Pollution from industrial dye waste is a major environmental concern, especially in water bodies. These synthetic dyes often contain toxic substances that harm aquatic life and affect water quality. In response to this matter, the current research goal is to enhance the Montmorillonite's (MMT) adsorption efficiency through its transformation with acid activation and doping of metal oxide. This study presents the synthesis of a hybrid composite (Fe/ZnO/H+-MMT), combining acid-activated MMT with Iron and zinc oxide nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for the extraction of MB dye from water. The composite was then characterized by multiple analytical techniques like Powder XRD, FT-IR, BET, FESEM, and HRTEM. At a neutral pH, 120 min of time period, 100 mg/L of starting dye concentration, and 0.8 g/L of adsorbent dose at room temperature, this composite removes MB to 97.54 ± 0.14 %. The Langmuir model revealed a highest monolayer adsorption capacity (qmax) of 169.49 mg/g with R2 = 0.9938 among the isotherm model, which indicates that the adsorption involves chemical interactions in the process of adsorption. In kinetic studies, this experiment fit the PSO quite well with R2 = 0.99887 and the BET surface area is 171.287 m2/g. These outcomes demonstrate the potential of the Fe/ZnO/H+-MMT composite as a highly effective and promising adsorbent for MB removal from aqueous medium.
{"title":"Development of Fe/ZnO/H+-montmorillonite nanocomposite for effective cationic dye (Methylene blue) removal from aqueous solutions","authors":"Chandini Machahary , Angita Sarkar , Bipul Das , Sanjay Basumatary","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pollution from industrial dye waste is a major environmental concern, especially in water bodies. These synthetic dyes often contain toxic substances that harm aquatic life and affect water quality. In response to this matter, the current research goal is to enhance the Montmorillonite's (MMT) adsorption efficiency through its transformation with acid activation and doping of metal oxide. This study presents the synthesis of a hybrid composite (Fe/ZnO/H<sup>+</sup>-MMT), combining acid-activated MMT with Iron and zinc oxide nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for the extraction of MB dye from water. The composite was then characterized by multiple analytical techniques like Powder XRD, FT-IR, BET, FESEM, and HRTEM. At a neutral pH, 120 min of time period, 100 mg/L of starting dye concentration, and 0.8 g/L of adsorbent dose at room temperature, this composite removes MB to 97.54 ± 0.14 %. The Langmuir model revealed a highest monolayer adsorption capacity (q<sub>max</sub>) of 169.49 mg/g with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9938 among the isotherm model, which indicates that the adsorption involves chemical interactions in the process of adsorption. In kinetic studies, this experiment fit the PSO quite well with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99887 and the BET surface area is 171.287 m<sup>2</sup>/g. These outcomes demonstrate the potential of the Fe/ZnO/H<sup>+</sup>-MMT composite as a highly effective and promising adsorbent for MB removal from aqueous medium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100123
Md. Khalid Hossain Shishir , Mahfuzul Islam , Nafis Rahman Sayeem , Nurus Sabah Anam , Md. Rahadul Islam Shipon , Md. Rifat , Shanawaz Ahmed , Md. Tauhiduzzaman , Md. Ashraful Alam
The synthesis pathway plays a crucial role in determining the crystallographic and functional properties of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). Here, present a comparative study of biological, chemical and physical synthesis routes, emphasizing their influence on structure–property relationships. Environmentally benign biological methods, utilizing plant extracts and microorganisms, yielded NPs with distinctive surface chemistries. In contrast, chemical techniques, such as precipitation and sol–gel, provided precise control over particle size and distribution. Physical methods, including thermal decomposition and laser ablation, produced highly pure nanostructures with well-defined crystallographic symmetry. Advanced characterization, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed route-dependent variations in morphology, size and phase composition. XRD identified the (111) reflection as the most intense diffraction, though its dominance varied with growth conditions, confirming a monoclinic crystal structure and atomic packing factor of ∼0.65. XPS verified the CuO oxidation state and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy detected Cu–O stretching bands between 500 and 700 cm−1. The crystallographic attributes were directly linked to performance in antimicrobial activity, catalysis, gas sensing and energy storage. These findings establish a clear correlation between synthesis, structure and function, providing a framework for the targeted design of CuO NPs for advanced technological applications.
{"title":"Comprehensive synthesis route of crystalline copper oxide nanoparticles: A crystallographic analysis with functional application","authors":"Md. Khalid Hossain Shishir , Mahfuzul Islam , Nafis Rahman Sayeem , Nurus Sabah Anam , Md. Rahadul Islam Shipon , Md. Rifat , Shanawaz Ahmed , Md. Tauhiduzzaman , Md. Ashraful Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The synthesis pathway plays a crucial role in determining the crystallographic and functional properties of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). Here, present a comparative study of biological, chemical and physical synthesis routes, emphasizing their influence on structure–property relationships. Environmentally benign biological methods, utilizing plant extracts and microorganisms, yielded NPs with distinctive surface chemistries. In contrast, chemical techniques, such as precipitation and sol–gel, provided precise control over particle size and distribution. Physical methods, including thermal decomposition and laser ablation, produced highly pure nanostructures with well-defined crystallographic symmetry. Advanced characterization, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed route-dependent variations in morphology, size and phase composition. XRD identified the (111) reflection as the most intense diffraction, though its dominance varied with growth conditions, confirming a monoclinic crystal structure and atomic packing factor of ∼0.65. XPS verified the CuO oxidation state and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy detected Cu–O stretching bands between 500 and 700 cm<sup>−1</sup>. The crystallographic attributes were directly linked to performance in antimicrobial activity, catalysis, gas sensing and energy storage. These findings establish a clear correlation between synthesis, structure and function, providing a framework for the targeted design of CuO NPs for advanced technological applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100124
Pulak Ghosh , Raton Kumar Bishwas , Md. Ashraful Alam , Fariha Zannat , Mohammad Mohsin , Shirin Akter Jahan
The synthesis of ultra-fine α-Al2O3 nanoparticles via the precipitation technique was explored with the influence of different reaction media such as deionized water, acetone, methanol, and ethanol on their crystallographic and morphological properties. The study highlights how medium polarity and surface energy affect crystal growth, structural organization, and phase purity. Characterization techniques, including XRD, DLS, UV–Vis spectroscopy, TGA-DSC, and zeta potential analysis, reveal distinct particle size, crystallinity, and thermal stability differences among the mediums. Crystallite size was calculated using multiple methods, including Scherrer, Williamson-Hall (W–H), Size-Strain Plot (S–S), Halder-Wagner (H–W), and Monshi-Scherer models, yielding sizes ranging from 53.54 nm to 85.61 nm. Methanol demonstrated the highest crystallinity (35.81 %), smallest crystallite size (53.54 nm), and notable thermal and mechanical properties. Bandgap analysis further supports superior mechanical performance for methanol-based synthesis, with a bandgap energy of 5.67 eV. These findings emphasize the potential of methanol as an optimal medium for the synthesis of α-Al2O3 nanoparticles with high industrial relevance in ceramics, coatings, and aerospace applications.
{"title":"Effect of reaction medium on crystallinity and morphological properties of precipitation-derived α-alumina nanocrystals","authors":"Pulak Ghosh , Raton Kumar Bishwas , Md. Ashraful Alam , Fariha Zannat , Mohammad Mohsin , Shirin Akter Jahan","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The synthesis of ultra-fine α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles via the precipitation technique was explored with the influence of different reaction media such as deionized water, acetone, methanol, and ethanol on their crystallographic and morphological properties. The study highlights how medium polarity and surface energy affect crystal growth, structural organization, and phase purity. Characterization techniques, including XRD, DLS, UV–Vis spectroscopy, TGA-DSC, and zeta potential analysis, reveal distinct particle size, crystallinity, and thermal stability differences among the mediums. Crystallite size was calculated using multiple methods, including Scherrer, Williamson-Hall (W–H), Size-Strain Plot (S–S), Halder-Wagner (H–W), and Monshi-Scherer models, yielding sizes ranging from 53.54 nm to 85.61 nm. Methanol demonstrated the highest crystallinity (35.81 %), smallest crystallite size (53.54 nm), and notable thermal and mechanical properties. Bandgap analysis further supports superior mechanical performance for methanol-based synthesis, with a bandgap energy of 5.67 eV. These findings emphasize the potential of methanol as an optimal medium for the synthesis of α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles with high industrial relevance in ceramics, coatings, and aerospace applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100125
Soukaina El Abbadi , Abdelaziz Elgamouz , Abdel-Nasser Kawde , Mohamed Douma , Hajar El Moustansiri , Najib Tijani
An exfoliated carbon paste electrode modified with Fe3O4 (CPE/Fe) has been developed as an advanced electrochemical sensor for detecting dopamine in aqueous solutions. The structural and morphological characteristics of the modified electrode were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A series of CPE/Fe were fabricated with varying concentrations (10–30 wt%) of Fe3O4. Among these, the electrode containing 20wt% Fe3O4 and exfoliated under the optimal conditions [CPE/Fe-20% (5V; 1s)], demonstrated the highest electrochemical area (0.323 cm2), as evaluated using the Ferri/Ferrocyanide redox system. DPV was identified as the best electrochemical technique for dopamine detection, showing a pronounced response of 34 μA for 0.5 μM DA in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.0). The sensor exhibited a wide linear detection range (1–1000 μM), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.024 μM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.081 μM. Importantly, the sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity for dopamine, with minimal interference (%RSD) from common compounds found in biological matrices such as uric acid (±3.1%), ascorbic acid (±4.2%), alanine (±5.3%), and adenine (±9.1%). It also effectively detected DA in human serum, highlighting its practical applicability. The CPE/Fe-20% (5V; 1s) electrode enables precise DA detection with high sensitivity and stability. This This electrode configuration supports advanced applications in neuroprosthetics and brain-machine interfaces driven by intelligent feedback systems.
{"title":"Fe3O4 nanoparticle-modified exfoliated carbon paste electrode for enhanced electrochemical detection of dopamine","authors":"Soukaina El Abbadi , Abdelaziz Elgamouz , Abdel-Nasser Kawde , Mohamed Douma , Hajar El Moustansiri , Najib Tijani","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An exfoliated carbon paste electrode modified with Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (CPE/Fe) has been developed as an advanced electrochemical sensor for detecting dopamine in aqueous solutions. The structural and morphological characteristics of the modified electrode were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A series of CPE/Fe were fabricated with varying concentrations (10–30 wt%) of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. Among these, the electrode containing 20wt% Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and exfoliated under the optimal conditions [CPE/Fe-20% (5V; 1s)], demonstrated the highest electrochemical area (0.323 cm<sup>2</sup>), as evaluated using the Ferri/Ferrocyanide redox system. DPV was identified as the best electrochemical technique for dopamine detection, showing a pronounced response of 34 μA for 0.5 μM DA in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.0). The sensor exhibited a wide linear detection range (1–1000 μM), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.024 μM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.081 μM. Importantly, the sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity for dopamine, with minimal interference (%RSD) from common compounds found in biological matrices such as uric acid (±3.1%), ascorbic acid (±4.2%), alanine (±5.3%), and adenine (±9.1%). It also effectively detected DA in human serum, highlighting its practical applicability. The CPE/Fe-20% (5V; 1s) electrode enables precise DA detection with high sensitivity and stability. This This electrode configuration supports advanced applications in neuroprosthetics and brain-machine interfaces driven by intelligent feedback systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100122
A. Anbu , M. Dilipkumar , K. Jeyajothi , M. Rajasimman , M.S. Manojkumar
The present research effectively constructed a core-shell-shell structure of Ag–TeO3/Fe3O4@TiO2 utilizing Capsicum frutescence extract, which is both magnetized highly recoverable. The catalyst was applied to photo catalytically degrade the colorants methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB). The catalyst's function was further examined using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM/HRTEM, VSM, BET isotherm and UV–Visible spectroscopic analysis. Thus, Ag–TeO3/Fe3O4@TiO2 exhibited magnetized characteristics, including a saturation magnetic of 51.9 emu/g and a bandwidth value of 2.5 eV and half life period of 91.9min−1. The photocatalytic breaking down of MO and MB dyes mirrored the Langmuir-Hinshelwood pattern. Breakdown could be observed at the MO and MB dyes after 45 and 50 min of radiation exposure, with MO and MB dye elimination efficiencies reaching 99.2 % and 98.2 %, correspondingly. Following five attempts of regenerating Ag–TeO3/Fe3O4@TiO2 demonstrated 96.96 % MO and MB dye elimination performance.
{"title":"Magnetized retrieve of Ag–TeO3/Fe3O4@TiO2 hybrid nanocomposites for optical, kinetically, half-life period and its photocatalytic assessment of methylene blue and methyl orange dyes","authors":"A. Anbu , M. Dilipkumar , K. Jeyajothi , M. Rajasimman , M.S. Manojkumar","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present research effectively constructed a core-shell-shell structure of Ag–TeO<sub>3</sub>/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> utilizing <em>Capsicum frutescence extract</em>, which is both magnetized highly recoverable. The catalyst was applied to photo catalytically degrade the colorants methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB). The catalyst's function was further examined using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM/HRTEM, VSM, BET isotherm and UV–Visible spectroscopic analysis. Thus, Ag–TeO<sub>3</sub>/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> exhibited magnetized characteristics, including a saturation magnetic of 51.9 emu/g and a bandwidth value of 2.5 eV and half life period of 91.9min<sup>−1</sup>. The photocatalytic breaking down of MO and MB dyes mirrored the Langmuir-Hinshelwood pattern. Breakdown could be observed at the MO and MB dyes after 45 and 50 min of radiation exposure, with MO and MB dye elimination efficiencies reaching 99.2 % and 98.2 %, correspondingly. Following five attempts of regenerating Ag–TeO<sub>3</sub>/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> demonstrated 96.96 % MO and MB dye elimination performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100121
Madison Winkeler, Ciara N. Richardson, Ryan Carlin, Jonathan T. Lyon
The structures of silicon clusters doped with two palladium atoms have been explored using an unbiased global optimization technique, and the candidate structures further analyzed using density functional theory. The optimized geometries, stabilities, and electronic structures of Si1Pd2 – Si17Pd2 are reported, and several new lowest energy isomers are located for the first time impacting the relative cluster stabilities. Based on the relative energies, Si5Pd2, Si10Pd2, and Si16Pd2 are predicted to be the most stable clusters for the sizes considered here. A growth pattern in this size range is noted that primarily consists of trigonal and pentagonal structural motifs, the latter dominating for larger clusters once Pd atoms become encompassed in the silicon cluster framework. Palladium atoms bind exohedrally to the base cluster for smaller sized clusters, but begin to bind endohedrally once the cluster size reaches Si11Pd2 (for the first Pd atom) and Si16Pd2 (for the second Pd atom). Detailed analysis of the cluster's electronic structure indicate that palladium atoms have only a small partial charge, and that the frontier molecular orbitals consist primarily of palladium d and silicon p atomic orbitals.
{"title":"Structural evolution of inorganic SinPd2 (n = 1–17) clusters","authors":"Madison Winkeler, Ciara N. Richardson, Ryan Carlin, Jonathan T. Lyon","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structures of silicon clusters doped with two palladium atoms have been explored using an unbiased global optimization technique, and the candidate structures further analyzed using density functional theory. The optimized geometries, stabilities, and electronic structures of Si<sub>1</sub>Pd<sub>2</sub> – Si<sub>17</sub>Pd<sub>2</sub> are reported, and several new lowest energy isomers are located for the first time impacting the relative cluster stabilities. Based on the relative energies, Si<sub>5</sub>Pd<sub>2</sub>, Si<sub>10</sub>Pd<sub>2</sub>, and Si<sub>16</sub>Pd<sub>2</sub> are predicted to be the most stable clusters for the sizes considered here. A growth pattern in this size range is noted that primarily consists of trigonal and pentagonal structural motifs, the latter dominating for larger clusters once Pd atoms become encompassed in the silicon cluster framework. Palladium atoms bind exohedrally to the base cluster for smaller sized clusters, but begin to bind endohedrally once the cluster size reaches Si<sub>11</sub>Pd<sub>2</sub> (for the first Pd atom) and Si<sub>16</sub>Pd<sub>2</sub> (for the second Pd atom). Detailed analysis of the cluster's electronic structure indicate that palladium atoms have only a small partial charge, and that the frontier molecular orbitals consist primarily of palladium <em>d</em> and silicon <em>p</em> atomic orbitals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100118
Md Habibur Rahman Aslam
Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have garnered growing interest in recent years for their ability to convert heat directly into electricity through a solid-state, environmentally friendly, and low-maintenance process. Their noiseless operation and long service life make them attractive for a variety of applications. However, their broader deployment remains constrained by relatively low energy conversion efficiency, which is fundamentally determined by the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) of the thermoelectric materials employed. This review provides a detailed examination of key thermoelectric materials, focusing on their ZT performance and relevance to TEG efficiency. The evolution of TEG technology is outlined-from its 19th-century origins to modern advancements aimed at enhancing performance. Particular emphasis is placed on widely used materials such as bismuth telluride, lead telluride, and skutterudites, alongside emerging candidates like clathrates and half-Heusler compounds. By exploring current trends and challenges in material development, this work offers valuable insights for improving TEG efficiency and advancing their role in sustainable energy systems, particularly for harvesting waste heat and other low-grade thermal sources.
{"title":"Advancements in thermoelectric materials and their performance for thermoelectric generators (TEGs): A short review","authors":"Md Habibur Rahman Aslam","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have garnered growing interest in recent years for their ability to convert heat directly into electricity through a solid-state, environmentally friendly, and low-maintenance process. Their noiseless operation and long service life make them attractive for a variety of applications. However, their broader deployment remains constrained by relatively low energy conversion efficiency, which is fundamentally determined by the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) of the thermoelectric materials employed. This review provides a detailed examination of key thermoelectric materials, focusing on their ZT performance and relevance to TEG efficiency. The evolution of TEG technology is outlined-from its 19th-century origins to modern advancements aimed at enhancing performance. Particular emphasis is placed on widely used materials such as bismuth telluride, lead telluride, and skutterudites, alongside emerging candidates like clathrates and half-Heusler compounds. By exploring current trends and challenges in material development, this work offers valuable insights for improving TEG efficiency and advancing their role in sustainable energy systems, particularly for harvesting waste heat and other low-grade thermal sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100119
Md. Ashraful Alam , Shanawaz Ahmed , Debasish Sarkar , Raton Kumar Bishwas , Shirin Akter Jahan
Explored extensive data analysis of the preferred design of monoclinic copper oxide (CuO) nanocrystals (NCs) synthesized by the unique co-precipitation route. The study highlights the effectiveness of XRD data analysis in obtaining comprehensive nanoparticle (NPs) properties, reducing the need for multiple experiments. Rietveld refinement analysis indicated that 100 % of the synthesized material comprised crystalline CuO NPs produced by the WPPF technique. XRD characterized the prominent crystalline phase, offering insights into the lattice parameters where a= 4.6864, b= 3.4287, c= 5.1321; α=β= 90°,γ= 99.4°; lattice volume 81.357 Å3, crystallite size 27.94 nm, microstrain 0.00414 Nm−2, specific surface area 34.03 m2/g, dislocation density 1.28 10−3 nm−2, preference growth 0.117, stress is 455.4 MPa, energy density 942.7 kJ/m3, crystallinity index 2.0559 and atomic packing factor (APF) 72.13 %. The nanoscale size was confirmed by UV absorbance at 224.12 nm (0.191 a. u.), an optical band gap of 5.99 eV, and an average zeta potential value of −31.0 mV, indicating good stability in the medium. TEM explored an average particle size of 11.99 nm with a uniform distribution of inner core structure, while a lower particle size explored that the surface to volume ratio is too high. The SAED denoted as (110), (11-1), (111), and (11-2) planes, which were revealed by XRD. The sharp ring spot pattern suggested that the synthesized CuO NCs were in a polycrystalline nature. The synthesized CuO NPs are completely pure and have an atomic mass of 79.89 % Cu and 20.11 % O, almost similar to the stoichiometry value. The crystallographic data confirm the efficient formation of highly crystalline and preferred growth of monoclinic CuO NPs, with an improved crystallinity of 47.48 %, surpassing the ICDD standard [04-012-7238] of 45.91 %.
{"title":"Preferred crystallographic design of monoclinic tenorite (CuO) nanocrystals by powder X-ray line diffraction","authors":"Md. Ashraful Alam , Shanawaz Ahmed , Debasish Sarkar , Raton Kumar Bishwas , Shirin Akter Jahan","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explored extensive data analysis of the preferred design of monoclinic copper oxide (CuO) nanocrystals (NCs) synthesized by the unique co-precipitation route. The study highlights the effectiveness of XRD data analysis in obtaining comprehensive nanoparticle (NPs) properties, reducing the need for multiple experiments. Rietveld refinement analysis indicated that 100 % of the synthesized material comprised crystalline CuO NPs produced by the WPPF technique. XRD characterized the prominent crystalline phase, offering insights into the lattice parameters where a= 4.6864, b= 3.4287, c= 5.1321; α=β= 90°,γ= 99.4°; lattice volume 81.357 Å<sup>3</sup>, crystallite size 27.94 nm, microstrain 0.00414 Nm<sup>−2</sup>, specific surface area 34.03 m<sup>2</sup>/g, dislocation density 1.28 <span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo></mrow></math></span> 10<sup>−3</sup> nm<sup>−2</sup>, preference growth 0.117, stress is 455.4 MPa, energy density 942.7 kJ/m<sup>3</sup>, crystallinity index 2.0559 and atomic packing factor (APF) 72.13 %. The nanoscale size was confirmed by UV absorbance at 224.12 nm (0.191 a. u.), an optical band gap of 5.99 eV, and an average zeta potential value of −31.0 mV, indicating good stability in the medium. TEM explored an average particle size of 11.99 nm with a uniform distribution of inner core structure, while a lower particle size explored that the surface to volume ratio is too high. The SAED denoted as (110), (11-1), (111), and (11-2) planes, which were revealed by XRD. The sharp ring spot pattern suggested that the synthesized CuO NCs were in a polycrystalline nature. The synthesized CuO NPs are completely pure and have an atomic mass of 79.89 % Cu and 20.11 % O, almost similar to the stoichiometry value. The crystallographic data confirm the efficient formation of highly crystalline and preferred growth of monoclinic CuO NPs, with an improved crystallinity of 47.48 %, surpassing the ICDD standard [04-012-7238] of 45.91 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100120
Sharad B. Patil , Ganesh E. Patil , Sarika D. Shinde , Dnyaneshwari Y. Patil , Dnyaneshwar D. Kajale , Fabian I. Ezema
This study investigates the influence of Cu/Sn atomic ratio on the structural, microstructural, electrical, and gas sensing properties of CuO–SnO2 nanocomposite thin films synthesized via air-assisted spray pyrolysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a tetragonal SnO2 phase and monoclinic CuO phase, with dominant diffraction peaks corresponding to (110), (101), (200), and (211) planes of SnO2, along with (110) and (111) planes of CuO. The average crystallite sizes, calculated using the Scherrer formula, were found to be 26 nm, 30 nm, and 38 nm for samples with Cu/Sn atomic ratios of 0.54, 0.63, and 1.41 respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a direct correlation between Cu/Sn ratio and surface morphology. At a lower Cu/Sn ratio of 0.54, the films exhibited a dense structure with small, uniformly distributed grains, enhancing surface area and active sites for gas adsorption. At 0.63, grain growth increased moderately, balancing surface area and electrical conductivity. At the highest Cu/Sn ratio of 1.41, SEM images showed larger faceted grains with increased crystallinity and porosity, improving charge carrier mobility but reducing gas sensitivity due to a decreased active surface area. Elemental analysis (EDAX) confirmed the composition of Cu, Sn, and O in the films, with Cu (at%) increasing from 13.26 % to 16.69 % as the Cu/Sn ratio increased. Electrical conductivity measurements confirmed the semiconducting behavior of the films, with conductivity increasing with temperature. Gas sensing studies demonstrated that the Cu/Sn 50:50 composition exhibited the highest sensitivity to H2S gas at 350°C, with a maximum response of 4590 at 50 ppm concentration. Response and recovery times were recorded as ∼60 s and ∼110 s, respectively. The enhanced gas sensing performance is attributed to optimized heterojunction formation between p-type CuO and n-type SnO2, leading to improved charge carrier separation and sensor response. These findings underscore the crucial role of Cu/Sn ratio in tailoring film morphology and optimizing gas sensing performance. The study provides a foundation for developing high-performance metal oxide-based gas sensors with improved selectivity and response characteristics.
{"title":"Highly sensitive and selective sensing of H2S gas based on CuO–SnO2 nanocomposite","authors":"Sharad B. Patil , Ganesh E. Patil , Sarika D. Shinde , Dnyaneshwari Y. Patil , Dnyaneshwar D. Kajale , Fabian I. Ezema","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the influence of Cu/Sn atomic ratio on the structural, microstructural, electrical, and gas sensing properties of CuO–SnO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite thin films synthesized via air-assisted spray pyrolysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a tetragonal SnO<sub>2</sub> phase and monoclinic CuO phase, with dominant diffraction peaks corresponding to (110), (101), (200), and (211) planes of SnO<sub>2</sub>, along with (110) and (111) planes of CuO. The average crystallite sizes, calculated using the Scherrer formula, were found to be 26 nm, 30 nm, and 38 nm for samples with Cu/Sn atomic ratios of 0.54, 0.63, and 1.41 respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a direct correlation between Cu/Sn ratio and surface morphology. At a lower Cu/Sn ratio of 0.54, the films exhibited a dense structure with small, uniformly distributed grains, enhancing surface area and active sites for gas adsorption. At 0.63, grain growth increased moderately, balancing surface area and electrical conductivity. At the highest Cu/Sn ratio of 1.41, SEM images showed larger faceted grains with increased crystallinity and porosity, improving charge carrier mobility but reducing gas sensitivity due to a decreased active surface area. Elemental analysis (EDAX) confirmed the composition of Cu, Sn, and O in the films, with Cu (at%) increasing from 13.26 % to 16.69 % as the Cu/Sn ratio increased. Electrical conductivity measurements confirmed the semiconducting behavior of the films, with conductivity increasing with temperature. Gas sensing studies demonstrated that the Cu/Sn 50:50 composition exhibited the highest sensitivity to H<sub>2</sub>S gas at 350°C, with a maximum response of 4590 at 50 ppm concentration. Response and recovery times were recorded as ∼60 s and ∼110 s, respectively. The enhanced gas sensing performance is attributed to optimized heterojunction formation between p-type CuO and n-type SnO<sub>2</sub>, leading to improved charge carrier separation and sensor response. These findings underscore the crucial role of Cu/Sn ratio in tailoring film morphology and optimizing gas sensing performance. The study provides a foundation for developing high-performance metal oxide-based gas sensors with improved selectivity and response characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100117
Dadaso D. Mohite , Sachin S. Chavan , Prasad E. Lokhande , P.B. Karandikar , P.V. Londhe , Udayabhaskar Rednam , Waqqas Ahsan , Vaishnavi B. Mohite
The performance of supercapacitors strongly depends on the structural and morphological characteristics of electrode materials. In this study, manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles were synthesized through optimized ball milling, and their electrochemical behavior was systematically evaluated. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was employed to optimize four key milling parameters - jar shape, ball size, milling speed, and milling time - using mass density as the primary response. Structural analysis (XRD, FTIR) confirmed the formation of crystalline tetragonal MnO2 with high phase purity, while SEM and EDS revealed nanoscale morphology and elemental uniformity. Among the parameters, ball size emerged as the most influential factor, followed by jar geometry, with the pentagonal jar enhancing particle refinement and compaction. These improvements translated into superior electrochemical performance, with the optimized MnO2 electrode delivering a specific capacitance of 276.53 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1 and retaining 80.52 % capacitance after 5000 cycles. The electrode exhibited a combination of EDLC-like and pseudocapacitive behavior, with Mn4+/Mn3+ redox features confirming its charge storage mechanism. This study demonstrates that rational design of milling parameters, particularly jar geometry, can effectively tailor MnO2 morphology and significantly enhance its supercapacitor performance.
超级电容器的性能在很大程度上取决于电极材料的结构和形态特征。本研究通过优化球磨法制备了二氧化锰纳米颗粒，并对其电化学性能进行了系统评价。以质量密度为主要响应参数，采用田口L9正交试验优化了球缸形状、球尺寸、铣削速度和铣削时间4个关键铣削参数。结构分析（XRD， FTIR）证实形成了具有高相纯度的方形MnO2晶体，SEM和EDS显示了纳米级形貌和元素均匀性。在各参数中，球的大小是影响最大的因素，其次是振子的几何形状，五角形的振子有利于颗粒的细化和压实。这些改进转化为优异的电化学性能，优化后的MnO2电极在10 mV s−1下的比电容为276.53 F g−1，在5000次循环后保持80.52%的电容。该电极表现出类似edlc和假电容的行为，Mn4+/Mn3+氧化还原特性证实了其电荷存储机制。该研究表明，合理设计铣削参数，特别是罐的几何形状，可以有效地定制MnO2的形态，并显着提高其超级电容器性能。
{"title":"Effect of ball milling jar geometry on MnO2 nanoparticle morphology and supercapacitor performance","authors":"Dadaso D. Mohite , Sachin S. Chavan , Prasad E. Lokhande , P.B. Karandikar , P.V. Londhe , Udayabhaskar Rednam , Waqqas Ahsan , Vaishnavi B. Mohite","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of supercapacitors strongly depends on the structural and morphological characteristics of electrode materials. In this study, manganese dioxide (MnO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles were synthesized through optimized ball milling, and their electrochemical behavior was systematically evaluated. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was employed to optimize four key milling parameters - jar shape, ball size, milling speed, and milling time - using mass density as the primary response. Structural analysis (XRD, FTIR) confirmed the formation of crystalline tetragonal MnO<sub>2</sub> with high phase purity, while SEM and EDS revealed nanoscale morphology and elemental uniformity. Among the parameters, ball size emerged as the most influential factor, followed by jar geometry, with the pentagonal jar enhancing particle refinement and compaction. These improvements translated into superior electrochemical performance, with the optimized MnO<sub>2</sub> electrode delivering a specific capacitance of 276.53 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 10 mV s<sup>−1</sup> and retaining 80.52 % capacitance after 5000 cycles. The electrode exhibited a combination of EDLC-like and pseudocapacitive behavior, with Mn<sup>4+</sup>/Mn<sup>3+</sup> redox features confirming its charge storage mechanism. This study demonstrates that rational design of milling parameters, particularly jar geometry, can effectively tailor MnO<sub>2</sub> morphology and significantly enhance its supercapacitor performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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