Farming System最新文献

Machine learning reveals that duration dominates rate in driving soil nitrogen cycling responses to long-term fertilization 机器学习表明，持续时间在驱动土壤氮循环对长期施肥的响应中占主导地位

IF 8.4

Farming System

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100196

Beilei Wei , Jinrong Wang , Shunting He , Yongfeng Sun , Xiaoqi Zhang , Shijie He , Huarong Ling , Qingfang Yao , Zhigang Huang , Ziting Wang

Intensive nitrogen fertilization in agricultural ecosystems has profound impacts on soil nitrogen cycling, yet the mechanistic understanding of how long-term nitrogen inputs alter microbial-mediated nitrogen transformations remains limited. While previous research has focused primarily on application rates, the temporal dimension of nitrogen management has been largely overlooked. Here, we present a global meta-analysis of 2824 observations from 88 field studies specifically examining how nitrogen application duration, rather than just amount, shapes soil nitrogen cycling processes. Machine learning analysis revealed application duration as the dominant driver of nitrogen cycling changes, explaining greater variance than that explained by application rates across all functional genes examined. Long-term nitrogen application (>20 years) dramatically increased ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance by 904 % while modestly affecting ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) by 142 %, fundamentally altering the balance of ammonia oxidation processes. In acidic soils with long-term nitrogen application, AOB responses (1107 %) substantially exceeded AOA responses (179 %), demonstrating that substrate availability becomes the primary driver of microbial community structure structure under long-term nitrogen enrichment. Our findings demonstrate that nitrogen application duration, more than amount, determines soil nitrogen cycling responses, creating progressive changes with substantial shifts occurring after 20 years of continuous fertilization. These results reveal duration-dependent mechanisms that provide a new framework for nitrogen management, enabling simultaneous maintenance of agricultural productivity and reduction of environmental impacts through duration-optimized application strategies.

农业生态系统中密集施氮对土壤氮循环有着深远的影响，但长期氮输入如何改变微生物介导的氮转化的机制理解仍然有限。虽然以前的研究主要集中在施用量上，但氮管理的时间维度在很大程度上被忽视了。在此，我们对来自88个实地研究的2824个观测结果进行了全球荟萃分析，专门研究了施氮时间（而不仅仅是施氮量）如何影响土壤氮循环过程。机器学习分析显示，施用时间是氮循环变化的主要驱动因素，比所有功能基因的施用量所解释的差异更大。长期施氮（20年）使氨氧化细菌（AOB）丰度显著增加了904%，而对氨氧化古细菌（AOA）的影响则为142%，从根本上改变了氨氧化过程的平衡。在长期施氮的酸性土壤中，AOB响应（1107%）大大超过AOA响应（179%），表明长期富氮条件下，底物有效性成为微生物群落结构结构的主要驱动因素。研究结果表明，施氮时间比施氮量更能决定土壤氮循环响应，并在连续施肥20年后发生实质性变化。这些结果揭示了依赖于持续时间的机制，为氮素管理提供了一个新的框架，通过持续时间优化的施用策略，可以同时维持农业生产力和减少环境影响。

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引用次数: 0

Nitrous oxide emissions and wheat yield responses to nitrogen rate and source in contrasting rainfed cropping systems in Morocco 摩洛哥不同旱作制度下氧化亚氮排放和小麦产量对氮素用量和来源的响应

IF 8.4

Farming System

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100188

Mohamed Boullouz , Mohamed Louay Metougui , Nabil El Khatri , Kamal Alahiane , Ngonidzashe Chirinda

The use of nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural production contributes to soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, yet data on the magnitude of those emissions are scarce for rainfed cropping systems in North Africa. This study quantified N₂O fluxes under five fertilizer regimes in two contrasting Moroccan agroclimatic zones: a wetter site (Larache) and a drier site (Settat). Treatments included current farmer practices (CFP), regional recommended rates with a conventional source (RFP), RFP plus a urease inhibitor (MCDHS), a high N level (HNL), and unfertilized control. Results showed contrasting responses between sites: in Larache, N₂O emissions increased exponentially when N input exceeded 140 kg ha⁻¹ (RFP), peaking at 7.14 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ under HNL, with an average emission factor of 1 %; While in Settat, emissions rose with the application of N but plateaued beyond the N rate of 39 kg N ha⁻¹ (CFP), with a mean EF of 0.6 %. The urease inhibitor (MCDHS) increased grain yield by 27 % in Larache without reducing emissions, whereas, in Settat, it had no significant effect on yield or cumulative N₂O emissions compared to RFP. A generalized additive model identified soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) as the main driver of N₂O fluxes across both sites. Overall, these findings indicate that yield and N₂O responses to fertilization are strongly regulated by environmental conditions and that the IPCC Tier 1 emission factor underestimates emissions in Morocco wheat systems, highlighting the need for region-specific Tier 2 emission factors.

农业生产中氮肥的使用增加了土壤一氧化二氮的排放，但关于北非雨养种植系统的排放规模的数据很少。本研究量化了摩洛哥两个不同的农业气气区：湿润地区（Larache）和干燥地区（Settat）的五种肥料制度下的N2O通量。处理包括当前农民做法（CFP）、区域推荐常规施肥（RFP）、RFP加脲酶抑制剂（MCDHS）、高氮水平（HNL）和未施肥对照。结果表明：在Larache，当N输入量超过140 kg ha - 1 （RFP）时，N2O排放量呈指数增长，在HNL下达到峰值7.14 kg N2O-N ha - 1，平均排放因子为1%；而在Settat，排放量随施氮量的增加而增加，但在施氮量为39 kg N ha - 1 （CFP）之后趋于稳定，平均EF为0.6%。脲酶抑制剂（MCDHS）在不减少排放的情况下使Larache的粮食产量提高了27%，而在Settat，与RFP相比，它对产量或累积N2O排放没有显著影响。广义加性模型认为土壤充水孔隙空间（WFPS）是两个站点N2O通量的主要驱动因素。总体而言，这些研究结果表明，产量和N2O对施肥的响应受到环境条件的强烈调节，IPCC的第一级排放因子低估了摩洛哥小麦系统的排放，强调需要特定区域的第二级排放因子。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the productivity per unit of livestock, land and labour of organic multi-species livestock farms in six European countries 探索六个欧洲国家的有机多品种牲畜农场的每单位牲畜、土地和劳动力的生产率

IF 8.4

Farming System

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100187

Enrique Muñoz-Ulecia , Myriam Grillot , Marc Benoit , Guillaume Martin

Farm diversification is increasingly suggested as a way to improve agriculture's productivity and sustainability. However, the role of livestock remains under-explored, particularly whether diversification of organic farms with multiple livestock species increases productivity. We assessed the livestock, land and labour productivity of 96 organic multi-species livestock farms in six European countries. We aggregated farm's production of commercialized crop and livestock products in a unit of agricultural production (kg of protein) and an economic unit (income in €). We then calculated agricultural productivity of each farm per unit of livestock (LSU), land (ha) and labour (AWU). We also calculated the livestock productivity (kg of protein per LSU) of each livestock enterprise (dairy cattle, beef cattle, meat sheep, dairy sheep, goats, poultry and pigs) on each farm. We found that most organic multi-species livestock farms are as productive as their specialised counterparts per unit of livestock, land and labour, with medians of 103.8 kg of protein/LSU, 91.2 kg of protein/ha and 2214.7 kg of protein/AWU, respectively. Farms that included a monogastric species had higher agricultural productivity than those that included ruminant species alone (i.e., cattle and sheep). The high variability among farms and livestock species requires nuancing the view of diversification as a silver-bullet strategy and exploring the factors that promote or hinder the success of livestock diversification to increase productivity. This study provides the first comparison of agricultural and economic productivity of organic multi-species commercial farms across six European countries and including seven livestock combinations.

越来越多的人认为，农业多样化是提高农业生产力和可持续性的一种方式。然而，牲畜的作用仍未得到充分探讨，特别是拥有多种牲畜的有机农场的多样化是否能提高生产力。我们评估了6个欧洲国家96个有机多品种养殖场的牲畜、土地和劳动生产率。我们以一个农业生产单位（公斤蛋白质）和一个经济单位（以欧元为单位的收入）汇总了农场商业化作物和畜产品的生产。然后，我们计算了每个农场每单位牲畜（LSU）、土地（ha）和劳动力（AWU）的农业生产率。我们还计算了每个农场每个畜牧业企业（奶牛、肉牛、肉羊、奶羊、山羊、家禽和猪）的牲畜生产力（每LSU蛋白质公斤数）。我们发现，大多数有机多物种养殖场的每单位牲畜、土地和劳动力的生产力与专业养殖场一样，中位数分别为103.8公斤蛋白质/LSU、91.2公斤蛋白质/ha和2214.7公斤蛋白质/AWU。拥有单胃动物的农场比那些只拥有反刍动物（即牛和羊）的农场具有更高的农业生产力。农场和牲畜品种之间的高度可变性要求将多样化作为一种灵丹妙药的观点加以细微差别，并探索促进或阻碍牲畜多样化成功提高生产力的因素。这项研究首次比较了六个欧洲国家的有机多物种商业农场的农业和经济生产力，包括七种牲畜组合。

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引用次数: 0

Integrated grass-livestock-viticulture system triggers soil microbiome, grape growth, and grape disease suppression cascades 综合草畜葡萄栽培系统触发土壤微生物组，葡萄生长和葡萄病害抑制级联

IF 8.4

Farming System

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100186

Shaowei Cui , Decai Jin , Lianzhu Zhou , Xiaoqing Huang , Hainan Chong , Dong Li , Hui Wu , Jianyu Wang , Fanfang Kong , Haijun Xiao , Yongqiang Liu

Soil microbiomes play a vital role in agricultural ecosystems. Cover crops are a key vineyard management strategy, that improves soil health, suppresses weeds, and promotes nutrient cycling. The grass-livestock-viticulture system further enhances sustainability by optimizing resource use, increasing productivity, and reducing inputs. However, the underlying ecological mechanisms are not well understood. This study investigates these mechanisms from a microbiological perspective. Field investigations showed that both grass planting and sheep grazing significantly enhanced leaf growth, with grazing further promoting new shoot development. Both treatments also reduced grape disease incidence compared to clean tillage. Microbial analysis revealed that enhanced grape growth and disease suppression were closely associated with shifts in the microbial community. Grazing significantly increased bacterial diversity in the inter-row soil but decreased fungal diversity in the grapevine root zone. Both grass planting and grazing increased fungal diversity in the inter-row. Grapevines in these treatments recruited beneficial microbes that supported nutrient cycling and pathogen suppression, including bacteria (e.g., Aggregatilinea, Niallia, Nocardioides) and fungi (e.g., Petriella, Cheilymenia, Pseudaleuria), while suppressing pathogenic fungi (e.g., Fusarium, Aspergillus, Gibberella), especially under grazing. Microbial functional genes involved in nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon cycling were significantly enriched, especially under grazing. Both treatments also increased bacterial network complexity and positive interactions, with grazing simplifying but strengthening fungal connectivity in the root zones. Our study provides valuable insights into microbiome-mediated ecological effects in integrated agroforestry systems, guiding the optimization of soil microbiomes to promote sustainable vineyard production.

土壤微生物群在农业生态系统中起着至关重要的作用。覆盖作物是葡萄园管理的一个关键策略，可以改善土壤健康，抑制杂草，促进养分循环。草畜-葡萄种植系统通过优化资源利用、提高生产力和减少投入，进一步提高了可持续性。然而，潜在的生态机制尚不清楚。本研究从微生物学的角度探讨了这些机制。野外调查表明，放牧和放牧均显著促进了叶片的生长，放牧进一步促进了新梢的发育。与清洁耕作相比，这两种处理也降低了葡萄病害发生率。微生物分析表明，葡萄生长增强和病害抑制与微生物群落的变化密切相关。放牧显著增加了行间土壤细菌多样性，但降低了葡萄根区真菌多样性。植草和放牧均增加了行间真菌多样性。在这些处理下的葡萄吸收了有益微生物，这些微生物支持营养循环和病原体抑制，包括细菌（如Aggregatilinea， Niallia, Nocardioides）和真菌（如Petriella， Cheilymenia, Pseudaleuria），同时抑制致病真菌（如镰刀菌，曲霉，赤霉素），特别是在放牧下。参与氮、磷、碳循环的微生物功能基因显著富集，放牧条件下尤其显著。两种处理都增加了细菌网络的复杂性和积极的相互作用，放牧简化但加强了根区真菌的连通性。我们的研究为农林业综合系统中微生物介导的生态效应提供了有价值的见解，指导土壤微生物群的优化以促进可持续的葡萄园生产。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing water and fertilizer management reduces carbon and water footprints for winter wheat production in China 优化水肥管理可减少中国冬小麦生产的碳足迹和水足迹

IF 8.4

Farming System

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100185

Jin Shi , Haihe Gao , Yuan Liu , Enke Liu , Joann K. Whalen , Xiaoguang Niu , Yan Yan , Haijun Zhang , Jiawen Yu , Xurong Mei

The grand challenge for sustainable farming systems is to maintain agricultural productivity in a changing climate with water resource constraints. Here, we present a spatiotemporal footprint framework to optimize agricultural activities in winter wheat systems, based on a 30-year integrated assessment from 1991 to 2020 in China. During this period, agricultural activities in China's winter wheat production system emitted 66.6 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq yr⁻¹ and consumed 112 × 10⁹ m³ yr⁻¹ of water annually. The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain had high greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption, yet maintained relatively low product-level footprints. From 2001 to 2020, synergistic reductions in carbon and water footprints were achieved by optimizing fertilizer practices for yield improvement. Scenario-based mitigation analysis revealed that substituting organic alternatives for chemical fertilizers reduced emissions by 12 %, while powering irrigation equipment with renewable energy lowered emissions by 7.0 %, and improving irrigation efficiency reduced water consumption by 3 %, relative to the baseline scenario. Together, precision fertilization and energy-efficient irrigation were highly impactful, reducing carbon emissions by up to 20 % and being a practical strategy to enhance food security and environmental sustainability.

可持续农业系统面临的巨大挑战是在气候变化和水资源限制的情况下保持农业生产力。在此基础上，基于1991 - 2020年的30年综合评估，提出了一个优化中国冬小麦系统农业活动的时空足迹框架。在此期间，中国冬小麦生产系统的农业活动每年排放66.6 × 106 t CO2eq yr - 1，消耗112 × 109 m3 yr - 1的水。黄淮海平原温室气体排放和用水量较高，但产品层面的足迹相对较低。从2001年到2020年，通过优化施肥方法提高产量，实现了碳足迹和水足迹的协同减少。基于情景的缓解分析显示，与基线情景相比，用有机替代品替代化肥可减少12%的排放，而用可再生能源为灌溉设备供电可减少7.0%的排放，提高灌溉效率可减少3%的用水量。精准施肥和节能灌溉共同产生了巨大影响，减少了高达20%的碳排放，是加强粮食安全和环境可持续性的切实可行的战略。

{"title":"Optimizing water and fertilizer management reduces carbon and water footprints for winter wheat production in China","authors":"Jin Shi , Haihe Gao , Yuan Liu , Enke Liu , Joann K. Whalen , Xiaoguang Niu , Yan Yan , Haijun Zhang , Jiawen Yu , Xurong Mei","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The grand challenge for sustainable farming systems is to maintain agricultural productivity in a changing climate with water resource constraints. Here, we present a spatiotemporal footprint framework to optimize agricultural activities in winter wheat systems, based on a 30-year integrated assessment from 1991 to 2020 in China. During this period, agricultural activities in China's winter wheat production system emitted 66.6 × 10<sup>6</sup> t CO<sub>2</sub>eq yr<sup>−1</sup> and consumed 112 × 10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> of water annually. The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain had high greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption, yet maintained relatively low product-level footprints. From 2001 to 2020, synergistic reductions in carbon and water footprints were achieved by optimizing fertilizer practices for yield improvement. Scenario-based mitigation analysis revealed that substituting organic alternatives for chemical fertilizers reduced emissions by 12 %, while powering irrigation equipment with renewable energy lowered emissions by 7.0 %, and improving irrigation efficiency reduced water consumption by 3 %, relative to the baseline scenario. Together, precision fertilization and energy-efficient irrigation were highly impactful, reducing carbon emissions by up to 20 % and being a practical strategy to enhance food security and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100185"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Systemic drivers of carbon emissions in farming systems of five EU countries: Pathways for SDG-aligned food security 五个欧盟国家农业系统碳排放的系统性驱动因素：实现与可持续发展目标一致的粮食安全之路

IF 8.4

Farming System

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100184

Mohammad Fazle Rabbi

Agricultural carbon emissions within the European Union present complex systemic challenges requiring integrated approaches that balance environmental objectives with food security imperatives. This study examines systemic drivers of carbon emissions across agricultural value chains in five strategically selected EU countries (France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Spain) from 2010 to 2024. Three distinct farming system emission archetypes were identified: (1) intensive processing-dominant systems (Italy generating >8000 kt CO₂ annually, France maintaining 5000–6000 kt CO₂), (2) transitional consumption-driven systems (Poland exhibiting ∼7000 kt CO₂ from household consumption, Hungary showing 900 kt CO₂ with transport contributions of 600–900 kt CO₂), and (3) Mediterranean bridge systems (Spain demonstrating 5000–7000 kt CO₂ transport variability). Mediation analysis identified agri-food waste disposal and pesticide manufacturing as strong mediators between emissions and economic outcomes (total effects of 21.0 and 15.0 on GDP respectively), while SDG 12.3 emerged as the strongest mediator explaining 21 % of emissions' impact on GDP. Cross-country scenario testing revealed sustainable food production as the most effective universal policy lever (coefficient 0.266), followed by energy efficiency (0.247) and on-farm energy use (0.237), whereas renewable energy exhibited negative coefficients (−0.085) indicating implementation challenges. Country-specific analyses demonstrated varied responsiveness patterns across 10 % and 20 % intervention scenarios, with France's energy efficiency improvements yielding 0.132–0.264 dietary energy units, while Hungary showed stronger responses to agrifood waste disposal interventions (1.8–3.6 dietary energy units per intervention level). The comprehensive framework demonstrates that coordinated SDG-aligned interventions can simultaneously address carbon emission reduction and food security enhancement, though system-specific implementation strategies remain essential across diverse European agricultural contexts.

欧盟内部的农业碳排放提出了复杂的系统性挑战，需要采取综合方法来平衡环境目标与粮食安全要求。本研究考察了2010年至2024年间五个战略性选择的欧盟国家（法国、匈牙利、意大利、波兰和西班牙）农业价值链碳排放的系统性驱动因素。确定了三种不同的农业系统排放原型：(1)以集约加工为主导的系统（意大利每年产生8000kt二氧化碳，法国维持5000 - 6000kt二氧化碳），(2)过渡消费驱动的系统（波兰显示家庭消费产生~ 7000kt二氧化碳，匈牙利显示900kt二氧化碳，运输贡献为600 - 900kt二氧化碳），以及(3)地中海桥梁系统（西班牙显示5000 - 7000kt二氧化碳运输变化）。中介分析发现，农业食品垃圾处理和农药制造是排放与经济结果之间的强中介（对GDP的总影响分别为21.0和15.0），而可持续发展目标12.3是解释排放对GDP影响21%的最强中介。跨国情景测试显示，可持续粮食生产是最有效的普遍政策杠杆（系数为0.266），其次是能源效率（系数为0.247）和农场能源利用（系数为0.237），而可再生能源的系数为负（- 0.085），表明实施方面存在挑战。具体国家的分析表明，在10%和20%的干预方案中，不同的响应模式有所不同，法国的能源效率改善产生了0.132-0.264膳食能量单位，而匈牙利对农业食品废弃物处理干预的响应更强（每个干预水平1.8-3.6膳食能量单位）。综合框架表明，协调一致的符合可持续发展目标的干预措施可以同时解决碳减排和加强粮食安全问题，尽管在不同的欧洲农业背景下，针对系统的实施战略仍然至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Metabolite-driven fungal recruitment in rhizosphere explains superiority of organic fertilizer in enhancing the soil fertility of wheat 代谢物驱动真菌在根际的招募解释了有机肥在提高小麦土壤肥力方面的优势

IF 8.4

Farming System

Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100181

Shancong Wang , Xinru Hu , Reda M.M. Ahmed , Guihong Yin , Xiao Jun A. Liu , Haotian Wang , Jiameng Guo , Peng Zhao , Chang Li , Qinghua Yang , Lei Gao , Ruixin Shao

Long-term application of conventional synthetic fertilizers (CF) significantly impairs soil fertility, particularly in the intensive wheat/maize rotation systems. The problem is even worse in medium-low yield farmlands such as lime concretion black soil, resulting in an inevitable threat to world's food security. Therefore, adopting innovative alternatives becomes an urgent need to improve soil fertility and fulfill agricultural high yield demands and sustainable development. Thus, we conducted a two-year field experiment in lime concretion black soil to compare the divergent effects of controlled-release (CRF), organic (OF) and microbial (MF) fertilizers on soil fertility improvement under wheat cultivation. Combined analysis using Linear discriminant analysis effect size, Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling revealed that CRF improved soil nitrogen retention via homocarnosine-mediated recruitment of the fungi Solicoccozyma aeria and Lecythophora. Specifically, CRF increased total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen by 17.3 % and 11.8 % compared to CF, respectively. Interestingly, OF demonstrated the most comprehensive improvement in soil fertility. OF enhanced multiple soil fertility by enriching Melatonin and Trioxilin A3, which facilitated the recruitment of Lophotrichus sp. and Lecythophora sp. This led to significant increases relative to CF in soil organic matter (18.3 %), total nitrogen (13.8 %), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (10.0 %), available phosphorus (17.2 %), and available potassium (29.0 %). In contrast, MF promoted carbon accumulation by enriching melatonin and 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, recruiting Neocosmospora rubicola, which resulted in a 5.15 % increase in soil organic matter and an 11.4 % rise in microbial biomass carbon compared to CF. These findings demonstrate that novel fertilizers enhance soil fertility through metabolite-mediated recruitment of functional fungi rather than bacteria, with OF exhibiting the greatest synergistic effect between the rhizosphere metabolome and fungal assemblage. This study lays a theoretical foundation for tailored strategies that simultaneously enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability in lime concretion black soil regions under wheat/maize rotation systems.

长期施用常规合成肥料会显著损害土壤肥力，特别是在集约小麦/玉米轮作系统中。在石灰固结黑土等中低产农田，这一问题更为严重，对世界粮食安全造成不可避免的威胁。因此，采用创新替代方案是提高土壤肥力，实现农业高产和可持续发展的迫切需要。为此，我们在石灰固结黑土上进行了为期两年的田间试验，比较了控释肥（CRF）、有机肥（of）和微生物肥（MF）对小麦栽培土壤肥力的不同影响。利用线性判别分析效应大小、正交偏最小二乘判别分析和结构方程建模的综合分析表明，CRF通过高芥子酸介导的空气中前球菌和Lecythophora的招募，提高了土壤氮素的保留。具体而言，与CF相比，CRF使总氮和碱水解氮分别增加了17.3%和11.8%。有趣的是，有机肥对土壤肥力的改善最为全面。有机肥通过富集褪黑素和Trioxilin A3提高了土壤肥力，促进了Lophotrichus sp.和Lecythophora sp.的吸收，导致土壤有机质（18.3%）、总氮（13.8%）、碱解氮（10.0%）、有效磷（17.2%）和有效钾（29.0%）相对CF显著增加。相比之下，MF通过增加褪黑激素和3-羟基肉桂酸来促进碳积累，招募rubicola新宇宙孢子菌，导致土壤有机质增加5.15%，微生物生物量碳比CF增加11.4%。这些发现表明，新型肥料通过代谢物介导的功能性真菌而不是细菌的招募来提高土壤肥力。其中，OF在根际代谢组和真菌组合之间表现出最大的协同效应。本研究为在小麦/玉米轮作制度下同时提高石灰固结黑土地区农业生产力和可持续性的定制策略奠定了理论基础。

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引用次数: 0

Livelihood and energy-carbon dynamics of livestock-based integrated farming system: Assessment and implications for sustainable farming 以牲畜为基础的综合农业系统的生计和能源-碳动态：评估及其对可持续农业的影响

IF 8.4

Farming System

Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100183

Gaurendra Gupta , D.R. Palsaniya , Manjanagouda S. Sannagoudar , Bishwa Bhaskar Choudhary , Samir Barman , Mukesh Choudhary , Deepak Upadhyay , R.K. Patel , S.K. Singh , Khem Chand , Sadhna Pandey , Manju Suman

Challenges of climate-resilient agricultural production, along with environmental sustainability, guided the study on livestock-based integrated farming systems (LIFS) to explore their merits and implications for sustainable farming. Consequently, a 3-year life cycle assessment of a 3-ha LIFS with 30 adult cattle units and diversified components (45 % food crops, 33.8 % fodder, 17.5 % vegetables, 2.5 % flowers, 1.3 % fruits, and allied activities) was conducted to evaluate among its components and against the traditional groundnut-wheat cropping system (GWCS). The study assessed ecosystem services, including resource recycling, productivity, profitability, employment, and energy-carbon dynamics involving the life cycle assessment approach. Findings reveal that LIFS yielded 80,178 kg wheat equivalent ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, US$8952 net returns, 4,55,368 MJ energy output, and 33,974 kg carbon output from inputs of 90,791 MJ energy and GHG emissions equivalent to 14,942 kg carbon. Compared to GWCS, LIFS achieved 8.4× higher productions, 6.4× greater returns, 6.6× more employment, 3.0× higher energy productivity, and 4.6× greater net carbon gain due to crop–livestock synergy with improved management. Among components, livestock dominated inputs (86 % cost, 66 % energy, 92 % carbon) and outputs (77 % production, 66 % returns, 59 % employment), thus playing a crucial role in production and environmental sustainability. However, horticultural crops showed higher unit productivity and returns. The carbon footprint of LIFS (0.69 kg CO₂ eq.) was higher than GWCS but better than similar livestock + crop systems. Conclusively, LIFS enhances climate resilience and ecosystem services; however, optimizing livestock's energy-carbon use can further impart greater environmental sustainability, offering valuable insights for researchers and policymakers to focus on immediate adoption of LIFS for stable livelihood, along with setting the long-term goal for sustaining the energy-carbon use to evolve a ‘total sustainability’ of production systems in study region as well as similar agroecology worldwide.

气候适应型农业生产的挑战以及环境可持续性指导了以牲畜为基础的综合农业系统（LIFS）研究，以探索其优点和对可持续农业的影响。因此，对30头成年牛组成的3公顷LIFS进行了3年生命周期评估，并对其组成部分（45%的粮食作物，33.8%的饲料，17.5%的蔬菜，2.5%的花卉，1.3%的水果和相关活动）进行了评估，并与传统的花生-小麦种植系统（GWCS）进行了比较。该研究评估了生态系统服务，包括资源循环、生产力、盈利能力、就业和使用生命周期评估方法的能源-碳动态。研究结果表明，LIFS产生80,178公斤小麦当量（公顷- 1年- 1年），净收益8952美元，输出4,55,368兆焦耳能量，输入90,791兆焦耳能量，输出33,974公斤碳，温室气体排放相当于14,942公斤碳。与GWCS相比，LIFS的产量提高了8.4倍，回报提高了6.4倍，就业增加了6.6倍，能源生产率提高了3.0倍，由于作物与牲畜的协同作用和管理的改善，净碳收益提高了4.6倍。在各组成部分中，畜牧业在投入（86%的成本、66%的能源、92%的碳）和产出（77%的产量、66%的回报、59%的就业）中占主导地位，因此在生产和环境可持续性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，园艺作物表现出更高的单位生产力和回报。LIFS系统的碳足迹（0.69 kg CO2当量）高于GWCS系统，但优于同类的牲畜+作物系统。最后，LIFS增强了气候适应能力和生态系统服务；然而，优化牲畜的能源-碳利用可以进一步赋予环境更大的可持续性，为研究人员和政策制定者提供有价值的见解，使他们能够专注于立即采用LIFS来稳定生计，同时设定维持能源-碳利用的长期目标，从而在研究区域以及全球类似的农业生态中发展出生产系统的“全面可持续性”。

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引用次数: 0

Soil organic carbon enhancement via small macroaggregate stabilization under long-term nitrogen and short-term organic amendments 长期氮和短期有机修正下小团聚体稳定对土壤有机碳的促进作用

IF 8.4

Farming System

Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100182

Hui Cao , Xiquan Wang , Junming Liu , Sen Li , Sunusi Amin Abubakar , Yang Gao , Shoutian Ma

Nitrogen fertilizer is essential for maintaining crop yields. However, excessive application degrades soil structure, accelerates soil nutrient loss, and threatens sustainable agriculture. Organic amendments can alleviate in alleviating soil degradation, but the effects of different organic amendments on aggregate stability and soil organic carbon stock (SOCs) under long-term nitrogen fertilization remain poorly understood. This study was conducted during the winter wheat season within a winter wheat–summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain. In this season, irrigation is frequent, agricultural inputs are intensive, and carbon loss is considerable. Enhancing SOCs in this season is therefore crucial for maintaining soil fertility and productivity. A two-year experiment was conducted under long-term nitrogen fertilization using a split-plot design. The main plots consisted of two nitrogen levels: N0 (0 kg ha⁻¹) and N240 (240 kg ha⁻¹). Four types of OA as the subplots: straw return (S), chicken manure (M), mushroom residue (MR), and biochar (B). Results showed that nitrogen fertilizer and organic amendments significantly increased SOCs, with N240-B showing the highest SOCs, 21.61 % higher than that of the S (P<0.05). In > 5 mm aggregates, the SOCs of N0-B were the highest, 100.59 % and 22.27 % greater than those of N0-S and N240-B, respectively. In the 0.25–0.5 mm aggregates, the SOC of N240-S was significantly higher than other treatments, 192.57 % and 44.57 % higher than N240-B and N0-S, respectively. Meanwhile, nitrogen fertilizer reduced aggregate stability, whereas organic amendments increased the proportion of macroaggregates and the stability of aggregates. The MWD of N0-B was the highest, 22.79 % greater than that of N0-S. Path analysis and random forest modeling indicated that SOCs in the 0.25–0.5 mm fraction contributed significantly to SOCs. These findings demonstrate that organic amendments—particularly biochar—can effectively improve soil structure and enhance SOCs in intensively managed wheat systems under long-term nitrogen input.

氮肥对维持作物产量是必不可少的。然而，过量施用会破坏土壤结构，加速土壤养分流失，威胁农业可持续发展。有机改良剂在缓解土壤退化方面具有一定的作用，但长期施氮条件下不同有机改良剂对团聚体稳定性和土壤有机碳储量的影响尚不清楚。本研究在华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下的冬小麦季节进行。在这个季节，灌溉频繁，农业投入密集，碳损失较大。因此，在这个季节提高土壤有机碳含量对于保持土壤肥力和生产力至关重要。采用分畦设计，进行了为期两年的长期施氮试验。主要样地包括N0 （0 kg ha - 1）和N240 （240 kg ha - 1）两个氮水平。秸秆还田(S)、鸡粪(M)、蘑菇渣（MR）和生物炭(B)四种类型的有机肥作为子样。结果表明，氮肥和有机改剂显著提高了土壤的SOCs，其中N240-B的SOCs最高，比S高21.61% （P<0.05）。在5 mm团聚体中，N0-B的soc最高，分别比N0-S和N240-B高100.59%和22.27%。在0.25 ~ 0.5 mm团聚体中，N240-S的有机碳含量显著高于其他处理，分别比N240-B和N0-S高192.57%和44.57%。同时，氮肥降低了团聚体稳定性，而有机改良剂提高了大团聚体的比例和团聚体的稳定性。N0-B的MWD最大，比N0-S大22.79%。通径分析和随机森林模型表明，0.25 ~ 0.5 mm组分的soc对soc的贡献显著。这些发现表明，在长期氮输入的集约管理小麦系统中，有机改良剂（特别是生物炭）可以有效改善土壤结构，提高土壤有机碳含量。

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引用次数: 0

Geospatial and geostatistical analysis of land fragmentation and parcel shape indicators for sustainable farm structure in land consolidation 土地整理中土地破碎化的地理空间和地理统计分析以及可持续农业结构的地块形状指标

IF 8.4

Farming System

Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100173

Fırat Arslan , Hasan Değirmenci

Land consolidation (LC) is one of the key implementations to improve farm structure by enhancing parcel shape and reducing land fragmentation. Many researchers have developed indicators to measure parcel shape deformation and land fragmentation levels; however, these indicators often lack consistency for assessing land consolidation projects. In this study, we demonstrate that our newly developed New Parcel Shape Index (NSI) and New Land Fragmentation Index (NLFI) are more effective for assessing land consolidation projects. Geospatial and geostatistical analyses were applied to calculate the new indicators using ArcGIS-ArcMAP, with Excel utilised for calculating and comparing other indicators. To test these analyses, the cadastral data and reports of the Türkiye Malatya Province Arguvan District Tatkınlık Village Land Consolidation project were used as material.

As a result, it was observed that parcels with NSI values approaching 1 were close to a rectangular shape, while those deviating from an NSI value of 1 exhibited deformation. Other shape indices were found to perform poorly in parcel shape analysis. In measuring the level of land fragmentation, farms with small NLFI values were observed to be less fragmented than those with large NLFI values. Other land fragmentation indexes showed poor performance compared to NLFI. As a result, NSI is recommended for shape analysis, and NLFI is recommended for assessing land fragmentation. These indices can be utilised in before and after LC evaluations or in determining priority LC areas.

土地整理是改善农业结构、增强土地形态、减少土地细碎化的重要手段之一。许多研究人员开发了测量地块形状变形和土地破碎化程度的指标；然而，这些指标在评估土地整理项目时往往缺乏一致性。研究结果表明，新开发的“新地块形状指数”（NSI）和“新土地破碎化指数”（NLFI）对土地整理项目的评价更为有效。利用ArcGIS-ArcMAP进行地理空间和地理统计分析，计算新指标，利用Excel计算和比较其他指标。为了验证这些分析，使用了拉马提亚省rkiye Malatya省Arguvan区Tatkınlık村庄土地整理项目的地籍数据和报告作为材料。结果表明，NSI值接近1的地块接近矩形形状，而偏离NSI值为1的地块则呈现变形。其他形状指标在包裹形状分析中表现不佳。在测量土地破碎化程度时，观察到具有小NLFI值的农场比具有大NLFI值的农场碎片化程度更低。与NLFI相比，其他土地破碎化指数表现不佳。因此，NSI被推荐用于形状分析，而NLFI被推荐用于评估土地破碎化。这些指标可用于LC评估前后或确定优先LC领域。

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引用次数: 0