Circular Economy最新文献

英文中文

Circular Economy

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

Circular Economy

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

Circular Economy

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

Circular Economy

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

Hybrid kinetic analysis of FR-2 and FR-4 type printed circuit boards: A thermogravimetric analysis FR-2和FR-4型印刷电路板的混合动力学分析：热重分析

Circular Economy

Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cec.2024.100125

Anuj Thukral , Adhithiya Venkatachalapati Thulasiraman , Arun K. Vuppaladadiyam , Savan Kumar Patel , Manoj Kumar Jena , Kalpit Shah , Neha Gupta , Rahul Saha , Anuushka Pal , Parveen Saini

This study investigated the non-isothermal (5, 10, and 20 °C/min) pyrolysis of non-metallic fractions (NMFs) of the FR-2 (phenolic resin reinforced with laminated paper) and FR-4 (epoxy resin reinforced with glass fiber) type waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), under an inert atmosphere of flowing nitrogen gas. Three iso-conversional kinetic models (Friedman, Flyn-Wall–Ozawa (FWO), and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) approaches) were employed to understand the kinetics of the pyrolysis process. Thermogravimetric-differential thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) analysis revealed that FR-4 NMFs displayed a shift in mass loss above 287 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min and reached 95% conversion at 515 °C. In the case of the FR-2 NMFs, two distinct devolatilization zones were observed between 250–330 °C and 330–530 °C. The kinetic investigation revealed mean activation energy values of 264.38 kJ/mol for FR-2 and 221.99 kJ/mol for FR-4. The pyrolysis reaction mechanism for FR-2 NMFs displayed a decreasing trend for conversion (α), which was indicative of the simplified third-order model (F3) until α = 0.5 and shifted to second-order diffusion (D2) in the later part of the conversion. For FR-4 NMFs, the reaction function f(α) is between random nucleation with three nuclei on the individual particle (F3) and random nucleation with one nucleus on the individual particle (F1) over the selected range of conversion. For the FR-2 and FR-4 NMFs, the average ΔH values were 259.30 and 217.00 kJ/mol, and ΔG values were 161.03 and 176.92 kJ/mol, respectively.

研究了FR-2（层压纸增强酚醛树脂）和FR-4（玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂）废印刷电路板（wpcb）非金属组分在流动氮气惰性气氛下的非等温（5、10和20℃/min）热解。采用三种等转换动力学模型（Friedman、flynn - wall - ozawa （FWO）和Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS)）来理解热解过程的动力学。热重-差热重（TG-DTG）分析表明，FR-4 NMFs在升温速率为10°C/min时，在287°C以上的质量损失发生了变化，在515°C时转化率达到95%。在FR-2 NMFs的情况下，在250-330°C和330-530°C之间观察到两个不同的脱挥发区。动力学研究表明FR-2的平均活化能为264.38 kJ/mol， FR-4的平均活化能为221.99 kJ/mol。FR-2 NMFs的热解反应机制表现为转化率（α）呈下降趋势，在α = 0.5之前为简化的三阶模型（F3），在转化率后期转为二阶扩散（D2）。对于FR-4 NMFs，反应函数f（α）在选择的转化范围内介于单个粒子上随机成核（F3）和单个粒子上随机成核（F1）之间。FR-2和FR-4 NMFs的平均ΔH分别为259.30和217.00 kJ/mol， ΔG分别为161.03和176.92 kJ/mol。

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引用次数: 0

Microalgae as potential agents for biochar production: Future of industrial wastewater treatment 微藻作为生物炭生产的潜在媒介：工业废水处理的未来

Circular Economy

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cec.2024.100117

Sayantani Ghosh , Sulagna Das , Avirup Panja , Alexei Solovchenko , Priyanka Jha

Diverse industries like breweries, textiles, paper & pulp, mining, chemical & nuclear, and food processing generate huge amounts of wastewater which can be toxic. This wastewater, rich in both organic compounds and inorganic salts, suspended solids, heavy metal ions and other pollutants should be properly treated before discharging into the environment. Recent studies demonstrated the efficiency of microalgae-based treatment. Microalgae are efficient in this regard since they produce photogenerated oxygen oxidizing the pollutants and toxin degrading enzymes, readily consume organics, and uptake/adsorb other pollutants. The current bottlenecks for microalgal bioremediation are high costs and low energy efficiency. The resulting biomass can be utilized for producing various forms of bioenergy via assorted traditional as well as modern techniques such as hydrothermal carbonization, pyrolysis, and torrefaction. One of the valuable outputs of these processes is biochar which is rich in nutrients and is capable of ion exchange. Therefore, it finds potential application in agriculture e.g., for revamping soil fertility and in wastewater treatment as adsorbent removing organic and inorganic pollutants. Here, we review novel processes designed for microalgae-based wastewater treatment with an emphasis on biochar production and utilization. Special attention is paid to the characterization of the physicochemical properties of biochar to maximize its targeted applications.

酿酒、纺织、造纸和纸浆、采矿、化学和核能以及食品加工等各种行业都会产生大量有毒废水。这些废水富含有机化合物、无机盐、悬浮固体、重金属离子和其他污染物，在排放到环境中之前应进行适当处理。最近的研究表明，基于微藻的处理方法非常有效。微藻在这方面非常有效，因为它们能产生氧化污染物的光生氧和降解毒素的酶，容易消耗有机物，并吸收/吸附其他污染物。目前，微藻生物修复的瓶颈在于成本高和能效低。由此产生的生物质可通过各种传统和现代技术用于生产各种形式的生物能源，如水热碳化、热解和高温分解。生物炭是这些工艺的宝贵产物之一，它富含营养物质，并能进行离子交换。因此，生物炭有可能应用于农业领域，如改善土壤肥力，以及在废水处理中作为吸附剂去除有机和无机污染物。在此，我们回顾了为基于微藻的废水处理而设计的新工艺，重点是生物炭的生产和利用。我们特别关注生物炭的物理化学特性，以最大限度地实现其目标应用。

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引用次数: 0

Status and development trends of phosphogypsum utilization in China 中国磷石膏利用现状及发展趋势

Circular Economy

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cec.2024.100116

Xiong Shi , Ao Zeng , Huabo Duan , Hui Zhang , Jiakuan Yang

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a byproduct generated in large quantities by the phosphate industry, and it serves as a significant source of total phosphorus (TP) pollution along the Yangtze River. Environmentally sound management of PG has, therefore, become a critical challenge. This review outlines the generation processes and environmental risks associated with PG in China. It further examines the technical characteristics of various PG utilization methods and explores the relevant technical standards and policy frameworks. Enhanced utilization of PG in building materials, road construction, soil remediation, and other high-value products is essential. Additionally, the urgent need to promote ecological restoration of PG tailings ponds is emphasized. This study provides a valuable reference for developing effective technological systems for managing PG and preventing TP pollution in China.

磷石膏（PG）是磷酸盐工业产生的大量副产品，是长江沿岸总磷（TP）污染的重要来源。因此，如何对 PG 进行无害环境管理已成为一项严峻的挑战。本综述概述了中国 PG 的产生过程和相关环境风险。它进一步研究了各种 PG 利用方法的技术特点，并探讨了相关的技术标准和政策框架。在建筑材料、道路建设、土壤修复和其他高价值产品中加强利用 PG 至关重要。此外，还强调了促进 PG 尾矿池生态恢复的迫切需要。本研究为中国开发有效的 PG 管理和 TP 污染防治技术系统提供了宝贵的参考。

引用次数: 0

Progress on the adsorption characteristics of nZVI and other iron-modified biochar for phosphate adsorption in water bodies nZVI 和其他铁改性生物炭在水体中吸附磷酸盐的吸附特性研究进展

Circular Economy

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cec.2024.100112

Ruiqing Huang , Xuebin Lu , Wei Li , Jian Xiong , Jueyuan Yang

The issue of water body eutrophication induced by phosphorus is escalating, and there is an urgent need for materials that can control phosphate in water bodies. Biochar is often used as an adsorption material for phosphate removal from water bodies because of its high efficiency, strong stability, and low cost. However, the phosphate adsorption capacity of pristine biochar is limited, and iron and its compounds are often loaded to overcome this limitation and improve the adsorption effect. The current status of the use of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and other iron-modified biochar in the treatment of eutrophic water is summarized. The preparation process of nanoscale zero-valent iron-modified biochar was introduced. The adsorption mechanism of nZVI and other iron-modified biochar in phosphorus removal from water was explained (mainly related to the roles of electrostatic, precipitation, complexation, ion exchange, etc.); the effects of factors such as dosage, pH value, and initial phosphate concentration on the adsorption of phosphate by iron-modified biochar were analyzed; and the possibility of reusing iron-modified biochar after adsorbing phosphate was pointed out. Based on the above research, the problems and future development directions of nZVI and other iron-modified biochars were proposed. This study provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of eutrophication in water bodies and the utilization of solid waste resources.

磷引起的水体富营养化问题日益严重，因此迫切需要能够控制水体中磷酸盐的材料。生物炭因其高效、稳定性强、成本低等优点，常被用作去除水体中磷酸盐的吸附材料。然而，原始生物炭的磷酸盐吸附能力有限，为了克服这一局限性并提高吸附效果，通常会添加铁及其化合物。本文总结了纳米级零价铁（nZVI）和其他铁改性生物炭在富营养化水处理中的应用现状。介绍了纳米级零价铁改性生物炭的制备过程。解释了 nZVI 等铁改性生物炭在水中除磷的吸附机理（主要涉及静电、沉淀、络合、离子交换等作用）；分析了投加量、pH 值、初始磷酸盐浓度等因素对铁改性生物炭吸附磷酸盐的影响；指出了铁改性生物炭吸附磷酸盐后再利用的可能性。在上述研究的基础上，提出了 nZVI 和其他铁改性生物炭存在的问题和未来的发展方向。该研究为水体富营养化治理和固体废弃物资源化利用提供了理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

Using solid waste from the leather tanning industry to produce a mixed calcium/zinc thermal stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride 利用制革业产生的固体废物生产聚氯乙烯钙锌混合热稳定剂

Circular Economy

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.cec.2024.100115

I Dewa Gede Arsa Putrawan, Shifa Mardiani, Vita Wonoputri

The leather tanning industry has historically posed considerable environmental challenges owing to the substantial solid waste it produces. This study examines innovative uses for the solid waste generated by this sector, focusing on the waste from the fleshing process. Our research involved extracting fat from fleshing waste, synthesizing Ca and Zn carboxylates from the extracted fat, and assessing their effectiveness as a combined Ca/Zn thermal stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The synthesized Ca and Zn carboxylates contained 6.4% Ca and 11.4% Zn, respectively, while the total fatty matter was determined to be 86.2% and 88.5%, respectively. Thermal analysis indicated that both carboxylates remained stable up to 200 °C. Tests on dehydrochlorination and roll milling revealed that the mixed Ca/Zn thermal stabilizer effectively improved the thermal stability of PVC resin. It also showed a synergistic effect when combined with pentaerythritol, enhancing its overall efficacy. The synthesized mixed Ca/Zn thermal stabilizer exhibited thermal stabilizing properties and flowability comparable to those of mixed Ca/Zn stearate, a widely used thermal stabilizer for PVC. These results suggest that fleshing fat could serve as a valuable raw material in the production of mixed Ca/Zn-based PVC thermal stabilizers.

由于制革业会产生大量固体废物，因此该行业一直以来都面临着巨大的环境挑战。本研究探讨了该行业产生的固体废弃物的创新用途，重点是制革过程中产生的废弃物。我们的研究包括从制肉废料中提取脂肪，从提取的脂肪中合成钙和锌羧酸盐，并评估它们作为聚氯乙烯（PVC）的钙/锌组合热稳定剂的有效性。合成的钙锌羧酸盐分别含有 6.4% 的钙和 11.4% 的锌，而总脂肪含量分别为 86.2% 和 88.5%。热分析表明，这两种羧酸盐在 200 °C 以下仍保持稳定。脱氢氯化和轧制试验表明，钙锌混合热稳定剂能有效提高聚氯乙烯树脂的热稳定性。当它与季戊四醇结合使用时，还能产生协同效应，增强其整体功效。合成的 Ca/Zn 混合热稳定剂的热稳定性能和流动性与广泛用于聚氯乙烯的硬脂酸 Ca/Zn 混合热稳定剂相当。这些结果表明，肉脂可作为生产钙锌混合型聚氯乙烯热稳定剂的重要原料。

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引用次数: 0

Carbon footprint impact of waste sorting on the municipal household waste treatment system: A community case study of Hangzhou 垃圾分类对城市生活垃圾处理系统的碳足迹影响：杭州社区案例研究

Circular Economy

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cec.2024.100114

Jun Yin , Min Wang , Xiaoqin Yu , Meizhen Wang , Yanfeng Zhang , Ting Chen , Jianguo Liu

Considering the pressing need to reduce carbon emissions, the environmental impacts of waste sorting and its influencing factors remain unverified across many practical scenarios. This study focused on separating perishable and residual waste in a community in Hangzhou, China, examining how waste sorting behavior affects the carbon footprint of subsequent waste treatment systems through a randomized tracking survey and life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The results indicated that the sorted waste treatment system could achieve net carbon emissions ranging from −139.92 to −254.03 kg CO₂ eq per day by integrating the anaerobic digestion of sorted perishable waste with the incineration of residual waste. In comparison to the conventional mixed incineration system, which had net carbon emissions between −56.37 and −115.46 kg CO₂ eq per day and generated 383 kWh/t of power, the carbon reduction benefits of the sorted system were considerably greater, by a factor of 2.2–2.5. Additionally, the average amount of recovered electrical energy (993 kWh/t) was also higher by a factor of 2.6. Therefore, source separation of waste significantly enhances energy recovery and carbon reduction in household waste treatment systems. In this research system, incineration power generation and oil recovery serve as the primary units for reducing carbon emissions, and the proportion of residual waste generated greatly influences the total carbon emissions of the sorted waste treatment system (p < 0.05). Consequently, increasing the percentage of classified residual waste and optimizing machine efficiency will increase the carbon reduction benefits of waste sorting and treatment systems. These findings provide crucial references and guidance for advancing carbon reduction and waste classification in municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems.

考虑到减少碳排放的迫切需要，垃圾分类的环境影响及其影响因素在许多实际场景中仍未得到验证。本研究以中国杭州某社区的易腐垃圾和残余垃圾分类为重点，通过随机跟踪调查和生命周期评估（LCA）方法，研究垃圾分类行为如何影响后续垃圾处理系统的碳足迹。结果表明，通过将分类易腐垃圾的厌氧消化与残余垃圾的焚烧相结合，垃圾分类处理系统每天可实现-139.92 至-254.03 千克二氧化碳当量的净碳排放量。传统的混合焚烧系统每天的净碳排放量为-56.37 至-115.46 千克二氧化碳当量，发电量为 383 千瓦时/吨，相比之下，分类系统的减碳效益要高得多，达到 2.2-2.5 倍。此外，平均回收电能（993 千瓦时/吨）也高出 2.6 倍。因此，在生活垃圾处理系统中，垃圾源头分类可大大提高能源回收和碳减排效果。在该研究系统中，焚烧发电和油回收是减少碳排放的主要单元，而残余垃圾的产生比例在很大程度上影响着分类垃圾处理系统的总碳排放量（p <0.05）。因此，提高残余垃圾的分类比例和优化机器效率将增加垃圾分类处理系统的碳减排效益。这些研究结果为推进城市固体废物（MSW）管理系统中的碳减排和废物分类提供了重要的参考和指导。

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