e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy最新文献_第7页

A novel 5.1–7.1 GHz front-end power amplifier for wireless applications with −35 dB Error Vector Magnitude 用于无线应用的新型 5.1-7.1 GHz 前端功率放大器，误差矢量幅度为 -35 dB

e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100833

Pawankumar B., Prashantha Kumar H.

A Power Amplifier (PA) is proposed for WiFi-6E applications, specifically designed to support WLAN 802.11ax standard to achieve significant linear power. The proposed PA is designed to operate in the entire 5 GHz and 6 GHz frequency bands. The design involves a two-stage configuration, initial stage adopts a linear driver, while the subsequent amplification stage is structured as a differential cascode. UMC 65 nm CMOS process technology is used to design a PA in commercial Cadence platform. The layout occupies core area of 0.24 mm

^{2}

. Proposed PA delivers a power gain of 20 dB, Power Added Efficiency (PAE) of 19% and 1 dB compression point

(P_{1 d B})

is of 24.5 dB is achieved for continuous wave (CW) signal. For the 802.11ax source, the recorded average power output (

P_{a v g}

) is 17.1 dBm at an Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)

\leq -

35 dB, across the 5–7 GHz. The PA delivers

P_{a v g}

of 10 dBm at worst corner case in PVT variation analysis. While the majority of recent works in WLAN PA confines the investigation to 5 GHz band, this paper broadens the scope by extending the study by up to 7.050 GHz in 6 GHz band. The incorporation of 6GHz band enables WiFi-6E to utilize up to 1,200 MHz of unencumbered spectrum, significantly enhancing the available bandwidth relative to earlier WiFi standards. The increased bandwidth facilitates high data rate applications, such as streaming and gaming.

针对 WiFi-6E 应用提出了一种功率放大器 (PA)，专门用于支持 WLAN 802.11ax 标准，以实现显著的线性功率。该功率放大器可在整个 5 GHz 和 6 GHz 频段内工作。设计采用两级配置，第一级采用线性驱动器，而随后的放大级采用差分级联结构。采用 UMC 65 nm CMOS 工艺技术在商用 Cadence 平台上设计功率放大器。布局占用的核心面积为 0.24 平方毫米。拟议的功率放大器可提供 20 dB 的功率增益、19% 的功率附加效率（PAE）以及 24.5 dB 的连续波（CW）信号 1 dB 压缩点（P1dB）。对于 802.11ax 信号源，记录的平均功率输出（Pavg）为 17.1 dBm，误差矢量幅度（EVM）≤-35 dB，频率范围为 5-7 GHz。在 PVT 变化分析中，功率放大器在最差角情况下的 Pavg 为 10 dBm。虽然最近大多数 WLAN 功率放大器的研究都局限于 5 GHz 频段，但本文将研究范围扩大到 6 GHz 频段的 7.050 GHz。6 GHz 频段的加入使 WiFii-6E 能够利用多达 1,200 MHz 的未占用频谱，与早期的 WiFi 标准相比，大大提高了可用带宽。带宽的增加有利于流媒体和游戏等高数据速率应用。

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引用次数: 0

Cascade model predictive control for enhancing UAV quadcopter stability and energy efficiency in wind turbulent mangrove forest environment 级联模型预测控制用于提高风湍流红树林环境中无人机四旋翼飞行器的稳定性和能效

e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100836

Mustapha Amine Sadi , Annisa Jamali , Abang Mohammad Nizam bin Abang Kamaruddin , Vivien Yeo Shu Jun

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) modelling and control, particularly in quadrotors with high position-orientation coupling, present significant challenges for practical applications, such as environmental monitoring missions in windy mangrove forests. Conventional control strategies like the PID controller, often employed in simulations due to their simplicity, often underperform in real-world scenarios due to their linear assumptions. This research proposes a novel hierarchical cascaded model predictive control system for altitude, attitude, and battery efficiency for quadrotor in mangrove area. This control system addresses computational complexity by decomposing the overall MPC strategy into two distinct schemes, one for translational displacements and another for rotational movements, enhancing the UAV's resilience to wind turbulence, a significant disturbance factor in mangrove environments. Rigorous simulation and experiment test flight involving complex trajectory tracking and windy conditions demonstrate the proposed controller's superior performance compared to conventional PID controller, particularly in terms of stability, disturbance rejection, underscoring its potential for UAV applications in challenging environments.

无人驾驶飞行器（UAV）的建模和控制，尤其是具有高位置-方向耦合的四旋翼飞行器的建模和控制，给实际应用带来了巨大挑战，例如在多风的红树林中执行环境监测任务。传统的控制策略，如 PID 控制器，由于其简单性，经常被用于模拟，但由于其线性假设，在实际应用中往往表现不佳。本研究针对红树林地区四旋翼飞行器的高度、姿态和电池效率，提出了一种新型分层级联模型预测控制系统。该控制系统通过将整体 MPC 策略分解为两个不同的方案（一个用于平移位移，另一个用于旋转运动）来解决计算复杂性问题，从而增强无人机对风力涡流（红树林环境中的一个重要干扰因素）的适应能力。在复杂的轨迹跟踪和大风条件下进行的严格模拟和实验试飞证明，与传统的 PID 控制器相比，所提出的控制器性能优越，尤其是在稳定性和干扰抑制方面，突出了其在具有挑战性的环境中应用于无人机的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

A survey on secure communication technologies for smart grid cyber physical system 智能电网网络物理系统安全通信技术调查

e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100831

Giriraj Sharma

Recent advancements in communication technologies and embedded system design have popularized the practical application of cyber–physical systems (CPS). A CPS combines physical components, computational elements, and communication networks. The smart grid CPS (SG-CPS) is an example of such a system, featuring physical devices with diverse communication needs and intermediary networks. Consequently, robust and secure communication networks are essential for optimal performance of the SG-CPS. This paper provides an overview of current technologies in SG-CPS, its implementation, benefits, and security issues. Our goal is to summarize the latest advancements, provide researchers with a comprehensive list of references, and encourage further exploration into this rapidly growing field.

近年来，通信技术和嵌入式系统设计的进步使网络物理系统（CPS）的实际应用得到了普及。CPS 结合了物理组件、计算元素和通信网络。智能电网 CPS（SG-CPS）就是此类系统的一个例子，其特点是物理设备具有不同的通信需求和中间网络。因此，稳健安全的通信网络对 SG-CPS 的最佳性能至关重要。本文概述了 SG-CPS 的当前技术、实施、优势和安全问题。我们的目标是总结最新进展，为研究人员提供一份全面的参考文献列表，并鼓励大家进一步探索这一快速发展的领域。

引用次数: 0

Fixed-time adaptive sliding mode-based trajectory tracking control for Wheeled Mobile Robot: Theoretical development and real-time implementation 基于固定时间自适应滑动模式的轮式移动机器人轨迹跟踪控制：理论发展与实时实现

e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100830

Brahim Moudoud, Hicham Aissaoui

Wheeled mobile robots (WMR) are common autonomous systems requiring efficient control methods. This work investigates fixed-time adaptive sliding mode control (FxT-ASMC) for the trajectory tracking task of a WMR subject to disturbances/uncertainties. The developed control strategy seeks to avoid the chattering problem, cope with disturbances when the upper limit is undefined, and enhance the convergence of the system states. Indeed, a new adaptive technique has been developed to effectively handle disturbances, even in the absence of prior knowledge regarding their upper bound. This technique consists in estimating the switching gain for each channel separately. On the other hand, an appropriate design of the reaching law ensures the fixed-time convergence of the sliding variables to zero. Additionally, sliding variables are designed in a way that guarantees the tracking errors will stabilize within a set amount of time. This kind of convergence was demonstrated using Lyapunov stability theory. In order to realize the trajectory tracking control structure, the FxT-ASMC system is incorporated with a classical kinematic controller. The efficiency of the suggested control methodology is proven via simulations and practical implementation.

轮式移动机器人（WMR）是一种常见的自主系统，需要高效的控制方法。本研究针对受干扰/不确定性影响的轮式移动机器人的轨迹跟踪任务，研究了固定时间自适应滑模控制（FxT-ASMC）。所开发的控制策略旨在避免颤振问题，应对上限未定义时的干扰，并增强系统状态的收敛性。事实上，我们开发了一种新的自适应技术，即使在事先不知道扰动上限的情况下，也能有效处理扰动。这种技术包括分别估算每个通道的开关增益。另一方面，适当的达到律设计可确保滑动变量在固定时间内趋于零。此外，滑动变量的设计还能保证跟踪误差在设定时间内趋于稳定。这种收敛性已用 Lyapunov 稳定性理论加以证明。为了实现轨迹跟踪控制结构，FxT-ASMC 系统与经典运动控制器相结合。通过模拟和实际应用，证明了所建议的控制方法的效率。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the influence of yttrium on the structural, physical, and optical properties of sol-gel synthesized silicophosphate glasses for photonics applications 探索钇对溶胶凝胶合成的光电子学用磷酸硅玻璃的结构、物理和光学特性的影响

e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100842

El Mahdi Bouabdalli, Mohamed El Jouad, Samira Touhtouh, Abdelowahed Hajjaji

Yttrium-incorporated silicophosphate glasses hold significant appeal in key sectors such as photonics, optoelectronics, lasers, biomedical applications, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In this study, the sol-gel method has been used to prepare the pure and yttrium-doped silicophosphate glasses. The aim of this study is to discover the effect of yttrium doping on the structural, physical, and optical properties of silicophosphate glasses. Various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, and UV–visible analysis have been employed to examine the structural and optical properties of the prepared samples. The XRD analysis confirmed that all the prepared samples exhibited an amorphous nature. Optical measurements conducted indicated that the incorporation of trivalent yttrium ions led to an increase in the refractive index of the prepared samples. Furthermore, a decrease in the energy band-gap values of the samples was observed. The FTIR spectral analysis unveiled the presence of diverse vibration modes in the synthesized samples. These encompassed symmetrical and asymmetrical stretching vibrations of P-O-P linkages, bending vibrations of P-O in PO₄ groups, elongation and flexure vibrations of OH groups, and water absorption vibrations of P-O-H in the glasses. The acquired spectra robustly substantiate the function of yttrium oxide as a network modifier within the silicophosphate glass system. The theoretical values of optical basicity (Λ_th) demonstrated an increase from 0.465 to 0.472, while the values of the interaction parameter (A) exhibited a decrease from 0.218

Å^{- 3}

to 0.215

Å^{- 3}

. Silicophosphate glasses doped with trivalent yttrium ions exhibit significant potential as materials for optoelectronic devices and optical filter systems.

掺钇磷酸硅玻璃在光子学、光电子学、激光、生物医学应用和发光二极管（LED）等关键领域具有巨大的吸引力。本研究采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纯硅磷酸盐玻璃和掺钇硅磷酸盐玻璃。本研究的目的是发现掺钇对磷酸硅玻璃的结构、物理和光学特性的影响。研究采用了 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱和紫外可见光分析等多种技术来检测所制备样品的结构和光学特性。X 射线衍射分析证实，所有制备的样品都呈现出无定形的性质。光学测量结果表明，三价钇离子的加入提高了制备样品的折射率。此外，还观察到样品的能带隙值有所下降。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析揭示了合成样品中存在多种振动模式。这些振动模式包括玻璃中 P-O-P 连接的对称和不对称伸缩振动、PO4 基团中 P-O 的弯曲振动、OH 基团的伸长和弯曲振动以及 P-O-H 的吸水振动。所获得的光谱有力地证实了氧化钇在硅磷酸盐玻璃体系中作为网络修饰剂的功能。光学碱性（Λth）的理论值从 0.465 增加到 0.472，而相互作用参数（A）的值则从 0.218 Å-3 降低到 0.215 Å-3。掺杂了三价钇离子的硅磷酸盐玻璃作为光电器件和光学滤光系统的材料具有巨大的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing stability in discrete-time systems impacted by interference and state delays: An approach using ISS 评估受干扰和状态延迟影响的离散时间系统的稳定性：使用 ISS 的方法

e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100828

Swagatika Nayak, Smita Rani Parija, Pushpendra Kumar Gupta

In this study, we introduce a criterion for addressing the input to state stability (ISS) problem inherent in nonlinear discrete systems featuring state delay, saturation overflow (SO), and external interference (EI). This paper proposes three novel theorems by employing the Lyapunov function to assure the stability of the targeted discrete time systems (DTS) under complex conditions such as state delay, SO, EI and the first theorem utilizes system information more effectively by considering EI, state delay and SO, the second theorem focuses on asymptotic stability (AS) analysis of the system when EIs are zero, the third theorem proposes the system is AS when state delays are zero. These theorems impose fewer constrains additionally these conditions are demonstrated to be more relaxed and computationally less intensive to existing criteria. The advantage of the suggested technique is proven through three numerical examples and comparison research.

在本研究中，我们提出了一种标准，用于解决具有状态延迟、饱和溢出（SO）和外部干扰（EI）的非线性离散系统中固有的输入到状态稳定性（ISS）问题。第一条定理通过考虑 EI、状态延迟和 SO，更有效地利用了系统信息；第二条定理侧重于 EI 为零时系统的渐近稳定性（AS）分析；第三条定理提出了状态延迟为零时系统的 AS。与现有标准相比，这些定理施加了更少的约束条件，而且这些条件更宽松，计算量更小。通过三个数值示例和对比研究，证明了所建议技术的优势。

引用次数: 0

Data protection enhancement in smart grid communication: An efficient multi-layer encrypting approach based on chaotic techniques and steganography 加强智能电网通信中的数据保护：基于混沌技术和隐写术的高效多层加密方法

e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100834

Osama abd Qasim, Sajjad Golshannavaz

In this study, a multi-layer encryption system is proposed through which sensitive and important data in smart grids can be secured from unauthorized persons as well as cyber threats. The suggested system is analyzed using fundamental performance assessment metrics say as average processing times across ten runs, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and root mean square error (RMSE). The encryption process involves hiding the data encrypted by a digital dictionary and the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm in an image. In this way, AES encryption suggests rapid processing with a short average time per each block; similarly, the decryption technique, which includes the dictionary and AES decryption also renders the results in a justified computational time nominating it as a practical approach. It is worth noting that the small key era and dictionary construction instances provoke innovations in the general efficiency of the encryption mechanism. The conducted study, based on recorded values for PSNR, RMSE, UACI, and NPCR, demonstrates that the proposed multi-layer encryption system, which incorporates dictionary encryption and AES, is a robust and a fast method to shield important information and attaining a balance between protection and computational time.

本研究提出了一种多层加密系统，通过该系统可以保护智能电网中的敏感和重要数据免受未经授权人员和网络威胁的侵害。该系统采用了基本的性能评估指标，如十次运行的平均处理时间、峰值信噪比（PSNR）和均方根误差（RMSE）。加密过程包括将通过数字字典和高级加密标准（AES）算法加密的数据隐藏在图像中。这样，AES 加密技术可以快速处理数据，每个数据块的平均处理时间很短；同样，解密技术（包括字典和 AES 解密）也可以在合理的计算时间内得到结果，因此是一种实用的方法。值得注意的是，小密钥时代和字典构建实例提高了加密机制的总体效率。根据所记录的 PSNR、RMSE、UACI 和 NPCR 值进行的研究表明，建议的多层加密系统结合了字典加密和 AES，是一种保护重要信息的稳健而快速的方法，并在保护和计算时间之间取得了平衡。

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引用次数: 0

Control offshore wind farm integrated with HVDC system and storage devices-based IoT: A survey 控制集成了高压直流（HVDC）系统和基于存储设备的物联网的海上风电场：一项调查

e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100823

Yara A. Sultan , Sahar S. Kaddah , Zainab H. Ali , Abdelfattah A. Eladl

Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs) have proven effective in harnessing wind energy with greater reliability and efficiency than onshore systems. However, transmitting electricity from these remote locations to the onshore grid necessitates evaluating transmission technologies. While High-Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) systems are commonly used, they are often inadequate for the long-distance needs of OWFs. High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems, on the other hand, offer advantages such as reduced transmission losses, cost efficiency, and better compatibility with offshore infrastructure. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of HVAC and HVDC systems, focusing on transmission efficiency, cost, scalability, and grid stability, and addresses challenges like HVDC stability, exploring configurations to mitigate these issues. Additionally, the paper examines the integration of energy storage systems and the Internet of Things (IoT) with OWFs. It investigates how energy storage can balance supply and demand and enhance grid reliability, while IoT technologies are assessed for their role in optimizing wind farm operations, real-time data management, and control system responsiveness. The study concludes that HVDC systems offer notable benefits over HVAC systems for offshore wind farms, particularly in efficiency and cost. Furthermore, integrating energy storage and IoT technologies is essential for improving grid stability and operational efficiency, providing valuable insights for stakeholders in enhancing offshore wind farm integration into the energy grid.

事实证明，与陆上系统相比，海上风电场（OWFs）能更有效、更可靠地利用风能。然而，要将电力从这些偏远地区传输到陆上电网，就必须对传输技术进行评估。虽然高压交流电（HVAC）系统很常用，但往往无法满足海上风力发电站的长距离需求。而高压直流（HVDC）系统则具有减少输电损耗、成本效益高、与近海基础设施兼容性好等优点。本文对 HVAC 和 HVDC 系统进行了比较分析，重点关注传输效率、成本、可扩展性和电网稳定性，并解决了 HVDC 稳定性等挑战，探索了缓解这些问题的配置。此外，本文还探讨了储能系统和物联网 (IoT) 与 OWF 的整合。研究探讨了储能如何平衡供需并提高电网可靠性，同时评估了物联网技术在优化风电场运行、实时数据管理和控制系统响应方面的作用。研究得出结论，对于海上风电场而言，高压直流（HVDC）系统比暖通空调（HVAC）系统具有显著优势，尤其是在效率和成本方面。此外，整合储能和物联网技术对于提高电网稳定性和运营效率至关重要，为利益相关者加强海上风电场与能源网的整合提供了宝贵的见解。

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引用次数: 0

SiGe high-frequency pulse-width modulation for low-noise applications 用于低噪声应用的 SiGe 高频脉宽调制技术

e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100827

John Suarez

This paper details the first-known experimental observation of pulse-width modulation at 100 MHz using silicon-germanium HBT technology. By performing pulse-width modulation (PWM) at a higher frequency, undesired harmonic-components—which are interpreted as noise—are likewise raised to higher frequencies. In doing so, the noise generated by the PWM controller can be raised to frequencies at which it is no longer relevant. Noise-free operation is guaranteed below the operating frequency of the PWM controller, so long as the semiconductor technology supports high-frequency waveform generation. Such capability is readily provided by modern silicon-germanium HBT technology. The paper also provides an integrated-circuit design with additional flexibility for the end user, with simulated performance results.

本文详细介绍了利用硅锗 HBT 技术在 100 MHz 频率下进行脉宽调制的首次实验观测。通过在更高频率下执行脉宽调制（PWM），不需要的谐波成分（被理解为噪声）也同样被提升到更高频率。这样，PWM 控制器产生的噪声就能被提升到不再相关的频率。只要半导体技术支持高频波形生成，就能保证 PWM 控制器工作频率以下无噪音运行。现代硅锗 HBT 技术可轻松提供这种能力。本文还提供了一种集成电路设计，为最终用户增加了灵活性，并提供了模拟性能结果。

引用次数: 0

MIWO based MPPT of PV system for induction motor driven water pumping system 基于 MIWO 的光伏系统 MPPT，用于感应电机驱动的水泵系统

e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100835

S. Anbuchandran , D. Silas Stephen , M. Arumuga Babu , A. Bhuvanesh

Renewable energy source-based Water Pumping Systems (WPSs) have gained popularity for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes. Locally situated standalone Photovoltaic (PV) powered WPS can provide a viable water supply solution, especially with induction motors (IM) due to their advantages over other motor types. However, solar PV energy output is greatly influenced by weather conditions, necessitating energy storage systems like batteries, which increase costs and require maintenance. This research proposes an efficient energy management system for a PV-powered IM-driven WPS that does not rely on batteries. The system handles Partial Shading Conditions (PSC) effectively, thanks to a sensorless speed controller combining a Modified Invasive Weed Optimization (MIWO) mechanism with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method. This controller uses the inverter as an MPPT circuit, eliminating the need for a distinct converter to follow the MPP. The hybrid P&O-MIWO method's outcomes are compared with those of P&O hybridization with GA, PSO, and GWO to assess efficiency under various PSCs. TS-Fuzzy controllers are employed for voltage control at the DC-link and motor speed. The proposed system is analyzed across different scenarios and validated using a Simulink model in MATLAB. Results indicate that the hybrid P&O-MIWO mechanism enhances energy generation from the PV unit without relying on energy storage devices, providing a cost-effective solution for PV-based WPS implementation.

基于可再生能源的水泵系统（WPS）在饮用水、农业和工业用水方面越来越受欢迎。位于当地的独立光伏（PV）供电 WPS 可以提供可行的供水解决方案，尤其是感应电机（IM），因为它比其他类型的电机更具优势。然而，太阳能光伏发电的能量输出受天气条件的影响很大，需要使用蓄电池等储能系统，这就增加了成本并需要维护。本研究为光伏供电的 IM 驱动型 WPS 提出了一种不依赖电池的高效能源管理系统。该系统能有效处理部分遮光条件（PSC），这要归功于结合了 "改良侵扰优化（MIWO）"机制和 "扰动和观察（P&O）"方法的无传感器速度控制器。该控制器将逆变器用作 MPPT 电路，无需单独的转换器来跟踪 MPP。P&O-MIWO 混合方法的结果与 P&O 与 GA、PSO 和 GWO 混合方法的结果进行了比较，以评估各种 PSC 下的效率。直流链路电压控制和电机速度控制采用了 TS-Fuzzy 控制器。在 MATLAB 中使用 Simulink 模型对所提出的系统进行了不同场景的分析和验证。结果表明，P&O-MIWO 混合机制提高了光伏装置的发电量，而无需依赖储能设备，为基于光伏的 WPS 实施提供了经济高效的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0