Child Psychiatry & Human Development最新文献

Parenting significantly influences youth development, yet there's a dearth of research on measuring parenting among LGBTQIA+ caregivers, or caregivers of LGBTQIA+ children (hereafter LGBTQIA+ families). In this systematic review we identified and evaluated the psychometrics of parenting scales validated for this population. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies with LGBTQIA+ families in major databases and secondary sources, psychometric assessment, and English language. Eight studies validating ten scales measuring parenting practices, parental attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions were identified. Generally, studies reported promising psychometrics, showing evidence of construct validity in all and reliability in seven. However, the review also unveiled crucial gaps: a paucity of scales validated among LGBTQIA+ fathers, and predominantly featured non-Hispanic White participants. Findings underscore the necessity for more inclusive samples that reflect the diversity of LGBTQIA+ families. The validation of parenting scales is crucial for understanding parenting in LGBTQIA+ families and developing parenting interventions to promote their well-being.

Panic disorder (PD) is a debilitating anxiety disorder consisting of episodes of intense fear that may emerge in childhood and adolescence; however, the factors leading to the emergence of PD in youth remain poorly understood. The risk of experiencing panic symptoms may increase due to changes in developmental capabilities in late childhood and adolescence. In particular, two constructs have frequently been examined as likely candidates: increased anxiety sensitivity (AS) and emotion regulation (ER) difficulties associated with socioemotional and cognitive changes that arise in childhood and adolescence. AS has been consistently identified as a precursor and maintaining factor of panic; meanwhile, fewer studies have examined the role of ER difficulties in the development and maintenance of panic symptoms in youth. This systematic review utilized a developmental perspective to identify and summarize the (1) phenomenology of panic symptoms in children and adolescents, (2) the association between AS and panic symptoms, (3) the relationship between ER and panic symptoms, and (4) the interaction of AS and ER in the etiology of panic symptoms. A total of 47 articles were included in this review. Youth (e.g., negative affectivity) and parental factors (e.g., parental modeling) were associated with AS and panic, while only youth factors (e.g., gender, puberty status, stressors, and baseline anxiety) were associated with ER difficulties and panic. Overall findings suggest AS and ER difficulties are independent correlates of panic symptoms in children and adolescents. Due to the lack of studies examining the interactive effects of AS and ER difficulty on panic symptoms in youth, future research is needed to clarify these relations.

Parental reflective functioning is thought to provide a missing link between caregivers' own attachment histories and their ensuing parenting behaviors. The current study sought to extend research on this association involving 115 parents, both mothers and fathers, of 5-to-6-year-old preschoolers using the German version of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ). Our study was the first to combine Adult Attachment Interview classifications of parental attachment, behavioral observations of parental sensitivity and PRFQ ratings while drawing on a sizable father subsample. We found theoretically consistent significant relations between all measures, while our results particularly highlighted the role of dismissing attachment for decreases in parenting quality on both cognitive and behavioral levels as the dismissing status differentially affected specific components of self-reported parental reflective functioning and observed sensitivity. Interestingly, these patterns were largely comparable in mothers and fathers. Exploratory mediation analyses further suggested that decreased parental reflective functioning may partially mediate the relationship between parents' dismissing attachment and decreased parental sensitivity. Thus, for prevention and intervention programs targeting parental sensitivity and thus children's long term healthy mental development, the interplay between parental reflective functioning and parents' own attachment history emerges as a key mechanism. Finally, our study served as a further validation of the PRFQ given the caveat that the pre-mentalizing subscale may need further revision in the German version.

Poor self-esteem relates closely to youth maladjustment and appears to be predicted by peer victimization experiences. However, not all peer victimized adolescents face the same risk for self-esteem erosion over time. Drawing upon the Bi-Dimensional Framework for resilience and extant research, the present study examined the potential moderating role of cognitive reappraisal in the prospective relationship from peer victimization to self-esteem. To increase precision of findings the long-term impact of self-esteem on peer victimization was also tested. Self-reported data were collected from 285 early adolescents (M_age = 10.53 years, SD = 0.16; 54.0% girls) at two waves, spaced 1-year. Latent moderated structural equation analysis showed that peer victimization was negatively related to later self-esteem, but only for youth displaying low levels of cognitive reappraisal. For adolescents with high levels of cognitive reappraising, peer victimization was not found to predict any changes in self-esteem over time. The long-term impact of self-esteem on peer victimization was not supported. Overall the present study suggests that enhancing cognitive reappraisal could be a promising avenue for lowering risk for poor self-esteem in young individuals experiencing peer victimization.

Adverse life events are associated with greater internalizing symptoms. However, prior research has identified cross-cultural variation in whether and to what extent factors amplify or buffer the impact of these stressors. Broadly defined as the tendency to focus on past, present, or future events, temporal orientation is a dispositional factor that is culturally influenced and may explain variance in internalizing symptoms following adverse events. Cultural congruence, or the degree to which a factor is considered normative in an individual's culture, may be an important explanation of variation in levels of risk. The current study examines how culturally congruent temporal orientation differentially impacts the relation between adverse life events and internalizing symptoms in a longitudinal sample of 10th and 11th grade Vietnamese American (n = 372) and European American adolescents (n = 304). Results indicated that Vietnamese American adolescents endorsed significantly higher levels of past and present, but not future, temporal orientation compared to European American adolescents. Among both Vietnamese and European American adolescents, past temporal orientation was positively associated with internalizing symptoms and adverse life events. Findings also demonstrated that the influence of present temporal orientation on the relation between adverse life events and internalizing symptoms was further moderated by ethnicity, such that present temporal orientation buffered risk for negative outcomes among European Americans but not Vietnamese Americans. These data highlight the importance of measuring and testing specific dimensions of culturally relevant processes when considering responses to adverse life events.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly prevalent in early childhood and has long-term negative effects when left untreated. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an early intervention for children aged 2- to-7-years that has extensive evidence for treating child externalizing problems by teaching parents effective strategies to manage child behavior. However, the effect of PCIT for families with children diagnosed with ADHD is not completely understood. This meta-analysis aims to synthesize research on the use of PCIT for children with ADHD. Nine out of 711 identified studies were analyzed. Summary effect sizes were calculated using the standardized mean gain for child ADHD symptoms, child behaviors, parent stress, and parenting behaviors, and the Fail-Safe N was calculated to determine the robustness of the results. Overall, PCIT had a significant beneficial effect on child ADHD symptoms (g = 0.90), child behavior (g = 0.44), parent stress (g = 0.82), and parenting behaviors (g = 2.15). Results of this meta-analysis suggest that PCIT is an effective treatment for reducing core symptoms of ADHD.

The main purpose of this study is to examine the predictive role of preschool children's attachment on social competence, anxiety, aggression, and self-control of 5-year-old children (60-71 months), and to test the mediating effect of peer relationships in this model. A total of 309 children participated in the study. The data of the study were collected through the teacher checklist of peer relationships, the social competence and behavior evaluation scale-30, the self-control rating scale which the teacher filled out, and the doll story completion task which the researcher used during the application process. Path analysis was used to explain the direct and indirect relationships between the variables, and a Sobel test was also used to determine the mediational role of peer relationships. The results showed that peer relationships had a mediating effect on parental attachment between anxiety, anger, social competence, and self-control. This study shows that the reflections of insecure attachment experienced in the first years of life can be reduced by peer relationships and the reflections of secure attachment can be strengthened by peer relationships.

Psychopathic traits in childhood have been revealed as potential identifiers of risk, being predictive of later forms of behavioral maladjustment. Yet, it is still under debate how psychopathic traits in children should be best conceptualized and which are the core dimensions for construct definition and prediction. The present study aims to examine the structure of psychopathic traits in childhood, and its predictive value, by using a combination of traditional factor analysis and more recent network-based methods. Data on psychopathic traits, as measured by the Child Problematic Traits Inventory (CPTI), were collected in a large sample of children (n = 2454; 48.2% girls), aged 3 to 6 at the onset of the study (Mage = 4.26; SD = 0.91), who were followed-up one and two years later using parent- and teacher-reports. Results showed that psychopathic traits measured via CPTI are best conceptualized as five latent factors encompassing grandiosity, deceitfulness, callousness, impulsivity and need of stimulation, a result that converged across informants and time. Callousness and grandiosity emerged as central traits using network analysis of parent-reports, while deceitfulness was most central using teacher-reports. Finally, callousness, impulsivity and deceitfulness emerged as the best predictors of concurrent, prospective and stable conduct problems. These results provide a refined structure of psychopathic traits in children that better accounts for the core elements of the construct. Additional theoretical and practical implications will be discussed in terms of assessment, diagnostic classification and tailored prevention/intervention.

Social anxiety symptoms are one of the most common mental health concerns across the lifespan (Bandelow and Michaelis in Dialogues Clin Neurosci 17(3):327-335, 2015. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow ) and are especially relevant during emerging adulthood, when social feedback occurs daily (Auxier and Anderson in Social media use in 2021, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/04/07/social-media-use-in-2021/ ) as emerging adults navigate new social environments. Two cognitive processes have been identified as relevant to social anxiety: high threat interpretation bias (i.e., the tendency to appraise threat from ambiguity; Rozenman et al. in Behav Ther 45(5):594-605, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.03.009 ; J Anxiety Disord 45:34-42, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.11.004 ) is associated with high social anxiety, whereas high perceived social support is associated with low social anxiety. In this study, emerging adults (N = 303) completed an online adaptation of the Chatroom task (Guyer et al. in Arch Gener Psychiatry 65(11):1303-1312, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.11.1303 ), an experimental paradigm designed to simulate social acceptance and rejection, as well as a performance-based measure of interpretation bias (Word Sentence Association Paradigm; Beard and Amir in Behav Res Ther 46(10):1135-1141, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.012 ), and a self-report measure of perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; Zimet et al. in J Pers Assess 52(1), 30-41, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2 ). Social anxiety symptoms did not increase as a function of acceptance or rejection during the Chatroom task. However, there were significant interactions between each cognitive predictor and social anxiety change: emerging adults with low interpretation bias towards threat and emerging adults with high perceived social support both experienced decreases in social anxiety from pre- to post-Chatroom task, regardless of whether they were accepted or rejected during the Chatroom task. If replicated, low interpretation bias and high perceived social support may serve as promotive factors in social interactions for emerging adults.

Youth with perinatally-acquired HIV (PHIV) face unique psychosocial stressors. They are at risk for externalizing problems, including symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder (CD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as risk-taking behaviors, such as substance use (SU). Although family factors have been differentially associated with externalizing and SU behaviors based on youth sex in prior research, there is a dearth of literature considering these processes among youth with PHIV. Participants included 314 youth with PHIV (M = 12.88 years, SD = 3.08 years; 50.80% male; 85.30% Black or Latinx). Boys exhibited higher levels of ADHD symptoms than girls. Among boys, lower levels of consistency in discipline were associated with higher CD symptoms. Lower levels of family cohesion were associated with higher levels of SU among girls, and higher levels of CD symptoms across youth sex. Findings support the need for family-focused behavioral interventions among youth with PHIV.