酚类化合物,包括儿茶素衍生物和其他次要化合物。阿联酋-超高效液相色谱-质谱/质谱法成功地表征并应用于各种绿茶、红茶、白茶和红茶样品的分析。在所有样品中,共测定了 18 种酚类化合物,其浓度范围为 0.3 至 29 125 mg kg-1。建议的样品处理方法是一种高通量、简便、快速、稳健的替代传统方法,可减少有机溶剂的消耗,降低成本,符合绿色样品制备原则。
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引用次数: 0
Preconcentration of nanoplastics using micro-electromembrane extraction across free liquid membranes 利用跨自由液膜微电解质萃取技术预富集纳米塑料
IF 5.2 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sampre.2024.100125

Asymmetric micro-electromembrane extraction (µ-EME) based on a free liquid membrane has been evaluated for the preconcentration of nanoplastics. A conical unit (200 µL micropipette tip) enabled the simple and reproducible formation of the required three-phase extraction system consisting of a donor solution (150 µL sample/standard solution), free liquid membrane (FLM; 10 µL 1-pentanol), and an acceptor solution (5 µL of 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 10.7). After µ-EME, nanoplastics transferred across the FLM into the acceptor solution were quantified using capillary zone electrophoresis with diode array detection. Enrichment factors >20 and extraction recoveries >70 % were achieved for nanoplastics concentrated at 500 V during 5 min. The limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) and limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 10) of the method using 200 nm sulphonated polystyrene particles as model nanoplastics were 6.00×10−4% (w/v) and 2.00×10−3% (w/v), respectively. Intraday (n = 6) and interday (n = 6) repeatability%RSD for 5.5 × 10−3% (w/v) nanoplastics were 8.5 % and 7.2 %, respectively. µ-EME enabled an efficient sample matrix clean-up and preconcentration of nanoplastics spiked in tea sample matrices. Nanoplastics preconcentrated through the FLM for black tea resulted in an enrichment factor of 20±3.6 (n = 3), with complete sample matrix removal of UV absorbing compounds.

对基于自由液膜的不对称微电解质膜萃取(µ-EME)进行了评估,用于纳米塑料的预浓缩。锥形装置(200 µL 微量移液器吸头)能够简单且可重复地形成所需的三相萃取系统,该系统由供体溶液(150 µL 样品/标准溶液)、自由液膜(FLM;10 µL 1-戊醇)和受体溶液(5 µL 5 mM 磷酸盐缓冲液,pH 10.7)组成。µ-EME后,采用二极管阵列检测的毛细管区带电泳法对通过FLM转移到受体溶液中的纳米塑料进行定量。纳米塑料在 500 V 的电压下浓缩 5 分钟后,富集因子为 20,萃取回收率为 70%。以 200 nm 磺化聚苯乙烯颗粒为模型纳米塑料,该方法的检出限(LOD,S/N = 3)和定量限(LOQ,S/N = 10)分别为 6.00×10-4% (w/v) 和 2.00×10-3% (w/v)。5.5 × 10-3%(w/v)纳米塑料的日内(n = 6)和日间(n = 6)重复性%RSD 分别为 8.5 % 和 7.2 %。µ-EME能够高效地净化样品基质并预浓缩茶叶样品基质中添加的纳米塑料。通过 FLM 对红茶中的纳米塑料进行预浓缩,富集因子为 20±3.6(n = 3),样品基质中的紫外线吸收化合物被完全去除。
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引用次数: 0
Electromembrane extraction of human chorionic gonadotropin – A case study on mass transfer of intact protein versus signature peptide 人绒毛膜促性腺激素的电膜提取--完整蛋白质与特征肽的质量转移案例研究
IF 5.2 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sampre.2024.100126

For the first time, we present targeted protein detection by tryptic digestion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) followed by electromembrane extraction (EME). Operational parameters were optimized, and urine and serum samples spiked with hCG underwent tryptic digestion followed by EME of the βT5 signature peptide. The liquid membrane comprised nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE), carvacrol, and di(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphate (DEHP) at ratios of 49:49:2 (w/w/w). Extractions were performed in a conductive vial format for 45 min at 5 V. Even from highly complex digested samples of serum and urine, the signature peptide βT5 was extracted by EME and detected by LC-MS/MS. While attempts to extract intact hCG protein were unsuccessful, the extraction of the signature peptide was efficient. The extraction recovery from undigested and digested urine was 71 % (RSD = 17 %) and 116 % (RSD = 17 %), respectively. For serum, the extraction recoveries were 11 % (RSD = 23 %) for undigested samples and 110 % (RSD = 14 %) for digested samples. This study demonstrates both the potential and challenges of EME for protein analysis. Experiments regarding EME of intact proteins provided new insights into protein phase distribution. This fundamental case study underscores the potential of EME as a sample preparation technique for the targeted determination of protein biomarkers and drugs.

我们首次提出了通过胰蛋白酶消化人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG),然后进行电解质萃取(EME)的靶向蛋白质检测方法。对操作参数进行了优化,对添加了 hCG 的尿液和血清样本进行了胰蛋白酶消化,然后对 βT5 标志性肽进行了 EME。液膜由硝基苯辛基醚 (NPOE)、香芹酚和磷酸二(2-乙基己基)酯 (DEHP)组成,三者的比例为 49:49:2(重量比/重量比)。萃取在导电小瓶中进行,在 5 V 电压下持续 45 分钟。即使是从高度复杂的消化血清和尿液样本中,也能通过 EME 提取出特征肽 βT5,并通过 LC-MS/MS 检测出来。虽然提取完整的 hCG 蛋白的尝试并不成功,但提取特征肽的效率很高。未消化尿液和消化尿液的提取回收率分别为 71%(RSD = 17%)和 116%(RSD = 17%)。对于血清,未消化样本的提取回收率为 11%(RSD = 23%),消化样本的提取回收率为 110%(RSD = 14%)。这项研究证明了 EME 在蛋白质分析中的潜力和挑战。完整蛋白质的 EME 实验为了解蛋白质的相分布提供了新的视角。这项基础性案例研究强调了 EME 作为一种样品制备技术在有针对性地测定蛋白质生物标记物和药物方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Comprehensive comparison of fatty acid methyl ester profile in different food matrices using microwave-assisted extraction and derivatization methods and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection 利用微波辅助萃取和衍生化方法以及二维气相色谱-火焰离子化检测法全面比较不同食品基质中脂肪酸甲酯的概况
IF 5.2 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sampre.2024.100124

Analyzing fatty acids provides key insights into fat composition for industrial applications and their implications for nutrition and health. Typically, fatty acid analysis involves extracting lipids from the matrix and converting them into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through a derivatization process before gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Either one-step or two-step procedures can be found in the literature and as official methods. In this work, different methods exploiting microwave-assisted processes were compared with two official methods from the American Oil Chemical Society (AOCS). Especially, two types of microwave-assisted extractions were employed: solvent extraction and extraction with hydrolysis. The extracts were derivatized using either BF3 or a microwave-assisted methanolic hydrogen chloride solution. These combinations of extraction and derivatization methods were compared also with one-step microwave-assisted extraction and derivatization, and two AOCS reference methods, resulting in seven different methods applied to six different food matrices. The performance of the different procedures was compared based on the FAME profile obtained from the comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC × GC)-FID analysis.

Microwave-assisted processes were shown to be effective, yielding results comparable to the official methods in both the one-step and two-step methods. Moreover, it was shown that the BF3 derivatization could be safely replaced with microwave-assisted derivatization with methanolic hydrogen chloride, providing equivalent performances while enhancing operator safety and environmental friendliness. Some discrepancies in the FAMEs profile were highlighted for the sample of oats, the only explicitly requiring acidic hydrolysis for lipid extraction. Further studies are required to understand the reasons behind these differences and develop a suitable modified method. In conclusion, all the methods were evaluated for greenness and blueness with two specific tools: AGREEprep and BAGI.

分析脂肪酸可以深入了解工业应用中的脂肪成分及其对营养和健康的影响。通常情况下,脂肪酸分析包括从基质中提取脂类,并在气相色谱 (GC) 分析之前通过衍生化过程将其转化为脂肪酸甲酯 (FAME)。一步法或两步法均可在文献和官方方法中找到。在这项工作中,利用微波辅助工艺的不同方法与美国石油化学学会(AOCS)的两种官方方法进行了比较。特别是采用了两种微波辅助萃取法:溶剂萃取和水解萃取。萃取物使用 BF3 或微波辅助甲醇氯化氢溶液进行衍生。将这些萃取和衍生方法的组合与一步式微波辅助萃取和衍生方法以及两种 AOCS 参考方法进行了比较,得出了适用于六种不同食品基质的七种不同方法。根据二维气相色谱(GC × GC)- FID 综合分析所得到的 FAME 图谱,对不同方法的性能进行了比较。结果表明,微波辅助方法是有效的,无论是一步法还是两步法,其结果都与官方方法相当。此外,研究还表明可以用甲醇氯化氢微波辅助衍生法安全地取代 BF3 衍生法,在提高操作安全性和环境友好性的同时提供同等的性能。燕麦样品的 FAMEs 图谱存在一些差异,这是唯一明确需要酸性水解提取脂质的样品。需要进一步研究以了解这些差异背后的原因,并开发出合适的改进方法。总之,所有方法都使用两种特定工具对绿色度和蓝色度进行了评估:AGREEprep 和 BAGI。
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引用次数: 0
Vacuum-assisted headspace-solid phase microextraction of pesticides in grape samples 葡萄样品中农药的真空辅助顶空固相微萃取
IF 5.2 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sampre.2024.100123
Yerkanat Syrgabek, Mereke Alimzhanova, Saltanat Yegemova, Svetlana Batyrbekova

Vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (Vac-HS-SPME) could provide an alternative for extracting pesticides from grape samples. Vac-HS-SPME method is utilized to the simultaneous analysis of six pesticides from various classes, namely boscalid, quizalofop-p-methyl, oxyfluorfen, fluroxypyr-meptyl, metribuzin and epoxiconazole. In this study investigated and optimized the impact of independent variables, such as extraction temperature, extraction time, fiber coating, incubation time, salt effect, sample volume, air evacuation time, pH, desorption time with the objective of achieving lower detection limits (ranging from 0.11 to 0.61 µg mL-1) and effective analyte responses. Moreover, in this work a comparison was made between classical solid phase microextraction and vacuum-assisted solid phase microextraction for the extraction of pesticides in grape samples under the same parameters. The results clearly demonstrated that the combination of Vac-HS-SPME proved to be more appropriate and selective for the extraction of pesticides from grape samples.

真空辅助顶空固相微萃取(Vac-HS-SPME)可作为从葡萄样品中萃取农药的替代方法。本研究采用 Vac-HS-SPME 方法同时分析了 6 种不同类别的农药,分别是啶虫脒、喹禾灵、氧乐果、氟虫腈、甲基立枯磷和环唑醇。本研究调查并优化了萃取温度、萃取时间、纤维涂层、培养时间、盐效应、样品体积、排空时间、pH 值、解吸时间等自变量的影响,目的是获得更低的检测限(0.11 至 0.61 µg mL-1)和有效的分析响应。此外,这项研究还比较了传统固相微萃取和真空辅助固相微萃取在相同参数下萃取葡萄样品中农药的效果。结果清楚地表明,Vac-HS-SPME 组合被证明更适合从葡萄样品中萃取农药,且选择性更强。
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引用次数: 0
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Advances in Sample Preparation
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