Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100848
Adolphe junior Loga Paglan , R. Christian Gamom Ngounou Ewo , Serge Raoul Dzonde Naoussi
Research focused on electric vehicles is increasingly numerous, regularly relying on design methods on the traction chain, ergonomics and autonomy, thus undermining the passage necessary for the realization of a prototype that is simulation. This paper propose a methodology for co-simulating electric vehicles in a 3D environment impacting on a traction chain developed in Matlab. According to ISO 4138:2004(E), using open-loop test methods refers to an approach for analyzing vehicle dynamics and performance when maintaining a constant circular trajectory at a steady speed. This work use the constant-speed and varied steering-wheel angle test method, mesure yaw rate, lateral velocity and calculate side slip angle. The simulation results show that the combination of Webots and MATLAB, while adhering to the dynamic modeling of an electric vehicle, is an excellent option for simulation testing. This integration allows for realistic simulations, leveraging Webots' advanced 3D robotics environment and MATLAB's robust computational capabilities, to model vehicle dynamics, control strategies, and performance in diverse scenarios. This co-simulation approach provides a powerful platform for validating and optimizing electric vehicle designs.
{"title":"Co-simulation methodology for electric vehicles using Matlab and Webots : Case of a golf car","authors":"Adolphe junior Loga Paglan , R. Christian Gamom Ngounou Ewo , Serge Raoul Dzonde Naoussi","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research focused on electric vehicles is increasingly numerous, regularly relying on design methods on the traction chain, ergonomics and autonomy, thus undermining the passage necessary for the realization of a prototype that is simulation. This paper propose a methodology for co-simulating electric vehicles in a 3D environment impacting on a traction chain developed in Matlab. According to ISO 4138:2004(E), using open-loop test methods refers to an approach for analyzing vehicle dynamics and performance when maintaining a constant circular trajectory at a steady speed. This work use the constant-speed and varied steering-wheel angle test method, mesure yaw rate, lateral velocity and calculate side slip angle. The simulation results show that the combination of Webots and MATLAB, while adhering to the dynamic modeling of an electric vehicle, is an excellent option for simulation testing. This integration allows for realistic simulations, leveraging Webots' advanced 3D robotics environment and MATLAB's robust computational capabilities, to model vehicle dynamics, control strategies, and performance in diverse scenarios. This co-simulation approach provides a powerful platform for validating and optimizing electric vehicle designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100848"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100851
Divya Navamani J , Boopathi K
Various statistical methods are employed to predict the reliability of electronic components and monitor improvements in reliability. This article conducts a comprehensive study of statistical approaches for predicting the reliability of power converters, as reported in the literature. The analysis focuses on three statistical methods: MIL-HDBK-217F, FIDES, and RIAC. Among these, the military handbook MIL-HDBK-217F has been a dominant tool for failure analysis over the past two decades. The general formulas used for failure rate analysis of power converter parts with each of the three approaches are presented. The study also reviews and discusses failure rate analysis for components and modules in power converters, both with and without fault-tolerant capabilities, as documented in the literature using MIL-HDBK-217F, FIDES, and other statistical approaches. Finally, the paper outlines the conclusions drawn from the study and highlights the main limitations of the three methods. This article serves as a resource for researchers working on fault analysis in power converters.
{"title":"Two decades of statistical approach in reliability prediction of power converters","authors":"Divya Navamani J , Boopathi K","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Various statistical methods are employed to predict the reliability of electronic components and monitor improvements in reliability. This article conducts a comprehensive study of statistical approaches for predicting the reliability of power converters, as reported in the literature. The analysis focuses on three statistical methods: MIL-HDBK-217F, FIDES, and RIAC. Among these, the military handbook MIL-HDBK-217F has been a dominant tool for failure analysis over the past two decades. The general formulas used for failure rate analysis of power converter parts with each of the three approaches are presented. The study also reviews and discusses failure rate analysis for components and modules in power converters, both with and without fault-tolerant capabilities, as documented in the literature using MIL-HDBK-217F, FIDES, and other statistical approaches. Finally, the paper outlines the conclusions drawn from the study and highlights the main limitations of the three methods. This article serves as a resource for researchers working on fault analysis in power converters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100851"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100844
Wakhyu Dwiono , Bambang R. Trilaksono , Tri Desmana Rachmildha , Arwindra Rizqiawan
The Piecewise Affine (PWA) model approximates nonlinear systems using linear models within specific regions. This approach offers advantages for designing DC microgrid control systems with linear controllers, mainly when the system includes several nonlinear DC–DC boost converters. The boundaries of the PWA model can be established using straightforward methods based on duty cycle partitions. Each duty-cycle region represents a distinct operational mode of the system characterized by unique dynamic equations. This study presents a formulation for deriving the PWA model of a parallel boost converter based on its nonlinear average dynamics resulting from the multiplication of states and inputs. An average dynamics model for the parallel boost converter is also introduced and employed in the deriving formulation. Moreover, computer simulations were conducted to analyze the PWA models of parallel boost converter dynamics, employing various partitions, comparing their behaviors among themselves and against those of the Matlab Simulink model. Furthermore, laboratory experiments were conducted by implementing a controller based on Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI), designed using the PWA model of the parallel boost converter, to regulate the converter’s output voltage. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the PWA models of parallel boost converter dynamics closely align with those of the average model, making it well-suited for being controlled using a linear controller.
{"title":"Piecewise affine modeling of parallel boost converter in a DC microgrid and its control application by utilizing a Linear Matrix Inequality approach","authors":"Wakhyu Dwiono , Bambang R. Trilaksono , Tri Desmana Rachmildha , Arwindra Rizqiawan","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Piecewise Affine (PWA) model approximates nonlinear systems using linear models within specific regions. This approach offers advantages for designing DC microgrid control systems with linear controllers, mainly when the system includes several nonlinear DC–DC boost converters. The boundaries of the PWA model can be established using straightforward methods based on duty cycle partitions. Each duty-cycle region represents a distinct operational mode of the system characterized by unique dynamic equations. This study presents a formulation for deriving the PWA model of a parallel boost converter based on its nonlinear average dynamics resulting from the multiplication of states and inputs. An average dynamics model for the parallel boost converter is also introduced and employed in the deriving formulation. Moreover, computer simulations were conducted to analyze the PWA models of parallel boost converter dynamics, employing various partitions, comparing their behaviors among themselves and against those of the Matlab Simulink model. Furthermore, laboratory experiments were conducted by implementing a controller based on Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI), designed using the PWA model of the parallel boost converter, to regulate the converter’s output voltage. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the PWA models of parallel boost converter dynamics closely align with those of the average model, making it well-suited for being controlled using a linear controller.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100844"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100849
Nada N. Tawfeeq, Adheed H. Sallomi
In this article, an FSS-based absorber has been developed and utilized to mitigate the specific absorption rate of a millimeter-wave antenna loaded with an inter-digital capacitor (IDC) for 5 G applications. SAR mitigation of millimeter-wave antennas is one of the aspects to be considered for next-generation applications. The addition of a triple-band absorber operating at 28, 60, and 73 GHz reduces the SAR value by blocking radiation on the antenna's backside. This approach lowered the value of the SAR by 75 % and more through the targeted operating bands, diminished significantly the SAR distribution, and increased the antenna gain. In accordance with the Federal Communications Commission and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) regulations, a decrease in SAR values signify a decrement in radiation absorption by human tissue, thereby lowering the likelihood of health risks from electromagnetic radiation. Rogers RT-Duroid 5880 serves as the antenna's substrate, while epoxy resin fiber (FR-4) is used for the absorber. The investigation's findings in the constructed antenna sample with the incorporated absorber demonstrate that the modeled and observed results correspond well, demonstrating the viability and effectiveness of the unique design in SAR mitigation in millimeter wave bands.
本文开发了一种基于 FSS 的吸收器，用于减轻装载了数字间电容器 (IDC) 的毫米波天线的比吸收率，适用于 5 G 应用。降低毫米波天线的 SAR 是下一代应用需要考虑的方面之一。增加一个工作频率为 28、60 和 73 GHz 的三频吸收器，可通过阻挡天线背面的辐射来降低 SAR 值。这种方法使目标工作频段的 SAR 值降低了 75% 或更多，大大减少了 SAR 分布，并提高了天线增益。根据美国联邦通信委员会和国际非电离辐射防护委员会（ICNIRP）的规定，SAR 值的降低意味着人体组织对辐射吸收的减少，从而降低了电磁辐射对健康造成危害的可能性。罗杰斯 RT-Duroid 5880 用作天线的基板，环氧树脂纤维（FR-4）用作吸收器。对内置吸收器的已建天线样品的调查结果表明，建模结果与观测结果非常吻合，证明了这种独特设计在毫米波频段中减小 SAR 的可行性和有效性。
{"title":"Analysis of SAR mitigation implementing millimeter wave antenna with FSS-based absorber for 5 G application","authors":"Nada N. Tawfeeq, Adheed H. Sallomi","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, an FSS-based absorber has been developed and utilized to mitigate the specific absorption rate of a millimeter-wave antenna loaded with an inter-digital capacitor (IDC) for 5 G applications. SAR mitigation of millimeter-wave antennas is one of the aspects to be considered for next-generation applications. The addition of a triple-band absorber operating at 28, 60, and 73 GHz reduces the SAR value by blocking radiation on the antenna's backside. This approach lowered the value of the SAR by 75 % and more through the targeted operating bands, diminished significantly the SAR distribution, and increased the antenna gain. In accordance with the Federal Communications Commission and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) regulations, a decrease in SAR values signify a decrement in radiation absorption by human tissue, thereby lowering the likelihood of health risks from electromagnetic radiation. Rogers RT-Duroid 5880 serves as the antenna's substrate, while epoxy resin fiber (FR-4) is used for the absorber. The investigation's findings in the constructed antenna sample with the incorporated absorber demonstrate that the modeled and observed results correspond well, demonstrating the viability and effectiveness of the unique design in SAR mitigation in millimeter wave bands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100849"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100843
Mangalapuri Sravani, Polamraju V.S. Sobhan
The non-linear properties and rapid switching of power electronic equipment are the primary causes of power quality issues in power systems, particularly in the power distribution systems. The widespread use of delicate equipment, which continuously pollutes the environment, is making power quality problems worse. The increasing integration of renewable energy sources into the generation mix and the decarburization of the economy have created new challenges for smart grid technology, requiring creative solutions such as energy storage systems and smart transformers. This article describes a solar photovoltaic integrated Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) that uses a deep learning method based on neural networks and a novel compensating technique. Here, two Deep Neural Network algorithms are used, one in the solar PV system to obtain the maximum power under various irradiance situations, and the other to manage the UPQC under various load conditions. When compared to the conventional UPQC based on PQ Theory, DNN-UPQC produces superior results in terms of reducing total harmonic distortion. This iterative strategy, which is focused on soft computing, provides faster convergence to the target condition while maintaining the updating weight within a predetermined limit. PV-based UPQC has been connected individually to reduce voltage sag, swell, and unbalance in variable load conditions. The system's dynamic and steady state performance are assessed by modelling it with a MATLAB-Simulink in different load condition.
{"title":"Performance evaluation of solar PV integrated with custom power device under various load conditions","authors":"Mangalapuri Sravani, Polamraju V.S. Sobhan","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The non-linear properties and rapid switching of power electronic equipment are the primary causes of power quality issues in power systems, particularly in the power distribution systems. The widespread use of delicate equipment, which continuously pollutes the environment, is making power quality problems worse. The increasing integration of renewable energy sources into the generation mix and the decarburization of the economy have created new challenges for smart grid technology, requiring creative solutions such as energy storage systems and smart transformers. This article describes a solar photovoltaic integrated Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) that uses a deep learning method based on neural networks and a novel compensating technique. Here, two Deep Neural Network algorithms are used, one in the solar PV system to obtain the maximum power under various irradiance situations, and the other to manage the UPQC under various load conditions. When compared to the conventional UPQC based on PQ Theory, DNN-UPQC produces superior results in terms of reducing total harmonic distortion. This iterative strategy, which is focused on soft computing, provides faster convergence to the target condition while maintaining the updating weight within a predetermined limit. PV-based UPQC has been connected individually to reduce voltage sag, swell, and unbalance in variable load conditions. The system's dynamic and steady state performance are assessed by modelling it with a MATLAB-Simulink in different load condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100843"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100847
Preeti Sharma , Sara Hasanpour , Rajneesh Kumar
Presenting a new high-gain converter that incorporates a coupled inductor, this paper offers a range of advantages over existing designs. The circuit features a simple structure with two cascade semi-stages, two power switches operating in sync, and a coupled inductor. It provides an extensive output voltage range, ensures continuous input current with minimal ripple, maintains positive output voltage polarity, and follows a standard ground configuration. These features make it well-suited for various applications, particularly in photovoltaic systems. Additionally, the voltage stress across each power switch is significantly lower than that of other boost converters, allowing for the selection of power MOSFETs with reduced drain-source ON resistance to ensure high efficiency. This research presents comprehensive assessments of the steady-state and stress conditions as well as thorough comparisons with other similar converters operating in continuous conduction mode. Theoretical advantages of the proposed circuit design are further reinforced by experimental results obtained from a 200-W step-up 25–370 V arrangement.
本文介绍了一种采用耦合电感器的新型高增益转换器，与现有设计相比具有一系列优势。该电路结构简单，包含两个级联半级、两个同步运行的功率开关和一个耦合电感器。它的输出电压范围宽广，可确保输入电流持续且纹波最小，输出电压极性保持为正，并采用标准接地配置。这些特性使其非常适合各种应用，尤其是光伏系统。此外，每个功率开关上的电压应力明显低于其他升压转换器，因此可以选择漏极-源极导通电阻较小的功率 MOSFET，以确保高效率。本研究对稳态和应力条件进行了全面评估，并与以连续导通模式运行的其他类似转换器进行了深入比较。从 25-370 V 200 瓦升压布置中获得的实验结果进一步强化了拟议电路设计的理论优势。
{"title":"Advancing renewable energy: A quadratic high-efficiency high gain step-up DC/DC converter","authors":"Preeti Sharma , Sara Hasanpour , Rajneesh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Presenting a new high-gain converter that incorporates a coupled inductor, this paper offers a range of advantages over existing designs. The circuit features a simple structure with two cascade semi-stages, two power switches operating in sync, and a coupled inductor. It provides an extensive output voltage range, ensures continuous input current with minimal ripple, maintains positive output voltage polarity, and follows a standard ground configuration. These features make it well-suited for various applications, particularly in photovoltaic systems. Additionally, the voltage stress across each power switch is significantly lower than that of other boost converters, allowing for the selection of power MOSFETs with reduced drain-source ON resistance to ensure high efficiency. This research presents comprehensive assessments of the steady-state and stress conditions as well as thorough comparisons with other similar converters operating in continuous conduction mode. Theoretical advantages of the proposed circuit design are further reinforced by experimental results obtained from a 200-W step-up 25–370 V arrangement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100847"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100829
Yattou El Fadili, Ismail Boumhidi
To achieve high efficiency of the electricity production for wind turbines, an improved controller has a crucial role in achieving this goal by capturing the most wind energy based on the maximum power point tracking approach. This research paper suggests a new nonlinear controller design to control the electromagnetic torque for horizontal-axis variable-speed wind power with three blades connected to the grid to render them more profitable and efficient in terms of the highest rate of electricity production. This proposed controller binds the sliding mode (SM) with the fractional calculus (FC) and the neural network (NN) to exploit the benefits of each technique. The SM is a popular technique and is the most used in controlling nonlinear systems. The effectiveness of the SM is shown in its ability to stabilize the system, drive it to the desired state in a finite time, and reduce the sensitivity to parameter variations. However, the main drawback of SM is the chattering phenomenon. This phenomenon refers to the high-frequency oscillations that occur around the sliding surface. The chatter arises due to the discontinuous nature of the SM control law, which switches between different control actions to keep the system states on the sliding surface. The main contribution of this present work is to tackle this undesirable issue that can damage the system, destroy the components, and lead the system to instability. The solution lies in suggesting a new controller that combines SM, FC, and NN because the FC provides better modeling concerning the dynamic behavior by outperforming the classical operators by using the non-integer order. And, the NN aims to estimate the unknown dynamics that are incorporated in the equivalent term in SM, reduce the chattering by compensating for the uncertainties, allow the system to adjust to varying conditions related to the uncontrollable wind, and make an adaptive controller by improving its performance over time by learning the system dynamics. This proposed integration between SM, FC, and NN gives a good performance that showcases via emulation results under three different scenarios of wind speed. In addition, in each scenario, two tests are performed to prove the effectiveness of the suggested law control.
为了实现风力涡轮机的高效发电，改进型控制器在实现这一目标方面起着至关重要的作用，它可以根据最大功率点跟踪方法捕获最多的风能。本研究论文提出了一种新的非线性控制器设计，用于控制与电网相连的三叶片水平轴变速风力发电机的电磁转矩，使其在最高发电率方面更具盈利性和效率。所提出的控制器将滑动模式（SM）与分数微积分（FC）和神经网络（NN）结合起来，以利用每种技术的优势。滑动模式是一种流行的技术，在非线性系统控制中使用最多。SM 的有效性体现在它能够稳定系统，在有限的时间内将系统驱动到所需的状态，并降低对参数变化的敏感性。然而，SM 的主要缺点是颤振现象。这种现象是指在滑动面周围发生的高频振荡。产生颤振的原因是 SM 控制法则的不连续性，它在不同的控制动作之间切换，以保持系统状态在滑动面上。本研究的主要贡献在于解决这一可能损坏系统、破坏部件并导致系统不稳定的不良问题。解决方案在于提出一种结合了 SM、FC 和 NN 的新控制器，因为 FC 通过使用非整数阶比经典算子提供更好的动态行为建模。而 NN 的目的是估算 SM 中等价项所包含的未知动态，通过补偿不确定性来减少颤振，使系统能够适应与不可控风力有关的各种条件，并通过学习系统动态来随时间推移提高性能，从而成为一个自适应控制器。这种将 SM、FC 和 NN 集成在一起的方法具有良好的性能，可通过三种不同风速情况下的仿真结果加以展示。此外，在每种情况下都进行了两次测试，以证明所建议的规律控制的有效性。
{"title":"New design of an intelligent electromagnetic torque controller based on neural network and fractional calculus: Variable-speed wind energy systems application","authors":"Yattou El Fadili, Ismail Boumhidi","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve high efficiency of the electricity production for wind turbines, an improved controller has a crucial role in achieving this goal by capturing the most wind energy based on the maximum power point tracking approach. This research paper suggests a new nonlinear controller design to control the electromagnetic torque for horizontal-axis variable-speed wind power with three blades connected to the grid to render them more profitable and efficient in terms of the highest rate of electricity production. This proposed controller binds the sliding mode (SM) with the fractional calculus (FC) and the neural network (NN) to exploit the benefits of each technique. The SM is a popular technique and is the most used in controlling nonlinear systems. The effectiveness of the SM is shown in its ability to stabilize the system, drive it to the desired state in a finite time, and reduce the sensitivity to parameter variations. However, the main drawback of SM is the chattering phenomenon. This phenomenon refers to the high-frequency oscillations that occur around the sliding surface. The chatter arises due to the discontinuous nature of the SM control law, which switches between different control actions to keep the system states on the sliding surface. The main contribution of this present work is to tackle this undesirable issue that can damage the system, destroy the components, and lead the system to instability. The solution lies in suggesting a new controller that combines SM, FC, and NN because the FC provides better modeling concerning the dynamic behavior by outperforming the classical operators by using the non-integer order. And, the NN aims to estimate the unknown dynamics that are incorporated in the equivalent term in SM, reduce the chattering by compensating for the uncertainties, allow the system to adjust to varying conditions related to the uncontrollable wind, and make an adaptive controller by improving its performance over time by learning the system dynamics. This proposed integration between SM, FC, and NN gives a good performance that showcases via emulation results under three different scenarios of wind speed. In addition, in each scenario, two tests are performed to prove the effectiveness of the suggested law control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100829"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100846
Monika Kashyap, Ansh Kumar Dev, Vidushi Sharma
A low-cost monitoring and data transfer system is needed that uses various protocols in the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Among the various available protocols for the transmission of messages such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), constrained application protocol (CoAP), etc., message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) is the most widely used protocol due to its lower power consumption. Further, broker selection is the foremost task in operating the MQTT-based algorithms used in the automation. Researchers have explored several brokers. After a rigorous analysis, the EMQX broker-based MQTT protocol is investigated to transfer the data between the clients efficiently. The implementation and performance analysis of the EMQX broker-based MQTT protocol is assessed in depth with respect to the published and subscribed rates of data packets. Furthermore, new metric sets i.e. average number of messages published and subscribed and messages received with actual QoS are represented and analyzed in combinations of different quality of services (QoSs) to publish and subscribe the data. The analysis shows the efficacy of the investigated protocol.
{"title":"Implementation and analysis of EMQX broker for MQTT protocol in the Internet of Things","authors":"Monika Kashyap, Ansh Kumar Dev, Vidushi Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A low-cost monitoring and data transfer system is needed that uses various protocols in the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Among the various available protocols for the transmission of messages such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), constrained application protocol (CoAP), etc., message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) is the most widely used protocol due to its lower power consumption. Further, broker selection is the foremost task in operating the MQTT-based algorithms used in the automation. Researchers have explored several brokers. After a rigorous analysis, the EMQX broker-based MQTT protocol is investigated to transfer the data between the clients efficiently. The implementation and performance analysis of the EMQX broker-based MQTT protocol is assessed in depth with respect to the published and subscribed rates of data packets. Furthermore, new metric sets i.e. average number of messages published and subscribed and messages received with actual QoS are represented and analyzed in combinations of different quality of services (QoSs) to publish and subscribe the data. The analysis shows the efficacy of the investigated protocol.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100846"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100840
Abdullah Abdulhameed
Active components such as active inductors and active capacitors have been used to replace their passive counterparts, especially in radio frequency modules. Besides saving colossal silicon area, active inductors are power saviors, tuneable, and provide large inductance ranges. This paper presents the evaluation and performance of a low noise amplifier (LNA) implemented using only active components. The active inductor has a high inductance tunability range from 848 nH to 1660 nH, resulting in a frequency range from 1.85 GHz to 3.02 GHz. The active inductor's quality factor is 11, with a maximum power dissipation of 208.1 µW from a 0.5 V DC power supply. The LNA provides a voltage gain of 8.76 dB with a noise figure of 8.21 dB while consuming 779.16 µW from a 0.85 V supply. The achieved frequency range is commonly used for various wireless communication applications, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
{"title":"Design of low noise amplifier based on tuneable active inductor and capacitor for bluetooth applications","authors":"Abdullah Abdulhameed","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Active components such as active inductors and active capacitors have been used to replace their passive counterparts, especially in radio frequency modules. Besides saving colossal silicon area, active inductors are power saviors, tuneable, and provide large inductance ranges. This paper presents the evaluation and performance of a low noise amplifier (LNA) implemented using only active components. The active inductor has a high inductance tunability range from 848 nH to 1660 nH, resulting in a frequency range from 1.85 GHz to 3.02 GHz. The active inductor's quality factor is 11, with a maximum power dissipation of 208.1 µW from a 0.5 V DC power supply. The LNA provides a voltage gain of 8.76 dB with a noise figure of 8.21 dB while consuming 779.16 µW from a 0.85 V supply. The achieved frequency range is commonly used for various wireless communication applications, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100840"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100837
Abhishek Sharma, Satyajit Gupta
This work delineates the fabrication and characterization of BiVO4/PbS and BiVO4/PCBM/PbS-based composite heterostructure for visible-light-driven applications, such as pollution remediation, photoelectrochemistry (PEC), and applied bias to photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation efficiency (ABPE). The heterostructured composite was synthesized by a combination of Spin coating (for bismuth vanadate - BiVO4 thin film fabrication and PCBM deposition), and Successive Ionic Layer Absorption and Reaction -SILAR (for lead sulphide - PbS deposition) method and characterized using UV–visible Spectroscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (TRPL), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoelectrochemistry (PEC) analysis (PEC). The key benefit of incorporation of PCBM nanoparticles in BiVO4/PCBM/PbS was realized through 1) ∼ 70 % improvement in the photocurrent density during electrochemistry analysis, 2) ∼ 2.3 times enhancement in ABPE, and 3) ∼ 43 % enhancements in ‘rate constant’ towards photocatalytic (methylene blue) degradation compared to BiVO4/PbS. The work shows the benefits of the PCBM-conductive carbon-based electron transport layer as a bridge between two inorganic semiconductors (BiVO4 and PbS) towards enhancing fast electron separation and transport at the interface during visible light irradiation.
{"title":"Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) nanoparticle mediated boasting of photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic properties of bismuth vanadate/lead sulphide (BiVO4/PbS) composite thin-film","authors":"Abhishek Sharma, Satyajit Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2024.100837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work delineates the fabrication and characterization of BiVO<sub>4</sub>/PbS and BiVO<sub>4</sub>/PCBM/PbS-based composite heterostructure for visible-light-driven applications, such as pollution remediation, photoelectrochemistry (PEC), and applied bias to photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation efficiency (ABPE). The heterostructured composite was synthesized by a combination of Spin coating (for bismuth vanadate - BiVO<sub>4</sub> thin film fabrication and PCBM deposition), and Successive Ionic Layer Absorption and Reaction -SILAR (for lead sulphide - PbS deposition) method and characterized using UV–visible Spectroscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (TRPL), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoelectrochemistry (PEC) analysis (PEC). The key benefit of incorporation of PCBM nanoparticles in BiVO<sub>4</sub>/PCBM/PbS was realized through <em>1)</em> ∼ 70 % improvement in the photocurrent density during electrochemistry analysis, <em>2)</em> ∼ 2.3 times enhancement in ABPE, and <em>3) ∼</em> 43 % enhancements in ‘rate constant’ towards photocatalytic (methylene blue) degradation compared to BiVO<sub>4</sub>/PbS. The work shows the benefits of the PCBM-conductive carbon-based electron transport layer as a bridge between two inorganic semiconductors (BiVO<sub>4</sub> and PbS) towards enhancing fast electron separation and transport at the interface during visible light irradiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100837"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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