Child Psychiatry & Human Development最新文献

Poor self-esteem relates closely to youth maladjustment and appears to be predicted by peer victimization experiences. However, not all peer victimized adolescents face the same risk for self-esteem erosion over time. Drawing upon the Bi-Dimensional Framework for resilience and extant research, the present study examined the potential moderating role of cognitive reappraisal in the prospective relationship from peer victimization to self-esteem. To increase precision of findings the long-term impact of self-esteem on peer victimization was also tested. Self-reported data were collected from 285 early adolescents (M_age = 10.53 years, SD = 0.16; 54.0% girls) at two waves, spaced 1-year. Latent moderated structural equation analysis showed that peer victimization was negatively related to later self-esteem, but only for youth displaying low levels of cognitive reappraisal. For adolescents with high levels of cognitive reappraising, peer victimization was not found to predict any changes in self-esteem over time. The long-term impact of self-esteem on peer victimization was not supported. Overall the present study suggests that enhancing cognitive reappraisal could be a promising avenue for lowering risk for poor self-esteem in young individuals experiencing peer victimization.

Adverse life events are associated with greater internalizing symptoms. However, prior research has identified cross-cultural variation in whether and to what extent factors amplify or buffer the impact of these stressors. Broadly defined as the tendency to focus on past, present, or future events, temporal orientation is a dispositional factor that is culturally influenced and may explain variance in internalizing symptoms following adverse events. Cultural congruence, or the degree to which a factor is considered normative in an individual's culture, may be an important explanation of variation in levels of risk. The current study examines how culturally congruent temporal orientation differentially impacts the relation between adverse life events and internalizing symptoms in a longitudinal sample of 10th and 11th grade Vietnamese American (n = 372) and European American adolescents (n = 304). Results indicated that Vietnamese American adolescents endorsed significantly higher levels of past and present, but not future, temporal orientation compared to European American adolescents. Among both Vietnamese and European American adolescents, past temporal orientation was positively associated with internalizing symptoms and adverse life events. Findings also demonstrated that the influence of present temporal orientation on the relation between adverse life events and internalizing symptoms was further moderated by ethnicity, such that present temporal orientation buffered risk for negative outcomes among European Americans but not Vietnamese Americans. These data highlight the importance of measuring and testing specific dimensions of culturally relevant processes when considering responses to adverse life events.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly prevalent in early childhood and has long-term negative effects when left untreated. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an early intervention for children aged 2- to-7-years that has extensive evidence for treating child externalizing problems by teaching parents effective strategies to manage child behavior. However, the effect of PCIT for families with children diagnosed with ADHD is not completely understood. This meta-analysis aims to synthesize research on the use of PCIT for children with ADHD. Nine out of 711 identified studies were analyzed. Summary effect sizes were calculated using the standardized mean gain for child ADHD symptoms, child behaviors, parent stress, and parenting behaviors, and the Fail-Safe N was calculated to determine the robustness of the results. Overall, PCIT had a significant beneficial effect on child ADHD symptoms (g = 0.90), child behavior (g = 0.44), parent stress (g = 0.82), and parenting behaviors (g = 2.15). Results of this meta-analysis suggest that PCIT is an effective treatment for reducing core symptoms of ADHD.

The main purpose of this study is to examine the predictive role of preschool children's attachment on social competence, anxiety, aggression, and self-control of 5-year-old children (60-71 months), and to test the mediating effect of peer relationships in this model. A total of 309 children participated in the study. The data of the study were collected through the teacher checklist of peer relationships, the social competence and behavior evaluation scale-30, the self-control rating scale which the teacher filled out, and the doll story completion task which the researcher used during the application process. Path analysis was used to explain the direct and indirect relationships between the variables, and a Sobel test was also used to determine the mediational role of peer relationships. The results showed that peer relationships had a mediating effect on parental attachment between anxiety, anger, social competence, and self-control. This study shows that the reflections of insecure attachment experienced in the first years of life can be reduced by peer relationships and the reflections of secure attachment can be strengthened by peer relationships.

Psychopathic traits in childhood have been revealed as potential identifiers of risk, being predictive of later forms of behavioral maladjustment. Yet, it is still under debate how psychopathic traits in children should be best conceptualized and which are the core dimensions for construct definition and prediction. The present study aims to examine the structure of psychopathic traits in childhood, and its predictive value, by using a combination of traditional factor analysis and more recent network-based methods. Data on psychopathic traits, as measured by the Child Problematic Traits Inventory (CPTI), were collected in a large sample of children (n = 2454; 48.2% girls), aged 3 to 6 at the onset of the study (Mage = 4.26; SD = 0.91), who were followed-up one and two years later using parent- and teacher-reports. Results showed that psychopathic traits measured via CPTI are best conceptualized as five latent factors encompassing grandiosity, deceitfulness, callousness, impulsivity and need of stimulation, a result that converged across informants and time. Callousness and grandiosity emerged as central traits using network analysis of parent-reports, while deceitfulness was most central using teacher-reports. Finally, callousness, impulsivity and deceitfulness emerged as the best predictors of concurrent, prospective and stable conduct problems. These results provide a refined structure of psychopathic traits in children that better accounts for the core elements of the construct. Additional theoretical and practical implications will be discussed in terms of assessment, diagnostic classification and tailored prevention/intervention.

Social anxiety symptoms are one of the most common mental health concerns across the lifespan (Bandelow and Michaelis in Dialogues Clin Neurosci 17(3):327-335, 2015. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow ) and are especially relevant during emerging adulthood, when social feedback occurs daily (Auxier and Anderson in Social media use in 2021, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/04/07/social-media-use-in-2021/ ) as emerging adults navigate new social environments. Two cognitive processes have been identified as relevant to social anxiety: high threat interpretation bias (i.e., the tendency to appraise threat from ambiguity; Rozenman et al. in Behav Ther 45(5):594-605, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.03.009 ; J Anxiety Disord 45:34-42, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.11.004 ) is associated with high social anxiety, whereas high perceived social support is associated with low social anxiety. In this study, emerging adults (N = 303) completed an online adaptation of the Chatroom task (Guyer et al. in Arch Gener Psychiatry 65(11):1303-1312, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.11.1303 ), an experimental paradigm designed to simulate social acceptance and rejection, as well as a performance-based measure of interpretation bias (Word Sentence Association Paradigm; Beard and Amir in Behav Res Ther 46(10):1135-1141, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.012 ), and a self-report measure of perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; Zimet et al. in J Pers Assess 52(1), 30-41, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2 ). Social anxiety symptoms did not increase as a function of acceptance or rejection during the Chatroom task. However, there were significant interactions between each cognitive predictor and social anxiety change: emerging adults with low interpretation bias towards threat and emerging adults with high perceived social support both experienced decreases in social anxiety from pre- to post-Chatroom task, regardless of whether they were accepted or rejected during the Chatroom task. If replicated, low interpretation bias and high perceived social support may serve as promotive factors in social interactions for emerging adults.

Youth with perinatally-acquired HIV (PHIV) face unique psychosocial stressors. They are at risk for externalizing problems, including symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder (CD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as risk-taking behaviors, such as substance use (SU). Although family factors have been differentially associated with externalizing and SU behaviors based on youth sex in prior research, there is a dearth of literature considering these processes among youth with PHIV. Participants included 314 youth with PHIV (M = 12.88 years, SD = 3.08 years; 50.80% male; 85.30% Black or Latinx). Boys exhibited higher levels of ADHD symptoms than girls. Among boys, lower levels of consistency in discipline were associated with higher CD symptoms. Lower levels of family cohesion were associated with higher levels of SU among girls, and higher levels of CD symptoms across youth sex. Findings support the need for family-focused behavioral interventions among youth with PHIV.

The present cross-sectional study evaluated whether traditional and/or cyber peer victimization served as mechanisms linking ADHD symptoms to sleep disturbance and sleep impairment in a sample of 284 third- through fifth-grade students (51.9% boys; 50.4% Hispanic/Latine) from two elementary schools in the United States. ADHD symptoms were assessed using teacher ratings. Children provided reports of their traditional and cyber victimization as well as their sleep disturbance and impairment. Results from path analysis models revealed significant indirect effects of traditional victimization on the links from ADHD symptoms to sleep disturbance and impairment. There was also a significant indirect effect of cyber victimization on the link from ADHD symptoms to sleep impairment. These findings suggest that experiences of traditional and cyber peer victimization may need to be addressed among children exhibiting ADHD symptoms in order to mitigate their risk for sleep problems and downstream effects on other domains of psychosocial functioning.

Helicopter parenting and tiger parenting may increase the risks of anxiety and depression in children. However, it is unclear how these parenting styles affect the developmental outcomes and trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and how children's internal inhibitory control (IC) moderates such effects. The present study aimed to examine this issue. A sample of 172 typically developing children (77 girls; M_age = 7.14, SD_age = 0.33) and their parents participated in the study. Parents reported children's anxiety and depressive symptoms using the Child Behavior Checklist each year from the first measurement (T1) to the third measurement (T3) and reported their helicopter parenting and tiger parenting at T1. Children completed the Go/No-go task at T1 to measure their IC. Higher T1 helicopter parenting impeded the declines in anxiety and depression over time, and higher T1 tiger parenting predicted more anxiety and depressive symptoms at T3. However, such effects were only observed in children with low IC, and higher IC buffered the adverse impacts of both helicopter parenting and tiger parenting on children's anxiety and depressive symptoms. These findings revealed that helicopter parenting and tiger parenting had negative impacts on the developmental trajectories and outcomes of anxiety and depression in children and suggest that IC plays an important role in alleviating the risks of anxiety and depression among children in adverse environments.

Child anxiety and depression increased in recent years, while access to health care improved in some ways and worsened in others. The purpose of this study was to understand the prevalence of child anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic, unmet mental health care need among children with these conditions, and whether disparities exist by race/ethnicity and sex. A cross-sectional secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2021 National Survey of Children's Health (ages 3-17 years, unweighted n = 42,175). Parent/caregiver-reported child anxiety and depression prevalence was greater among non-Hispanic White children than those of other racial/ethnic groups and females compared to males, after adjusting for covariates. Unmet mental health care need among children with anxiety and depression was greater among Hispanic children than those of other racial/ethnic groups, after adjusting for covariates. In conclusion, this study identified a disparity in unmet need between Hispanic children and those of other races and ethnicities. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.