首页 > 最新文献

Chemosphere - Global Change Science最新文献

英文 中文
Non-methane hydrocarbon variability during the FIELDVOC'94 campaign in Portugal 葡萄牙FIELDVOC'94活动期间的非甲烷烃变化
Pub Date : 2001-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00009-5
B. Bonsang , M. Kanakidou

C2–C6 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), including isoprene, were measured in a forested area of Portugal from June 20 to July 12, 1994 as part of the FIELDVOC'94 project. The day-to-day variability of the measured NMHC was clearly linked to the air mass origin. The longest-lived ethane did not show any significant diurnal variation. The diurnal variability of the C3–C5 alkanes and of acetylene presented low amplitude attributed to the changeable wind direction between northwest and southeast. The short-lived alkenes showed a well-defined diurnal variation with maximum mixing ratios during night-time and minimum during daytime resulting from both dynamical and photochemical sinks. Isoprene presented a very different trend with minima of 0.1 ppbv at night and maxima up to 12 ppbv occurring between 16:00 and 18:00 (UT). In continental air masses, the contribution of isoprene to the daytime ozone production was 3- to 6-fold greater than that of the other NMHC. In air masses of marine origin, the effect of isoprene on ozone and hydroxyl radicals was significantly reduced relative to the anthropogenic NMHC, which were dominating at night. In all cases, isoprene was a more efficient consumer of nitrate radicals than these NMHC. The observed decrease of isoprene at night was consistent with the measured nitrate radical mixing ratios of a few pptv.

作为FIELDVOC'94项目的一部分,于1994年6月20日至7月12日在葡萄牙的一个森林地区测量了C2-C6非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHC),包括异戊二烯。测量到的NMHC的每日变化明显与气团起源有关。寿命最长的乙烷没有表现出任何显著的日变化。C3-C5烷烃和乙炔的日变化幅度较小,主要受西北-东南风向变化的影响。由于动力和光化学汇的作用,短寿命烯烃表现出明显的日变化,夜间混合比最大,白天混合比最小。异戊二烯表现出截然不同的趋势,夜间最小值为0.1 ppbv,最大值在16:00 - 18:00 (UT)之间达到12 ppbv。在大陆气团中,异戊二烯对白天臭氧产生的贡献是其他NMHC的3- 6倍。在海洋气团中,相对于人为的NMHC,异戊二烯对臭氧和羟基自由基的影响显著降低,这在夜间占主导地位。在所有情况下,异戊二烯比这些NMHC更有效地消耗硝酸盐自由基。夜间观察到异戊二烯的减少与测量到的硝酸根混合比数pptv相一致。
{"title":"Non-methane hydrocarbon variability during the FIELDVOC'94 campaign in Portugal","authors":"B. Bonsang ,&nbsp;M. Kanakidou","doi":"10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00009-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00009-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>6</sub> non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), including isoprene, were measured in a forested area of Portugal from June 20 to July 12, 1994 as part of the FIELDVOC'94 project. The day-to-day variability of the measured NMHC was clearly linked to the air mass origin. The longest-lived ethane did not show any significant diurnal variation. The diurnal variability of the C<sub>3</sub>–C<sub>5</sub> alkanes and of acetylene presented low amplitude attributed to the changeable wind direction between northwest and southeast. The short-lived alkenes showed a well-defined diurnal variation with maximum mixing ratios during night-time and minimum during daytime resulting from both dynamical and photochemical sinks. Isoprene presented a very different trend with minima of 0.1 ppbv at night and maxima up to 12 ppbv occurring between 16:00 and 18:00 (UT). In continental air masses, the contribution of isoprene to the daytime ozone production was 3- to 6-fold greater than that of the other NMHC. In air masses of marine origin, the effect of isoprene on ozone and hydroxyl radicals was significantly reduced relative to the anthropogenic NMHC, which were dominating at night. In all cases, isoprene was a more efficient consumer of nitrate radicals than these NMHC. The observed decrease of isoprene at night was consistent with the measured nitrate radical mixing ratios of a few pptv.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100235,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere - Global Change Science","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 259-273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00009-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89232658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Measurements of nitrogen oxides, ozone, and carbon monoxide during the FIELDVOC'94 campaign in Tábua 在Tábua的田野voc '94运动期间测量氮氧化物,臭氧和一氧化碳
Pub Date : 2001-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00005-8
H. Harder , W. Pätz , A. Volz-Thomas , H. Fischer , T. Zenker

Measurements of NO,NOx,NOy,CO,O3,JNO2 (the photolysis frequency of NO2) and of meteorological parameters made during the FIELDVOC'94 campaign in Tábua, Portugal, are described. The situation at the site was dominated by a land–sea breeze system coupled with thermal up-slope on the mountain ridge, which caused northwesterly flow from the coastal area during daytime and southeasterly flow at night. O3 up to 100 ppbv was observed in photochemically aged air masses that reached the site in the afternoon from the coastal areas. At night, O3 mixing ratios at the surface dropped below 10 ppbv. NOx mixing ratios varied between 200 pptv during daytime and 3 ppbv at night with peaks up to 6 ppbv. NOy (the sum of NOx and its oxidation products) varied between 1 and 6 ppbv and CO between 100 and 280 ppbv. Simultaneous measurements of NO2 by photolytic conversion/NO-chemiluminescence and by tunable diode laser spectroscopy showed a tight correlation, in particular at night. Taking the identified difference in calibration between the two methods (8%) into account, the disagreement in the atmosphere, was ⩽2%, on average. Photochemical ozone formation in air transported from the coast was identified by a positive correlation between O3 and the oxidation products of NOx referenced as NOz. The slope of 16 represents an upper limit to the efficiency of NOx in catalyzing ozone formation in air. The relatively high ozone formation efficiency is supported by the large O3/CO ratio of about 0.4. The correlation between CO and NOy indicates an upper limit for the CO/NOx emission ratio of 28.

本文描述了在葡萄牙Tábua进行的FIELDVOC'94活动期间对NO、NOx、NOy、CO、O3、JNO2 (NO2的光解频率)和气象参数的测量。场地的情况主要是陆海风系统,加上山脊上的热坡,导致白天从沿海地区向西北方向流动,晚上向东南方向流动。在下午从沿海地区到达现场的光化学老化气团中观测到高达100 ppbv的臭氧。夜间,地表O3混合比降至10 ppbv以下。NOx混合比率在白天的200 pptv和夜间的3 ppbv之间变化,峰值可达6 ppbv。NOy (NOx及其氧化产物的总和)在1至6 ppbv之间变化,CO在100至280 ppbv之间变化。通过光解转换/ no化学发光和可调谐二极管激光光谱同时测量NO2显示出紧密的相关性,特别是在夜间。考虑到两种方法之间确定的校准差异(8%),大气中的差异平均为2%。通过O3与NOx的氧化产物(NOz)之间的正相关关系,确定了从海岸输送的空气中光化学臭氧的形成。16的斜率表示NOx催化空气中臭氧形成效率的上限。相对较高的臭氧形成效率是由较大的O3/CO比(约0.4)所支持的。CO和NOy的相关性表明CO/NOx排放比的上限为28。
{"title":"Measurements of nitrogen oxides, ozone, and carbon monoxide during the FIELDVOC'94 campaign in Tábua","authors":"H. Harder ,&nbsp;W. Pätz ,&nbsp;A. Volz-Thomas ,&nbsp;H. Fischer ,&nbsp;T. Zenker","doi":"10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00005-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00005-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Measurements of NO,NO<sub><em>x</em></sub>,NO<sub><em>y</em></sub>,CO,O<sub>3</sub>,<em>J</em><sub>NO<sub>2</sub></sub> (the photolysis frequency of NO<sub>2</sub>) and of meteorological parameters made during the FIELDVOC'94 campaign in Tábua, Portugal, are described. The situation at the site was dominated by a land–sea breeze system coupled with thermal up-slope on the mountain ridge, which caused northwesterly flow from the coastal area during daytime and southeasterly flow at night. O<sub>3</sub> up to 100 ppbv was observed in photochemically aged air masses that reached the site in the afternoon from the coastal areas. At night, O<sub>3</sub> mixing ratios at the surface dropped below 10 ppbv. NO<sub><em>x</em></sub> mixing ratios varied between 200 pptv during daytime and 3 ppbv at night with peaks up to 6 ppbv. NO<sub><em>y</em></sub> (the sum of NO<sub><em>x</em></sub> and its oxidation products) varied between 1 and 6 ppbv and CO between 100 and 280 ppbv. Simultaneous measurements of NO<sub>2</sub> by photolytic conversion/NO-chemiluminescence and by tunable diode laser spectroscopy showed a tight correlation, in particular at night. Taking the identified difference in calibration between the two methods (8%) into account, the disagreement in the atmosphere, was ⩽2%, on average. Photochemical ozone formation in air transported from the coast was identified by a positive correlation between O<sub>3</sub> and the oxidation products of NO<sub><em>x</em></sub> referenced as NO<sub><em>z</em></sub>. The slope of 16 represents an upper limit to the efficiency of NO<sub><em>x</em></sub> in catalyzing ozone formation in air. The relatively high ozone formation efficiency is supported by the large O<sub>3</sub>/CO ratio of about 0.4. The correlation between CO and NO<sub><em>y</em></sub> indicates an upper limit for the CO/NO<sub><em>x</em></sub> emission ratio of 28.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100235,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere - Global Change Science","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 227-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00005-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80041325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
The influence of the tropical rainforest on atmospheric CO and CO2 as measured by aircraft over Surinam, South America 南美洲苏里南上空飞机测量的热带雨林对大气CO和CO2的影响
Pub Date : 2001-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00047-7
J Williams , H Fischer , P Hoor , U Pöschl , P.J Crutzen , M.O Andreae , J Lelieveld

Gradients of CO and CO2, taken between 12:00 and 15:00 local time, from the boundary layer over the tropical rainforest in Surinam were determined as 29 pmol/mol km−1 and −8.9 nmol/mol km−1, respectively, with a distance of south from the coast. For one CO2 molecule fixed in tropical forests 0.33% CO was produced. From an extrapolation of the CO gradient to the global scale we deduce that approximately 19% of C emitted as isoprene from tropical forests is converted to C in CO. From an extrapolation of the CO2 gradient we estimate that approximately 1.2% of the global atmospheric CO2 is converted each year into tropical seasonal and rainforests.

CO production from isoprene was calculated using an explicit gas-phase photochemical model but was found to be insufficient to account for the gradients measured. Diurnal variation in CO was controlled by a complex interplay between advection, chemical formation from natural NMHCs, direct soil emissions, removal by HO, and possible night-time uptake by soil. Diurnal variations of CO2 in the boundary layer were controlled by vegetation.

Over the 12.5 km altitude range of the aircraft, a high degree of variability was observed in CO, CO2 and northerly wind components. Two biomass burning events were identified and the ratio of delta CO and delta CO2 was determined in each case with a two-sided linear regression. A ratio of 12.1% was found in plumes from smouldering cooking or clearing fires at low-altitude. A ratio of 5.9% was found for a plume encountered between 10–12 km. The lower ratio of delta CO and delta CO2 indicates hotter, more complete, flame burning than the cooking or clearing fires. Emissions from savanna fires in the Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela regions coupled with deep convection and long-range advection are proposed to explain the observations.

在苏里南热带雨林上空的边界层上,当地时间12:00 - 15:00的CO和CO2梯度分别为29 pmol/mol km - 1和- 8.9 nmol/mol km - 1,距离海岸以南。固定在热带森林中的每一个CO2分子产生0.33%的CO。根据对全球尺度CO梯度的外推,我们推断出热带森林以异戊二烯形式排放的C中约有19%转化为CO中的C。根据对CO2梯度的外推,我们估计每年约有1.2%的全球大气CO2转化为热带季节性森林和雨林。使用明确的气相光化学模型计算异戊二烯的CO产量,但发现不足以解释测量的梯度。CO的日变化受平流、天然NMHCs的化学形成、土壤直接排放、HO的去除以及土壤夜间可能的吸收等因素的复杂相互作用控制。边界层CO2的日变化受植被控制。在飞机12.5公里高度范围内,观测到CO、CO2和北风分量的高度变化。确定了两个生物质燃烧事件,并通过双边线性回归确定了每种情况下δ CO和δ CO2的比例。在低海拔地区闷烧烹饪或清理火堆产生的烟雾中发现的比例为12.1%。在10-12公里之间遇到的羽流的比例为5.9%。较低的CO和CO2比值表明,与烹饪或清理火焰相比,火焰燃烧更热、更彻底。巴西、哥伦比亚和委内瑞拉地区热带稀树草原火灾的排放加上深对流和远距离平流被认为可以解释这些观测结果。
{"title":"The influence of the tropical rainforest on atmospheric CO and CO2 as measured by aircraft over Surinam, South America","authors":"J Williams ,&nbsp;H Fischer ,&nbsp;P Hoor ,&nbsp;U Pöschl ,&nbsp;P.J Crutzen ,&nbsp;M.O Andreae ,&nbsp;J Lelieveld","doi":"10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00047-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00047-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gradients of CO and CO<sub>2</sub>, taken between 12:00 and 15:00 local time, from the boundary layer over the tropical rainforest in Surinam were determined as 29 pmol/mol km<sup>−1</sup> and −8.9 nmol/mol km<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, with a distance of south from the coast. For one CO<sub>2</sub> molecule fixed in tropical forests 0.33% CO was produced. From an extrapolation of the CO gradient to the global scale we deduce that approximately 19% of C emitted as isoprene from tropical forests is converted to C in CO. From an extrapolation of the CO<sub>2</sub> gradient we estimate that approximately 1.2% of the global atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> is converted each year into tropical seasonal and rainforests.</p><p>CO production from isoprene was calculated using an explicit gas-phase photochemical model but was found to be insufficient to account for the gradients measured. Diurnal variation in CO was controlled by a complex interplay between advection, chemical formation from natural NMHCs, direct soil emissions, removal by HO, and possible night-time uptake by soil. Diurnal variations of CO<sub>2</sub> in the boundary layer were controlled by vegetation.</p><p>Over the 12.5 km altitude range of the aircraft, a high degree of variability was observed in CO, CO<sub>2</sub> and northerly wind components. Two biomass burning events were identified and the ratio of delta CO and delta CO<sub>2</sub> was determined in each case with a two-sided linear regression. A ratio of 12.1% was found in plumes from smouldering cooking or clearing fires at low-altitude. A ratio of 5.9% was found for a plume encountered between 10–12 km. The lower ratio of delta CO and delta CO<sub>2</sub> indicates hotter, more complete, flame burning than the cooking or clearing fires. Emissions from savanna fires in the Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela regions coupled with deep convection and long-range advection are proposed to explain the observations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100235,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere - Global Change Science","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 157-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00047-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87494149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 24
Effects of super-light-duty gasoline and LPG-fueled cars on 16 ambient hydrocarbons at roadsides in Japan 日本超轻型汽油和液化石油气燃料汽车对路边16种环境碳氢化合物的影响
Pub Date : 2001-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00051-9
Masanobu Tanaka , Munehiro Warashina , Yasuyuki Itano , Yuji Tsujimoto , Shinji Wakamatsu

In Japan, five types of vehicles, light-duty gasoline [(LDG); 550 cc < engine displacement (ED)], super-light-duty gasoline [(SLD); ED < 550 cc], liquid petroleum-fueled [(LPG); 550 cc < ED < 3000 cc], light-duty diesel [(LDD); 550 cc < ED < 5000 cc] and heavy-duty diesel [(HDD); 5000 cc < ED] cars have been used widely to give the complex influences on the hydrocarbon components at roadsides and in city areas, which have not been explained sufficiently. In this study, we investigated the ambient 16 hydrocarbon components at two roadsides in commercial and industrial areas of Osaka City along with the traffic densities of five types of vehicles to propose the significant effects of emissions from SLD and LPG cars besides that of LDG car through a comparison of the ambient [ethylene]/[acetylene] and [i-, n-pentanes]/[i-, n-butanes] ratios with those of the source profiles published in Japan.

在日本,五种类型的车辆,轻型汽油[(LDG);550 cc <发动机排量[ED]、超轻型汽油[SLD];ED & lt;550cc],液态石油燃料[(LPG)];550 cc <ED & lt;3000cc],轻型柴油[(LDD);550 cc <ED & lt;5000cc]和重型柴油[(HDD);5000毫升<汽车的广泛使用对路边和城市地区的碳氢化合物成分产生了复杂的影响,而这些影响尚未得到充分的解释。在本研究中,我们调查了大阪市商业区和工业区两个路边的16种碳氢化合物成分以及五种类型车辆的交通密度,通过将环境[乙烯]/[乙炔]和[i-,正戊烷]/[i-,正丁烷]比例与日本公布的来源概况进行比较,提出了除LDG汽车外,SLD和LPG汽车排放的显著影响。
{"title":"Effects of super-light-duty gasoline and LPG-fueled cars on 16 ambient hydrocarbons at roadsides in Japan","authors":"Masanobu Tanaka ,&nbsp;Munehiro Warashina ,&nbsp;Yasuyuki Itano ,&nbsp;Yuji Tsujimoto ,&nbsp;Shinji Wakamatsu","doi":"10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00051-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00051-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In Japan, five types of vehicles, light-duty gasoline [(LDG); 550 cc<!--> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->engine displacement (ED)], super-light-duty gasoline [(SLD); ED<!--> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->550 cc], liquid petroleum-fueled [(LPG); 550 cc<!--> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->ED<!--> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->3000 cc], light-duty diesel [(LDD); 550 cc<!--> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->ED<!--> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->5000 cc] and heavy-duty diesel [(HDD); 5000 cc<!--> <!-->&lt;<!--> <span>ED] cars have been used widely to give the complex influences on the hydrocarbon components at roadsides and in city areas, which have not been explained sufficiently. In this study, we investigated the ambient 16 hydrocarbon components at two roadsides in commercial and industrial areas of Osaka City along with the traffic densities of five types of vehicles to propose the significant effects of emissions from SLD and LPG cars besides that of LDG car through a comparison of the ambient [ethylene]/[acetylene] and [</span><em>i</em>-, <em>n</em>-pentanes]/[<em>i</em>-, <em>n</em>-butanes] ratios with those of the source profiles published in Japan.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100235,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere - Global Change Science","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 199-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00051-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75824537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
The sensitivity of tropospheric methane to the interannual variability in stratospheric ozone 对流层甲烷对平流层臭氧年际变率的敏感性
Pub Date : 2001-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00053-2
Charles D. Camp , Mark S. Roulston , Albert F.C. Haldemann , Yuk L. Yung

The dominant processes affecting the concentration of tropospheric methane on interannual timescales are the biospheric and anthropogenic sources and changes in the abundance of the hydroxyl radical caused by the changes in the UV flux which result from changes in stratospheric ozone abundance. We have carried out an empirical study of the sensitivity of the methane to fluctuations in ozone column abundance. This analysis was carried out using monthly mean surface methane concentrations measured by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA-CMDL) Global Cooperative Air Sampling Network from 1983 to 1998 and ozone column abundances obtained by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and the EP TOMS instruments over the same time period. We focused on interannual variability with periods between 15 and 60 months, in which interval the dominant ozone fluctuation is the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), with a period of approximately 29 months. In order to isolate the response of methane to ozone from the effects of variability in the sources and transport of methane, we restricted our analysis to data at mid-latitudes in the southern hemisphere. A statistical study shows that the sensitivity factor α≡−d(ln[CH4])/d(ln[O3])=−0.038±0.009. The response of CH4 lags approximately 6 months behind the forcing by O3. A simple model was used to interpret the empirical results. Our results confirm that any mechanism that affects stratospheric ozone impacts the oxidizing potential of the troposphere. CH4 fluctuations provide a quantitative measure of this important effect linking the upper and the lower atmosphere.

在年际时间尺度上,影响对流层甲烷浓度的主要过程是生物圈和人为源,以及平流层臭氧丰度变化引起的紫外线通量变化引起的羟基自由基丰度变化。我们对甲烷对臭氧柱丰度波动的敏感性进行了实证研究。这项分析是利用1983 - 1998年美国国家海洋和大气管理局-气候监测和诊断实验室(NOAA-CMDL)全球合作空气采样网络测量的月平均地表甲烷浓度,以及同期臭氧测绘光谱仪(TOMS)和EP TOMS仪器获得的臭氧柱丰度进行的。我们关注的年际变化周期在15 ~ 60个月之间,其中臭氧波动的主要周期为准两年振荡(QBO),周期约为29个月。为了将甲烷对臭氧的响应与甲烷来源和输送变率的影响分离开来,我们将分析限制在南半球中纬度地区的数据上。统计研究表明,灵敏度因子α≡−d(ln[CH4])/d(ln[O3])=−0.038±0.009。CH4的响应比O3的强迫滞后约6个月。用一个简单的模型来解释实证结果。我们的结果证实,任何影响平流层臭氧的机制都会影响对流层的氧化势。CH4波动提供了这种连接上层和下层大气的重要效应的定量测量。
{"title":"The sensitivity of tropospheric methane to the interannual variability in stratospheric ozone","authors":"Charles D. Camp ,&nbsp;Mark S. Roulston ,&nbsp;Albert F.C. Haldemann ,&nbsp;Yuk L. Yung","doi":"10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00053-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00053-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The dominant processes affecting the concentration of tropospheric methane on interannual timescales are the biospheric and anthropogenic sources and changes in the abundance of the hydroxyl radical caused by the changes in the UV flux which result from changes in stratospheric ozone abundance. We have carried out an empirical study of the sensitivity of the methane to fluctuations in ozone column abundance. This analysis was carried out using monthly mean surface methane concentrations measured by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA-CMDL) Global Cooperative Air Sampling Network from 1983 to 1998 and ozone column abundances obtained by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and the EP TOMS instruments over the same time period. We focused on interannual variability with periods between 15 and 60 months, in which interval the dominant ozone fluctuation is the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), with a period of approximately 29 months. In order to isolate the response of methane to ozone from the effects of variability in the sources and transport of methane, we restricted our analysis to data at mid-latitudes in the southern hemisphere. A statistical study shows that the sensitivity factor <em>α</em>≡−<em>d</em>(ln[CH<sub>4</sub>])/<em>d</em>(ln[O<sub>3</sub>])=−0.038±0.009. The response of CH<sub>4</sub> lags approximately 6 months behind the forcing by O<sub>3</sub>. A simple model was used to interpret the empirical results. Our results confirm that any mechanism that affects stratospheric ozone impacts the oxidizing potential of the troposphere. CH<sub>4</sub> fluctuations provide a quantitative measure of this important effect linking the upper and the lower atmosphere.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100235,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere - Global Change Science","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 147-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00053-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85958026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Above-ground vertical concentration profiles of nitrous oxide within coniferous–deciduous mixed forests 针叶林-落叶混交林中一氧化二氮的地上垂直浓度分布
Pub Date : 2001-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00049-0
Hui Xu, Bin Huang, Xiujun Zhang, Shijie Han, Guohong Huang, Guanxiong Chen
{"title":"Above-ground vertical concentration profiles of nitrous oxide within coniferous–deciduous mixed forests","authors":"Hui Xu,&nbsp;Bin Huang,&nbsp;Xiujun Zhang,&nbsp;Shijie Han,&nbsp;Guohong Huang,&nbsp;Guanxiong Chen","doi":"10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00049-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00049-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100235,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere - Global Change Science","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 145-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00049-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80643213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Peculiarities of volatile hydrocarbon emissions from several types of vehicles in Japan 日本几种类型车辆挥发性碳氢化合物排放的特殊性
Pub Date : 2001-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00052-0
Masanobu Tanaka , Yuji Tsujimoto , Takeji Miyazaki , Munehiro Warashina , Shinji Wakamatsu

Vehicle exhaust has been a very important hydrocarbon source in a big city. In Japan, five types of vehicles, light-duty gasoline (LDG), super-light-duty gasoline (SLD), liquid petroleum gas-fueled (LPG), light-duty diesel (LDD) and heavy-duty diesel (HDD) cars have been used widely for a long time. These vehicles have different fuels and exhaust gas treatment systems, which have not changed so largely since the late 1980s. The hydrocarbons [total hydrocarbon (THC), methane and 16 speciated volatile hydrocarbon components] emitted from 12 cars (one LDG, two SLD, two LPG, three LDD and four HDD) were investigated. As a result, the remarkable peculiarities of hydrocarbon emissions from the five types of vehicles were observed. Especially, the emissions from SLD and LPG cars have the peculiarities of high concentrations of total hydrocarbon (THC) and C2 (ethylene and acetylene), C3 (propane or propylene) or C4 (i-, n-butanes) hydrocarbons in 16 components, which may be proposed to give a significant effect on 16 component hydrocarbons of the ambient air in big cities of Japan in addition to those from LDG and diesel (LDD and HDD) cars.

汽车尾气已成为大城市重要的碳氢化合物来源。在日本,轻型汽油(LDG)、超轻型汽油(SLD)、液化石油气(LPG)、轻型柴油(LDD)和重型柴油(HDD)汽车这五种汽车长期以来被广泛使用。这些车辆有不同的燃料和废气处理系统,自20世纪80年代末以来没有太大的变化。研究了12辆汽车(1辆LDG、2辆SLD、2辆LPG、3辆LDD和4辆HDD)排放的碳氢化合物[总烃(THC)、甲烷和16种特定挥发性烃组分]。结果,观察到五种类型车辆的碳氢化合物排放的显着特性。特别是,SLD和LPG汽车的排放具有16种组分中总碳氢化合物(THC)和C2(乙烯和乙炔)、C3(丙烷或丙烯)或C4 (i-、正丁烷)碳氢化合物浓度较高的特点,这可能会对日本大城市环境空气中的16种组分碳氢化合物产生重大影响,而不是LDG和柴油(LDD和HDD)汽车。
{"title":"Peculiarities of volatile hydrocarbon emissions from several types of vehicles in Japan","authors":"Masanobu Tanaka ,&nbsp;Yuji Tsujimoto ,&nbsp;Takeji Miyazaki ,&nbsp;Munehiro Warashina ,&nbsp;Shinji Wakamatsu","doi":"10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00052-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00052-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Vehicle exhaust has been a very important hydrocarbon source in a big city. In Japan, five types of vehicles, light-duty gasoline (LDG), super-light-duty gasoline (SLD), liquid petroleum gas-fueled (LPG), light-duty diesel (LDD) and heavy-duty diesel (HDD) cars have been used widely for a long time. These vehicles have different fuels and exhaust gas treatment systems, which have not changed so largely since the late 1980s. The hydrocarbons [total hydrocarbon (THC), methane and 16 speciated volatile hydrocarbon components] emitted from 12 cars (one LDG, two SLD, two LPG, three LDD and four HDD) were investigated. As a result, the remarkable peculiarities of hydrocarbon emissions from the five types of vehicles were observed. Especially, the emissions from SLD and LPG cars have the peculiarities of high concentrations of total hydrocarbon (THC) and C<sub>2</sub> (ethylene and acetylene), C<sub>3</sub> (propane or propylene) or C<sub>4</sub> (<em>i</em>-, <em>n</em>-butanes) hydrocarbons in 16 components, which may be proposed to give a significant effect on 16 component hydrocarbons of the ambient air in big cities of Japan in addition to those from LDG and diesel (LDD and HDD) cars.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100235,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere - Global Change Science","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 185-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00052-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73802189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
Influences of initial conditions and boundary conditions on regional and urban scale Eulerian air quality transport model simulations 初始条件和边界条件对区域和城市尺度欧拉空气质量输送模式模拟的影响
Pub Date : 2001-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00048-9
Tsun-Hsien Liu , Fu-Tien Jeng , Ho-Chun Huang , Erik Berge , Julius S. Chang

Influences of initial and boundary conditions were quantified by analysis of a simplified governing equation followed with a tracer and O3 simulations using a three-dimensional air quality transport model. The analytical solution derived from the governing equation indicated that the impacts of initial conditions on a given site decrease with simulation time and significantly affect the species concentrations before the arrival of the boundary conditions. Boundary influences, which decrease during the downwind transport, are significant to a selected site when the arrival time of boundary condition is short and the species lifetime is long.

Non-reactive tracers and O3 were then added to SARMAP Air Quality Model (SAQM), a three-dimensional transport model, and the results showed that tracer lifetime and arrival time determine the boundary influences on a given site consistent with the analysis obtained from the governing equation. Moreover, boundary conditions followed initial conditions to affect the calculated ozone concentrations at a given site and the influences are proportional to the magnitude of the prescribed boundary conditions, arrival time, and are more obvious at local nighttime. When the arrival time is 15 h, an average of 64% of initial ozone boundary conditions will contribute to the calculated ozone concentrations. For arrival times of 23, 20, and 7 h, the ratios are 26%, 34%, and 79%, respectively. This study indicated that the derived analytical solution could be used by air quality modelers in estimating the boundary influences as long as the species lifetime are known.

通过分析一个简化的控制方程,然后使用示踪剂和使用三维空气质量运输模型模拟O3,量化了初始条件和边界条件的影响。由控制方程导出的解析解表明,初始条件对给定地点的影响随模拟时间的延长而减小,在边界条件到达之前对物种浓度有显著影响。当边界条件到达时间较短、物种寿命较长时,边界层影响对选定地点的影响显著,在顺风运输过程中边界层影响减小。然后将非反应性示踪剂和O3加入到SARMAP空气质量模型(SAQM)中,该模型是一个三维输运模型,结果表明,示踪剂的寿命和到达时间决定了给定地点的边界影响,这与控制方程的分析结果一致。边界条件对给定地点臭氧浓度的影响紧随初始条件之后,其影响与边界条件的大小和到达时间成正比,且在当地夜间更为明显。当到达时间为15 h时,平均64%的初始臭氧边界条件对计算的臭氧浓度有贡献。到达时间为23、20和7 h时,比例分别为26%、34%和79%。该研究表明,只要物种寿命已知,导出的解析解可以被空气质量建模者用于估计边界影响。
{"title":"Influences of initial conditions and boundary conditions on regional and urban scale Eulerian air quality transport model simulations","authors":"Tsun-Hsien Liu ,&nbsp;Fu-Tien Jeng ,&nbsp;Ho-Chun Huang ,&nbsp;Erik Berge ,&nbsp;Julius S. Chang","doi":"10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00048-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00048-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Influences of initial and boundary conditions were quantified by analysis of a simplified governing equation followed with a tracer and O<sub>3</sub> simulations using a three-dimensional air quality transport model. The analytical solution derived from the governing equation indicated that the impacts of initial conditions on a given site decrease with simulation time and significantly affect the species concentrations before the arrival of the boundary conditions. Boundary influences, which decrease during the downwind transport, are significant to a selected site when the arrival time of boundary condition is short and the species lifetime is long.</p><p>Non-reactive tracers and O<sub>3</sub> were then added to SARMAP Air Quality Model (SAQM), a three-dimensional transport model, and the results showed that tracer lifetime and arrival time determine the boundary influences on a given site consistent with the analysis obtained from the governing equation. Moreover, boundary conditions followed initial conditions to affect the calculated ozone concentrations at a given site and the influences are proportional to the magnitude of the prescribed boundary conditions, arrival time, and are more obvious at local nighttime. When the arrival time is 15 h, an average of 64% of initial ozone boundary conditions will contribute to the calculated ozone concentrations. For arrival times of 23, 20, and 7 h, the ratios are 26%, 34%, and 79%, respectively. This study indicated that the derived analytical solution could be used by air quality modelers in estimating the boundary influences as long as the species lifetime are known.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100235,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere - Global Change Science","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 175-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00048-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79951458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
Long-term trends of carbon monoxide inferred using a two-dimensional model 利用二维模型推断一氧化碳的长期趋势
Pub Date : 2001-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00002-2
Renjian Zhang, Mingxing Wang, Lixin Ren

A global two-dimensional chemistry model is used to study the long-term trends of CH4, CO, and OH from pre-industrial times to 2020 with given emission scenarios according to the increase of world population. The calculated global-averaged concentration of CO is 27 ppbv before 1840, the concentration of CO is 76 ppbv in 1991, and is estimated to be 105 ppbv in 2020. From 1840 to 1991, the concentration of OH changed from 7.17×105 to 5.79×105 molecules/cm3, i.e., decreased by 19%. The long-term trends of CH4 derived from the model are in good agreement with observation results. The annual increase of CH4 during 1983–1991 is 12.1–13.3 ppbv by this model and 11.1–11.6 ppbv by observation. The calculated growth rate of CO in 1980s is 1.03–1.06%/yr i.e., 6.9–7.9 ppbv/yr. The model is used to investigate why the CO concentration decreased at the beginning of 1990s. We find that the decrease of CO emissions and depletion of stratospheric ozone are the best explanation, which account for 70% and 30% of the decrease of CO concentration, respectively. The model results also show that possible reduction of CH4 emission has little influence on the change of CO concentrations though the reduction of CO emission can counteract the growth of CH4 significantly.

利用全球二维化学模型,研究了工业化前至2020年全球CH4、CO和OH在给定排放情景下的长期变化趋势。计算出的1840年前全球平均CO浓度为27ppbv, 1991年CO浓度为76ppbv,预计2020年CO浓度为105ppbv。从1840年到1991年,OH的浓度从7.17×105变为5.79×105分子/cm3,即下降了19%。模型得出的CH4的长期趋势与观测结果吻合较好。1983-1991年,该模式估算的CH4年增幅为12.1 ~ 13.3 ppbv,观测值估算的CH4年增幅为11.1 ~ 11.6 ppbv。1980年代CO的计算增长率为1.03-1.06% /年,即6.9-7.9 ppbv/年。利用该模型研究了20世纪90年代初CO浓度下降的原因。我们发现CO排放的减少和平流层臭氧的消耗是最好的解释,它们分别占CO浓度下降的70%和30%。模型结果还表明,CH4排放的可能减少对CO浓度的变化影响不大,但CO排放的减少可以显著抵消CH4的增长。
{"title":"Long-term trends of carbon monoxide inferred using a two-dimensional model","authors":"Renjian Zhang,&nbsp;Mingxing Wang,&nbsp;Lixin Ren","doi":"10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00002-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00002-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A global two-dimensional chemistry model is used to study the long-term trends of CH<sub>4</sub>, CO, and OH from pre-industrial times to 2020 with given emission scenarios according to the increase of world population. The calculated global-averaged concentration of CO is 27 ppbv before 1840, the concentration of CO is 76 ppbv in 1991, and is estimated to be 105 ppbv in 2020. From 1840 to 1991, the concentration of OH changed from 7.17×10<sup>5</sup> to 5.79×10<sup>5</sup> molecules/cm<sup>3</sup>, i.e., decreased by 19%. The long-term trends of CH<sub>4</sub> derived from the model are in good agreement with observation results. The annual increase of CH<sub>4</sub> during 1983–1991 is 12.1–13.3 ppbv by this model and 11.1–11.6 ppbv by observation. The calculated growth rate of CO in 1980s is 1.03–1.06%/yr i.e., 6.9–7.9 ppbv/yr. The model is used to investigate why the CO concentration decreased at the beginning of 1990s. We find that the decrease of CO emissions and depletion of stratospheric ozone are the best explanation, which account for 70% and 30% of the decrease of CO concentration, respectively. The model results also show that possible reduction of CH<sub>4</sub> emission has little influence on the change of CO concentrations though the reduction of CO emission can counteract the growth of CH<sub>4</sub> significantly.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100235,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere - Global Change Science","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 123-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00002-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87063324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
CH4 emissions from biomass burning of shifting cultivation areas of tropical deciduous forests – experimental results from ground-based measurements 热带落叶林移动耕作区生物质燃烧产生的CH4排放——地面测量的实验结果
Pub Date : 2001-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00003-4
Prabhat K. Gupta , V. Krishna Prasad , C. Sharma , A.K. Sarkar , Yogesh Kant , K.V.S. Badarinath , A.P. Mitra

Context Abstract: Tropical deciduous fires from shifting cultivation process in India are characterized by the highly differential nature of fire behavior due to fragmented burning patterns. Our study from ground-based experiments from biomass burning of tropical deciduous forest fires suggests smoldering combustion as the dominating process during biomass burning which leads to evolution of more incompletely oxidized products such as Methane when compared to other ecosystems such as Savannas. In the study, we report emission ratios and emission factors for methane from biomass burning of tropical deciduous forests. As tropical deciduous forests in India cover more than 50% of overall forests, the emission factors obtained in the present study can be used widely for methane emission estimation from forest biomass burning studies in other parts of India and in modeling studies of Methane from forest biomass burning in India.

Main Abstract: Biomass burning is an important source of trace gas emissions to the atmosphere. Methane emitted from the biomass burning contributes to the atmospheric greenhouse effect and is sufficiently long-lived to enter the stratosphere and take part in the stratospheric ozone cycles. In India, though CH4 emissions from the different sources such as rice paddy fields and domestic animals have been well studied, there are relatively no field-based studies with respect to CH4 emissions from biomass burning. In the present study, we report for the first time, the CH4 emissions from biomass burning of tropical deciduous forests cleared for shifting cultivation purposes. Trace gas emissions from the biomass burning plumes have been collected through grab sampling in canisters as well as from online measurements through instruments. Site characteristics with respect to species composition, amount of biomass burnt and relative amounts of combustion, viz., flaming, mixed and smoldering have been determined. Modified combustion efficiency has been used to differentiate relative amounts of combustion. Emission ratios were calculated with respect to CO2 and emission factors based on the amount of biomass consumed. Results of the study with respect to biomass estimations prior to burning suggested values of 12–14 t ha−1 at the first site and 13.5–15.3 t ha−1 at the second site. The mean modified combustion efficiencies during flaming, mixed and smoldering combustion phases for the first site were found to be 95.7%, 91.1% and 74.4% and 95.31%, 90.63% and 72.89%, respectively, for the second site. The average biomass consumed during the fire ranged from 4.7 t ha−1 (site 1) to 3.4 t ha−1 (site 2), indicating low amount of biomass burnt during the first phase of burning in shifting cultivation areas. Results suggested the CH4 emission ratios of 1.29% at the first site and 1.59% at the second site. The CH

摘要:在印度,由于破碎的燃烧模式,热带落叶火灾的特征是火灾行为的高度差异。我们对热带落叶森林火灾生物质燃烧的地面实验研究表明,与稀树草原等其他生态系统相比,阴燃燃烧是生物质燃烧的主要过程,导致更多不完全氧化产物(如甲烷)的进化。在研究中,我们报告了热带落叶森林生物质燃烧产生的甲烷的排放比和排放因子。由于印度的热带落叶森林覆盖了整个森林的50%以上,本研究获得的排放因子可广泛用于印度其他地区森林生物质燃烧研究的甲烷排放估算以及印度森林生物质燃烧甲烷的建模研究。摘要:生物质燃烧是向大气排放微量气体的重要来源。生物质燃烧释放的甲烷有助于大气温室效应,并且寿命足够长,可以进入平流层并参与平流层臭氧循环。在印度,虽然对稻田和家畜等不同来源的甲烷排放进行了很好的研究,但相对而言,还没有关于生物质燃烧产生的甲烷排放的实地研究。在本研究中,我们首次报道了热带落叶森林转耕后生物质燃烧产生的CH4排放。通过罐中抓取取样以及通过仪器进行在线测量,收集了来自生物质燃烧羽流的微量气体排放。已经确定了有关物种组成、生物质燃烧量和相对燃烧量(即燃烧、混合和阴燃)的场地特征。改进的燃烧效率被用来区分相对的燃烧量。排放比是根据二氧化碳和基于生物质消耗量的排放因子计算的。研究结果表明,燃烧前的生物量估算值在第一个地点为12-14 t ha - 1,在第二个地点为13.5-15.3 t ha - 1。燃烧、混合和阴燃阶段的平均修正燃烧效率分别为95.7%、91.1%和74.4%和95.31%、90.63%和72.89%。火灾期间消耗的平均生物量在4.7 t ha - 1(站点1)至3.4 t ha - 1(站点2)之间,表明在移动耕作区域燃烧的第一阶段燃烧的生物量较少。结果表明,第1点和第2点的CH4排放比分别为1.29%和1.59%。本研究获得的CH4排放比更接近于其他地区热带森林获得的最广为接受的估计值1.2±0.5%。使用研究中获得的排放比并估计生物质燃烧产生的甲烷排放量表明,印度每年从轮作耕作过程中排放近0.99 Tg的甲烷。同时,对CH4的排放比和排放因子进行了详细的比较。
{"title":"CH4 emissions from biomass burning of shifting cultivation areas of tropical deciduous forests – experimental results from ground-based measurements","authors":"Prabhat K. Gupta ,&nbsp;V. Krishna Prasad ,&nbsp;C. Sharma ,&nbsp;A.K. Sarkar ,&nbsp;Yogesh Kant ,&nbsp;K.V.S. Badarinath ,&nbsp;A.P. Mitra","doi":"10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00003-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00003-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Context Abstract</em>: Tropical deciduous fires from shifting cultivation process in India are characterized by the highly differential nature of fire behavior due to fragmented burning patterns. Our study from ground-based experiments from biomass burning of tropical deciduous forest fires suggests smoldering combustion as the dominating process during biomass burning which leads to evolution of more incompletely oxidized products such as Methane when compared to other ecosystems such as Savannas. In the study, we report emission ratios and emission factors for methane from biomass burning of tropical deciduous forests. As tropical deciduous forests in India cover more than 50% of overall forests, the emission factors obtained in the present study can be used widely for methane emission estimation from forest biomass burning studies in other parts of India and in modeling studies of Methane from forest biomass burning in India.</p><p><em>Main Abstract</em>: Biomass burning is an important source of trace gas emissions to the atmosphere. Methane emitted from the biomass burning contributes to the atmospheric greenhouse effect and is sufficiently long-lived to enter the stratosphere and take part in the stratospheric ozone cycles. In India, though CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from the different sources such as rice paddy fields and domestic animals have been well studied, there are relatively no field-based studies with respect to CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from biomass burning. In the present study, we report for the first time, the CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from biomass burning of tropical deciduous forests cleared for shifting cultivation purposes. Trace gas emissions from the biomass burning plumes have been collected through grab sampling in canisters as well as from online measurements through instruments. Site characteristics with respect to species composition, amount of biomass burnt and relative amounts of combustion, viz., flaming, mixed and smoldering have been determined. Modified combustion efficiency has been used to differentiate relative amounts of combustion. Emission ratios were calculated with respect to CO<sub>2</sub> and emission factors based on the amount of biomass consumed. Results of the study with respect to biomass estimations prior to burning suggested values of 12–14 t ha<sup>−1</sup> at the first site and 13.5–15.3 t ha<sup>−1</sup> at the second site. The mean modified combustion efficiencies during flaming, mixed and smoldering combustion phases for the first site were found to be 95.7%, 91.1% and 74.4% and 95.31%, 90.63% and 72.89%, respectively, for the second site. The average biomass consumed during the fire ranged from 4.7 t ha<sup>−1</sup> (site 1) to 3.4 t ha<sup>−1</sup> (site 2), indicating low amount of biomass burnt during the first phase of burning in shifting cultivation areas. Results suggested the CH<sub>4</sub> emission ratios of 1.29% at the first site and 1.59% at the second site. The CH<sub","PeriodicalId":100235,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere - Global Change Science","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 133-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1465-9972(01)00003-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77146481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
期刊
Chemosphere - Global Change Science
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1