Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100188
Mohamed Boullouz , Mohamed Louay Metougui , Nabil El Khatri , Kamal Alahiane , Ngonidzashe Chirinda
The use of nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural production contributes to soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, yet data on the magnitude of those emissions are scarce for rainfed cropping systems in North Africa. This study quantified N2O fluxes under five fertilizer regimes in two contrasting Moroccan agroclimatic zones: a wetter site (Larache) and a drier site (Settat). Treatments included current farmer practices (CFP), regional recommended rates with a conventional source (RFP), RFP plus a urease inhibitor (MCDHS), a high N level (HNL), and unfertilized control. Results showed contrasting responses between sites: in Larache, N2O emissions increased exponentially when N input exceeded 140 kg ha−1 (RFP), peaking at 7.14 kg N2O-N ha−1 under HNL, with an average emission factor of 1 %; While in Settat, emissions rose with the application of N but plateaued beyond the N rate of 39 kg N ha−1 (CFP), with a mean EF of 0.6 %. The urease inhibitor (MCDHS) increased grain yield by 27 % in Larache without reducing emissions, whereas, in Settat, it had no significant effect on yield or cumulative N2O emissions compared to RFP. A generalized additive model identified soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) as the main driver of N2O fluxes across both sites. Overall, these findings indicate that yield and N2O responses to fertilization are strongly regulated by environmental conditions and that the IPCC Tier 1 emission factor underestimates emissions in Morocco wheat systems, highlighting the need for region-specific Tier 2 emission factors.
农业生产中氮肥的使用增加了土壤一氧化二氮的排放，但关于北非雨养种植系统的排放规模的数据很少。本研究量化了摩洛哥两个不同的农业气气区：湿润地区（Larache）和干燥地区（Settat）的五种肥料制度下的N2O通量。处理包括当前农民做法（CFP）、区域推荐常规施肥（RFP）、RFP加脲酶抑制剂（MCDHS）、高氮水平（HNL）和未施肥对照。结果表明：在Larache，当N输入量超过140 kg ha - 1 （RFP）时，N2O排放量呈指数增长，在HNL下达到峰值7.14 kg N2O-N ha - 1，平均排放因子为1%；而在Settat，排放量随施氮量的增加而增加，但在施氮量为39 kg N ha - 1 （CFP）之后趋于稳定，平均EF为0.6%。脲酶抑制剂（MCDHS）在不减少排放的情况下使Larache的粮食产量提高了27%，而在Settat，与RFP相比，它对产量或累积N2O排放没有显著影响。广义加性模型认为土壤充水孔隙空间（WFPS）是两个站点N2O通量的主要驱动因素。总体而言，这些研究结果表明，产量和N2O对施肥的响应受到环境条件的强烈调节，IPCC的第一级排放因子低估了摩洛哥小麦系统的排放，强调需要特定区域的第二级排放因子。
{"title":"Nitrous oxide emissions and wheat yield responses to nitrogen rate and source in contrasting rainfed cropping systems in Morocco","authors":"Mohamed Boullouz , Mohamed Louay Metougui , Nabil El Khatri , Kamal Alahiane , Ngonidzashe Chirinda","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural production contributes to soil nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions, yet data on the magnitude of those emissions are scarce for rainfed cropping systems in North Africa. This study quantified N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes under five fertilizer regimes in two contrasting Moroccan agroclimatic zones: a wetter site (Larache) and a drier site (Settat). Treatments included current farmer practices (CFP), regional recommended rates with a conventional source (RFP), RFP plus a urease inhibitor (MCDHS), a high N level (HNL), and unfertilized control. Results showed contrasting responses between sites: in Larache, N<sub>2</sub>O emissions increased exponentially when N input exceeded 140 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> (RFP), peaking at 7.14 kg N<sub>2</sub>O-N ha<sup>−1</sup> under HNL, with an average emission factor of 1 %; While in Settat, emissions rose with the application of N but plateaued beyond the N rate of 39 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> (CFP), with a mean EF of 0.6 %. The urease inhibitor (MCDHS) increased grain yield by 27 % in Larache without reducing emissions, whereas, in Settat, it had no significant effect on yield or cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O emissions compared to RFP. A generalized additive model identified soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) as the main driver of N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes across both sites. Overall, these findings indicate that yield and N<sub>2</sub>O responses to fertilization are strongly regulated by environmental conditions and that the IPCC Tier 1 emission factor underestimates emissions in Morocco wheat systems, highlighting the need for region-specific Tier 2 emission factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100188"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100187
Enrique Muñoz-Ulecia , Myriam Grillot , Marc Benoit , Guillaume Martin
Farm diversification is increasingly suggested as a way to improve agriculture's productivity and sustainability. However, the role of livestock remains under-explored, particularly whether diversification of organic farms with multiple livestock species increases productivity. We assessed the livestock, land and labour productivity of 96 organic multi-species livestock farms in six European countries. We aggregated farm's production of commercialized crop and livestock products in a unit of agricultural production (kg of protein) and an economic unit (income in €). We then calculated agricultural productivity of each farm per unit of livestock (LSU), land (ha) and labour (AWU). We also calculated the livestock productivity (kg of protein per LSU) of each livestock enterprise (dairy cattle, beef cattle, meat sheep, dairy sheep, goats, poultry and pigs) on each farm. We found that most organic multi-species livestock farms are as productive as their specialised counterparts per unit of livestock, land and labour, with medians of 103.8 kg of protein/LSU, 91.2 kg of protein/ha and 2214.7 kg of protein/AWU, respectively. Farms that included a monogastric species had higher agricultural productivity than those that included ruminant species alone (i.e., cattle and sheep). The high variability among farms and livestock species requires nuancing the view of diversification as a silver-bullet strategy and exploring the factors that promote or hinder the success of livestock diversification to increase productivity. This study provides the first comparison of agricultural and economic productivity of organic multi-species commercial farms across six European countries and including seven livestock combinations.
{"title":"Exploring the productivity per unit of livestock, land and labour of organic multi-species livestock farms in six European countries","authors":"Enrique Muñoz-Ulecia , Myriam Grillot , Marc Benoit , Guillaume Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Farm diversification is increasingly suggested as a way to improve agriculture's productivity and sustainability. However, the role of livestock remains under-explored, particularly whether diversification of organic farms with multiple livestock species increases productivity. We assessed the livestock, land and labour productivity of 96 organic multi-species livestock farms in six European countries. We aggregated farm's production of commercialized crop and livestock products in a unit of agricultural production (kg of protein) and an economic unit (income in €). We then calculated agricultural productivity of each farm per unit of livestock (LSU), land (ha) and labour (AWU). We also calculated the livestock productivity (kg of protein per LSU) of each livestock enterprise (dairy cattle, beef cattle, meat sheep, dairy sheep, goats, poultry and pigs) on each farm. We found that most organic multi-species livestock farms are as productive as their specialised counterparts per unit of livestock, land and labour, with medians of 103.8 kg of protein/LSU, 91.2 kg of protein/ha and 2214.7 kg of protein/AWU, respectively. Farms that included a monogastric species had higher agricultural productivity than those that included ruminant species alone (i.e., cattle and sheep). The high variability among farms and livestock species requires nuancing the view of diversification as a silver-bullet strategy and exploring the factors that promote or hinder the success of livestock diversification to increase productivity. This study provides the first comparison of agricultural and economic productivity of organic multi-species commercial farms across six European countries and including seven livestock combinations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100187"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100186
Shaowei Cui , Decai Jin , Lianzhu Zhou , Xiaoqing Huang , Hainan Chong , Dong Li , Hui Wu , Jianyu Wang , Fanfang Kong , Haijun Xiao , Yongqiang Liu
Soil microbiomes play a vital role in agricultural ecosystems. Cover crops are a key vineyard management strategy, that improves soil health, suppresses weeds, and promotes nutrient cycling. The grass-livestock-viticulture system further enhances sustainability by optimizing resource use, increasing productivity, and reducing inputs. However, the underlying ecological mechanisms are not well understood. This study investigates these mechanisms from a microbiological perspective. Field investigations showed that both grass planting and sheep grazing significantly enhanced leaf growth, with grazing further promoting new shoot development. Both treatments also reduced grape disease incidence compared to clean tillage. Microbial analysis revealed that enhanced grape growth and disease suppression were closely associated with shifts in the microbial community. Grazing significantly increased bacterial diversity in the inter-row soil but decreased fungal diversity in the grapevine root zone. Both grass planting and grazing increased fungal diversity in the inter-row. Grapevines in these treatments recruited beneficial microbes that supported nutrient cycling and pathogen suppression, including bacteria (e.g., Aggregatilinea, Niallia, Nocardioides) and fungi (e.g., Petriella, Cheilymenia, Pseudaleuria), while suppressing pathogenic fungi (e.g., Fusarium, Aspergillus, Gibberella), especially under grazing. Microbial functional genes involved in nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon cycling were significantly enriched, especially under grazing. Both treatments also increased bacterial network complexity and positive interactions, with grazing simplifying but strengthening fungal connectivity in the root zones. Our study provides valuable insights into microbiome-mediated ecological effects in integrated agroforestry systems, guiding the optimization of soil microbiomes to promote sustainable vineyard production.
{"title":"Integrated grass-livestock-viticulture system triggers soil microbiome, grape growth, and grape disease suppression cascades","authors":"Shaowei Cui , Decai Jin , Lianzhu Zhou , Xiaoqing Huang , Hainan Chong , Dong Li , Hui Wu , Jianyu Wang , Fanfang Kong , Haijun Xiao , Yongqiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil microbiomes play a vital role in agricultural ecosystems. Cover crops are a key vineyard management strategy, that improves soil health, suppresses weeds, and promotes nutrient cycling. The grass-livestock-viticulture system further enhances sustainability by optimizing resource use, increasing productivity, and reducing inputs. However, the underlying ecological mechanisms are not well understood. This study investigates these mechanisms from a microbiological perspective. Field investigations showed that both grass planting and sheep grazing significantly enhanced leaf growth, with grazing further promoting new shoot development. Both treatments also reduced grape disease incidence compared to clean tillage. Microbial analysis revealed that enhanced grape growth and disease suppression were closely associated with shifts in the microbial community. Grazing significantly increased bacterial diversity in the inter-row soil but decreased fungal diversity in the grapevine root zone. Both grass planting and grazing increased fungal diversity in the inter-row. Grapevines in these treatments recruited beneficial microbes that supported nutrient cycling and pathogen suppression, including bacteria (e.g., <em>Aggregatilinea</em>, <em>Niallia</em>, <em>Nocardioides</em>) and fungi (e.g., <em>Petriella</em>, <em>Cheilymenia</em>, <em>Pseudaleuria</em>), while suppressing pathogenic fungi (e.g., <em>Fusarium</em>, <em>Aspergillus</em>, <em>Gibberella</em>), especially under grazing. Microbial functional genes involved in nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon cycling were significantly enriched, especially under grazing. Both treatments also increased bacterial network complexity and positive interactions, with grazing simplifying but strengthening fungal connectivity in the root zones. Our study provides valuable insights into microbiome-mediated ecological effects in integrated agroforestry systems, guiding the optimization of soil microbiomes to promote sustainable vineyard production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100186"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145364700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100185
Jin Shi , Haihe Gao , Yuan Liu , Enke Liu , Joann K. Whalen , Xiaoguang Niu , Yan Yan , Haijun Zhang , Jiawen Yu , Xurong Mei
The grand challenge for sustainable farming systems is to maintain agricultural productivity in a changing climate with water resource constraints. Here, we present a spatiotemporal footprint framework to optimize agricultural activities in winter wheat systems, based on a 30-year integrated assessment from 1991 to 2020 in China. During this period, agricultural activities in China's winter wheat production system emitted 66.6 × 106 t CO2eq yr−1 and consumed 112 × 109 m3 yr−1 of water annually. The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain had high greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption, yet maintained relatively low product-level footprints. From 2001 to 2020, synergistic reductions in carbon and water footprints were achieved by optimizing fertilizer practices for yield improvement. Scenario-based mitigation analysis revealed that substituting organic alternatives for chemical fertilizers reduced emissions by 12 %, while powering irrigation equipment with renewable energy lowered emissions by 7.0 %, and improving irrigation efficiency reduced water consumption by 3 %, relative to the baseline scenario. Together, precision fertilization and energy-efficient irrigation were highly impactful, reducing carbon emissions by up to 20 % and being a practical strategy to enhance food security and environmental sustainability.
可持续农业系统面临的巨大挑战是在气候变化和水资源限制的情况下保持农业生产力。在此基础上，基于1991 - 2020年的30年综合评估，提出了一个优化中国冬小麦系统农业活动的时空足迹框架。在此期间，中国冬小麦生产系统的农业活动每年排放66.6 × 106 t CO2eq yr - 1，消耗112 × 109 m3 yr - 1的水。黄淮海平原温室气体排放和用水量较高，但产品层面的足迹相对较低。从2001年到2020年，通过优化施肥方法提高产量，实现了碳足迹和水足迹的协同减少。基于情景的缓解分析显示，与基线情景相比，用有机替代品替代化肥可减少12%的排放，而用可再生能源为灌溉设备供电可减少7.0%的排放，提高灌溉效率可减少3%的用水量。精准施肥和节能灌溉共同产生了巨大影响，减少了高达20%的碳排放，是加强粮食安全和环境可持续性的切实可行的战略。
{"title":"Optimizing water and fertilizer management reduces carbon and water footprints for winter wheat production in China","authors":"Jin Shi , Haihe Gao , Yuan Liu , Enke Liu , Joann K. Whalen , Xiaoguang Niu , Yan Yan , Haijun Zhang , Jiawen Yu , Xurong Mei","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The grand challenge for sustainable farming systems is to maintain agricultural productivity in a changing climate with water resource constraints. Here, we present a spatiotemporal footprint framework to optimize agricultural activities in winter wheat systems, based on a 30-year integrated assessment from 1991 to 2020 in China. During this period, agricultural activities in China's winter wheat production system emitted 66.6 × 10<sup>6</sup> t CO<sub>2</sub>eq yr<sup>−1</sup> and consumed 112 × 10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> of water annually. The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain had high greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption, yet maintained relatively low product-level footprints. From 2001 to 2020, synergistic reductions in carbon and water footprints were achieved by optimizing fertilizer practices for yield improvement. Scenario-based mitigation analysis revealed that substituting organic alternatives for chemical fertilizers reduced emissions by 12 %, while powering irrigation equipment with renewable energy lowered emissions by 7.0 %, and improving irrigation efficiency reduced water consumption by 3 %, relative to the baseline scenario. Together, precision fertilization and energy-efficient irrigation were highly impactful, reducing carbon emissions by up to 20 % and being a practical strategy to enhance food security and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100185"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100184
Mohammad Fazle Rabbi
Agricultural carbon emissions within the European Union present complex systemic challenges requiring integrated approaches that balance environmental objectives with food security imperatives. This study examines systemic drivers of carbon emissions across agricultural value chains in five strategically selected EU countries (France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Spain) from 2010 to 2024. Three distinct farming system emission archetypes were identified: (1) intensive processing-dominant systems (Italy generating >8000 kt CO2 annually, France maintaining 5000–6000 kt CO2), (2) transitional consumption-driven systems (Poland exhibiting ∼7000 kt CO2 from household consumption, Hungary showing 900 kt CO2 with transport contributions of 600–900 kt CO2), and (3) Mediterranean bridge systems (Spain demonstrating 5000–7000 kt CO2 transport variability). Mediation analysis identified agri-food waste disposal and pesticide manufacturing as strong mediators between emissions and economic outcomes (total effects of 21.0 and 15.0 on GDP respectively), while SDG 12.3 emerged as the strongest mediator explaining 21 % of emissions' impact on GDP. Cross-country scenario testing revealed sustainable food production as the most effective universal policy lever (coefficient 0.266), followed by energy efficiency (0.247) and on-farm energy use (0.237), whereas renewable energy exhibited negative coefficients (−0.085) indicating implementation challenges. Country-specific analyses demonstrated varied responsiveness patterns across 10 % and 20 % intervention scenarios, with France's energy efficiency improvements yielding 0.132–0.264 dietary energy units, while Hungary showed stronger responses to agrifood waste disposal interventions (1.8–3.6 dietary energy units per intervention level). The comprehensive framework demonstrates that coordinated SDG-aligned interventions can simultaneously address carbon emission reduction and food security enhancement, though system-specific implementation strategies remain essential across diverse European agricultural contexts.
{"title":"Systemic drivers of carbon emissions in farming systems of five EU countries: Pathways for SDG-aligned food security","authors":"Mohammad Fazle Rabbi","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural carbon emissions within the European Union present complex systemic challenges requiring integrated approaches that balance environmental objectives with food security imperatives. This study examines systemic drivers of carbon emissions across agricultural value chains in five strategically selected EU countries (France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Spain) from 2010 to 2024. Three distinct farming system emission archetypes were identified: (1) intensive processing-dominant systems (Italy generating >8000 kt CO<sub>2</sub> annually, France maintaining 5000–6000 kt CO<sub>2</sub>), (2) transitional consumption-driven systems (Poland exhibiting ∼7000 kt CO<sub>2</sub> from household consumption, Hungary showing 900 kt CO<sub>2</sub> with transport contributions of 600–900 kt CO<sub>2</sub>), and (3) Mediterranean bridge systems (Spain demonstrating 5000–7000 kt CO<sub>2</sub> transport variability). Mediation analysis identified agri-food waste disposal and pesticide manufacturing as strong mediators between emissions and economic outcomes (total effects of 21.0 and 15.0 on GDP respectively), while SDG 12.3 emerged as the strongest mediator explaining 21 % of emissions' impact on GDP. Cross-country scenario testing revealed sustainable food production as the most effective universal policy lever (coefficient 0.266), followed by energy efficiency (0.247) and on-farm energy use (0.237), whereas renewable energy exhibited negative coefficients (−0.085) indicating implementation challenges. Country-specific analyses demonstrated varied responsiveness patterns across 10 % and 20 % intervention scenarios, with France's energy efficiency improvements yielding 0.132–0.264 dietary energy units, while Hungary showed stronger responses to agrifood waste disposal interventions (1.8–3.6 dietary energy units per intervention level). The comprehensive framework demonstrates that coordinated SDG-aligned interventions can simultaneously address carbon emission reduction and food security enhancement, though system-specific implementation strategies remain essential across diverse European agricultural contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100184"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100181
Shancong Wang , Xinru Hu , Reda M.M. Ahmed , Guihong Yin , Xiao Jun A. Liu , Haotian Wang , Jiameng Guo , Peng Zhao , Chang Li , Qinghua Yang , Lei Gao , Ruixin Shao
Long-term application of conventional synthetic fertilizers (CF) significantly impairs soil fertility, particularly in the intensive wheat/maize rotation systems. The problem is even worse in medium-low yield farmlands such as lime concretion black soil, resulting in an inevitable threat to world's food security. Therefore, adopting innovative alternatives becomes an urgent need to improve soil fertility and fulfill agricultural high yield demands and sustainable development. Thus, we conducted a two-year field experiment in lime concretion black soil to compare the divergent effects of controlled-release (CRF), organic (OF) and microbial (MF) fertilizers on soil fertility improvement under wheat cultivation. Combined analysis using Linear discriminant analysis effect size, Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling revealed that CRF improved soil nitrogen retention via homocarnosine-mediated recruitment of the fungi Solicoccozyma aeria and Lecythophora. Specifically, CRF increased total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen by 17.3 % and 11.8 % compared to CF, respectively. Interestingly, OF demonstrated the most comprehensive improvement in soil fertility. OF enhanced multiple soil fertility by enriching Melatonin and Trioxilin A3, which facilitated the recruitment of Lophotrichus sp. and Lecythophora sp. This led to significant increases relative to CF in soil organic matter (18.3 %), total nitrogen (13.8 %), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (10.0 %), available phosphorus (17.2 %), and available potassium (29.0 %). In contrast, MF promoted carbon accumulation by enriching melatonin and 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, recruiting Neocosmospora rubicola, which resulted in a 5.15 % increase in soil organic matter and an 11.4 % rise in microbial biomass carbon compared to CF. These findings demonstrate that novel fertilizers enhance soil fertility through metabolite-mediated recruitment of functional fungi rather than bacteria, with OF exhibiting the greatest synergistic effect between the rhizosphere metabolome and fungal assemblage. This study lays a theoretical foundation for tailored strategies that simultaneously enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability in lime concretion black soil regions under wheat/maize rotation systems.
{"title":"Metabolite-driven fungal recruitment in rhizosphere explains superiority of organic fertilizer in enhancing the soil fertility of wheat","authors":"Shancong Wang , Xinru Hu , Reda M.M. Ahmed , Guihong Yin , Xiao Jun A. Liu , Haotian Wang , Jiameng Guo , Peng Zhao , Chang Li , Qinghua Yang , Lei Gao , Ruixin Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term application of conventional synthetic fertilizers (CF) significantly impairs soil fertility, particularly in the intensive wheat/maize rotation systems. The problem is even worse in medium-low yield farmlands such as lime concretion black soil, resulting in an inevitable threat to world's food security. Therefore, adopting innovative alternatives becomes an urgent need to improve soil fertility and fulfill agricultural high yield demands and sustainable development. Thus, we conducted a two-year field experiment in lime concretion black soil to compare the divergent effects of controlled-release (CRF), organic (OF) and microbial (MF) fertilizers on soil fertility improvement under wheat cultivation. Combined analysis using Linear discriminant analysis effect size, Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling revealed that CRF improved soil nitrogen retention via homocarnosine-mediated recruitment of the fungi <em>Solicoccozyma aeria</em> and <em>Lecythophora</em>. Specifically, CRF increased total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen by 17.3 % and 11.8 % compared to CF, respectively. Interestingly, OF demonstrated the most comprehensive improvement in soil fertility. OF enhanced multiple soil fertility by enriching Melatonin and Trioxilin A3, which facilitated the recruitment of <em>Lophotrichus</em> sp. and <em>Lecythophora</em> sp. This led to significant increases relative to CF in soil organic matter (18.3 %), total nitrogen (13.8 %), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (10.0 %), available phosphorus (17.2 %), and available potassium (29.0 %). In contrast, MF promoted carbon accumulation by enriching melatonin and 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, recruiting <em>Neocosmospora rubicola</em>, which resulted in a 5.15 % increase in soil organic matter and an 11.4 % rise in microbial biomass carbon compared to CF. These findings demonstrate that novel fertilizers enhance soil fertility through metabolite-mediated recruitment of functional fungi rather than bacteria, with OF exhibiting the greatest synergistic effect between the rhizosphere metabolome and fungal assemblage. This study lays a theoretical foundation for tailored strategies that simultaneously enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability in lime concretion black soil regions under wheat/maize rotation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100181"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Challenges of climate-resilient agricultural production, along with environmental sustainability, guided the study on livestock-based integrated farming systems (LIFS) to explore their merits and implications for sustainable farming. Consequently, a 3-year life cycle assessment of a 3-ha LIFS with 30 adult cattle units and diversified components (45 % food crops, 33.8 % fodder, 17.5 % vegetables, 2.5 % flowers, 1.3 % fruits, and allied activities) was conducted to evaluate among its components and against the traditional groundnut-wheat cropping system (GWCS). The study assessed ecosystem services, including resource recycling, productivity, profitability, employment, and energy-carbon dynamics involving the life cycle assessment approach. Findings reveal that LIFS yielded 80,178 kg wheat equivalent ha−1 yr−1, US$8952 net returns, 4,55,368 MJ energy output, and 33,974 kg carbon output from inputs of 90,791 MJ energy and GHG emissions equivalent to 14,942 kg carbon. Compared to GWCS, LIFS achieved 8.4× higher productions, 6.4× greater returns, 6.6× more employment, 3.0× higher energy productivity, and 4.6× greater net carbon gain due to crop–livestock synergy with improved management. Among components, livestock dominated inputs (86 % cost, 66 % energy, 92 % carbon) and outputs (77 % production, 66 % returns, 59 % employment), thus playing a crucial role in production and environmental sustainability. However, horticultural crops showed higher unit productivity and returns. The carbon footprint of LIFS (0.69 kg CO2 eq.) was higher than GWCS but better than similar livestock + crop systems. Conclusively, LIFS enhances climate resilience and ecosystem services; however, optimizing livestock's energy-carbon use can further impart greater environmental sustainability, offering valuable insights for researchers and policymakers to focus on immediate adoption of LIFS for stable livelihood, along with setting the long-term goal for sustaining the energy-carbon use to evolve a ‘total sustainability’ of production systems in study region as well as similar agroecology worldwide.
气候适应型农业生产的挑战以及环境可持续性指导了以牲畜为基础的综合农业系统（LIFS）研究，以探索其优点和对可持续农业的影响。因此，对30头成年牛组成的3公顷LIFS进行了3年生命周期评估，并对其组成部分（45%的粮食作物，33.8%的饲料，17.5%的蔬菜，2.5%的花卉，1.3%的水果和相关活动）进行了评估，并与传统的花生-小麦种植系统（GWCS）进行了比较。该研究评估了生态系统服务，包括资源循环、生产力、盈利能力、就业和使用生命周期评估方法的能源-碳动态。研究结果表明，LIFS产生80,178公斤小麦当量（公顷- 1年- 1年），净收益8952美元，输出4,55,368兆焦耳能量，输入90,791兆焦耳能量，输出33,974公斤碳，温室气体排放相当于14,942公斤碳。与GWCS相比，LIFS的产量提高了8.4倍，回报提高了6.4倍，就业增加了6.6倍，能源生产率提高了3.0倍，由于作物与牲畜的协同作用和管理的改善，净碳收益提高了4.6倍。在各组成部分中，畜牧业在投入（86%的成本、66%的能源、92%的碳）和产出（77%的产量、66%的回报、59%的就业）中占主导地位，因此在生产和环境可持续性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，园艺作物表现出更高的单位生产力和回报。LIFS系统的碳足迹（0.69 kg CO2当量）高于GWCS系统，但优于同类的牲畜+作物系统。最后，LIFS增强了气候适应能力和生态系统服务；然而，优化牲畜的能源-碳利用可以进一步赋予环境更大的可持续性，为研究人员和政策制定者提供有价值的见解，使他们能够专注于立即采用LIFS来稳定生计，同时设定维持能源-碳利用的长期目标，从而在研究区域以及全球类似的农业生态中发展出生产系统的“全面可持续性”。
{"title":"Livelihood and energy-carbon dynamics of livestock-based integrated farming system: Assessment and implications for sustainable farming","authors":"Gaurendra Gupta , D.R. Palsaniya , Manjanagouda S. Sannagoudar , Bishwa Bhaskar Choudhary , Samir Barman , Mukesh Choudhary , Deepak Upadhyay , R.K. Patel , S.K. Singh , Khem Chand , Sadhna Pandey , Manju Suman","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Challenges of climate-resilient agricultural production, along with environmental sustainability, guided the study on livestock-based integrated farming systems (LIFS) to explore their merits and implications for sustainable farming. Consequently, a 3-year life cycle assessment of a 3-ha LIFS with 30 adult cattle units and diversified components (45 % food crops, 33.8 % fodder, 17.5 % vegetables, 2.5 % flowers, 1.3 % fruits, and allied activities) was conducted to evaluate among its components and against the traditional groundnut-wheat cropping system (GWCS). The study assessed ecosystem services, including resource recycling, productivity, profitability, employment, and energy-carbon dynamics involving the life cycle assessment approach. Findings reveal that LIFS yielded 80,178 kg wheat equivalent ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>, US$8952 net returns, 4,55,368 MJ energy output, and 33,974 kg carbon output from inputs of 90,791 MJ energy and GHG emissions equivalent to 14,942 kg carbon. Compared to GWCS, LIFS achieved 8.4× higher productions, 6.4× greater returns, 6.6× more employment, 3.0× higher energy productivity, and 4.6× greater net carbon gain due to crop–livestock synergy with improved management. Among components, livestock dominated inputs (86 % cost, 66 % energy, 92 % carbon) and outputs (77 % production, 66 % returns, 59 % employment), thus playing a crucial role in production and environmental sustainability. However, horticultural crops showed higher unit productivity and returns. The carbon footprint of LIFS (0.69 kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) was higher than GWCS but better than similar livestock + crop systems. Conclusively, LIFS enhances climate resilience and ecosystem services; however, optimizing livestock's energy-carbon use can further impart greater environmental sustainability, offering valuable insights for researchers and policymakers to focus on immediate adoption of LIFS for stable livelihood, along with setting the long-term goal for sustaining the energy-carbon use to evolve a ‘total sustainability’ of production systems in study region as well as similar agroecology worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100183"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100182
Hui Cao , Xiquan Wang , Junming Liu , Sen Li , Sunusi Amin Abubakar , Yang Gao , Shoutian Ma
Nitrogen fertilizer is essential for maintaining crop yields. However, excessive application degrades soil structure, accelerates soil nutrient loss, and threatens sustainable agriculture. Organic amendments can alleviate in alleviating soil degradation, but the effects of different organic amendments on aggregate stability and soil organic carbon stock (SOCs) under long-term nitrogen fertilization remain poorly understood. This study was conducted during the winter wheat season within a winter wheat–summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain. In this season, irrigation is frequent, agricultural inputs are intensive, and carbon loss is considerable. Enhancing SOCs in this season is therefore crucial for maintaining soil fertility and productivity. A two-year experiment was conducted under long-term nitrogen fertilization using a split-plot design. The main plots consisted of two nitrogen levels: N0 (0 kg ha−1) and N240 (240 kg ha−1). Four types of OA as the subplots: straw return (S), chicken manure (M), mushroom residue (MR), and biochar (B). Results showed that nitrogen fertilizer and organic amendments significantly increased SOCs, with N240-B showing the highest SOCs, 21.61 % higher than that of the S (P<0.05). In > 5 mm aggregates, the SOCs of N0-B were the highest, 100.59 % and 22.27 % greater than those of N0-S and N240-B, respectively. In the 0.25–0.5 mm aggregates, the SOC of N240-S was significantly higher than other treatments, 192.57 % and 44.57 % higher than N240-B and N0-S, respectively. Meanwhile, nitrogen fertilizer reduced aggregate stability, whereas organic amendments increased the proportion of macroaggregates and the stability of aggregates. The MWD of N0-B was the highest, 22.79 % greater than that of N0-S. Path analysis and random forest modeling indicated that SOCs in the 0.25–0.5 mm fraction contributed significantly to SOCs. These findings demonstrate that organic amendments—particularly biochar—can effectively improve soil structure and enhance SOCs in intensively managed wheat systems under long-term nitrogen input.
氮肥对维持作物产量是必不可少的。然而，过量施用会破坏土壤结构，加速土壤养分流失，威胁农业可持续发展。有机改良剂在缓解土壤退化方面具有一定的作用，但长期施氮条件下不同有机改良剂对团聚体稳定性和土壤有机碳储量的影响尚不清楚。本研究在华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下的冬小麦季节进行。在这个季节，灌溉频繁，农业投入密集，碳损失较大。因此，在这个季节提高土壤有机碳含量对于保持土壤肥力和生产力至关重要。采用分畦设计，进行了为期两年的长期施氮试验。主要样地包括N0 （0 kg ha - 1）和N240 （240 kg ha - 1）两个氮水平。秸秆还田(S)、鸡粪(M)、蘑菇渣（MR）和生物炭(B)四种类型的有机肥作为子样。结果表明，氮肥和有机改剂显著提高了土壤的SOCs，其中N240-B的SOCs最高，比S高21.61% （P<0.05）。在5 mm团聚体中，N0-B的soc最高，分别比N0-S和N240-B高100.59%和22.27%。在0.25 ~ 0.5 mm团聚体中，N240-S的有机碳含量显著高于其他处理，分别比N240-B和N0-S高192.57%和44.57%。同时，氮肥降低了团聚体稳定性，而有机改良剂提高了大团聚体的比例和团聚体的稳定性。N0-B的MWD最大，比N0-S大22.79%。通径分析和随机森林模型表明，0.25 ~ 0.5 mm组分的soc对soc的贡献显著。这些发现表明，在长期氮输入的集约管理小麦系统中，有机改良剂（特别是生物炭）可以有效改善土壤结构，提高土壤有机碳含量。
{"title":"Soil organic carbon enhancement via small macroaggregate stabilization under long-term nitrogen and short-term organic amendments","authors":"Hui Cao , Xiquan Wang , Junming Liu , Sen Li , Sunusi Amin Abubakar , Yang Gao , Shoutian Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen fertilizer is essential for maintaining crop yields. However, excessive application degrades soil structure, accelerates soil nutrient loss, and threatens sustainable agriculture. Organic amendments can alleviate in alleviating soil degradation, but the effects of different organic amendments on aggregate stability and soil organic carbon stock (SOCs) under long-term nitrogen fertilization remain poorly understood. This study was conducted during the winter wheat season within a winter wheat–summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain. In this season, irrigation is frequent, agricultural inputs are intensive, and carbon loss is considerable. Enhancing SOCs in this season is therefore crucial for maintaining soil fertility and productivity. A two-year experiment was conducted under long-term nitrogen fertilization using a split-plot design. The main plots consisted of two nitrogen levels: N0 (0 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) and N240 (240 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>). Four types of OA as the subplots: straw return (S), chicken manure (M), mushroom residue (MR), and biochar (B). Results showed that nitrogen fertilizer and organic amendments significantly increased SOCs, with N240-B showing the highest SOCs, 21.61 % higher than that of the S (<em>P<0.05</em>). In > 5 mm aggregates, the SOCs of N0-B were the highest, 100.59 % and 22.27 % greater than those of N0-S and N240-B, respectively. In the 0.25–0.5 mm aggregates, the SOC of N240-S was significantly higher than other treatments, 192.57 % and 44.57 % higher than N240-B and N0-S, respectively. Meanwhile, nitrogen fertilizer reduced aggregate stability, whereas organic amendments increased the proportion of macroaggregates and the stability of aggregates. The MWD of N0-B was the highest, 22.79 % greater than that of N0-S. Path analysis and random forest modeling indicated that SOCs in the 0.25–0.5 mm fraction contributed significantly to SOCs. These findings demonstrate that organic amendments—particularly biochar—can effectively improve soil structure and enhance SOCs in intensively managed wheat systems under long-term nitrogen input.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100182"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145425131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-09DOI: 10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100173
Fırat Arslan , Hasan Değirmenci
Land consolidation (LC) is one of the key implementations to improve farm structure by enhancing parcel shape and reducing land fragmentation. Many researchers have developed indicators to measure parcel shape deformation and land fragmentation levels; however, these indicators often lack consistency for assessing land consolidation projects. In this study, we demonstrate that our newly developed New Parcel Shape Index (NSI) and New Land Fragmentation Index (NLFI) are more effective for assessing land consolidation projects. Geospatial and geostatistical analyses were applied to calculate the new indicators using ArcGIS-ArcMAP, with Excel utilised for calculating and comparing other indicators. To test these analyses, the cadastral data and reports of the Türkiye Malatya Province Arguvan District Tatkınlık Village Land Consolidation project were used as material.
As a result, it was observed that parcels with NSI values approaching 1 were close to a rectangular shape, while those deviating from an NSI value of 1 exhibited deformation. Other shape indices were found to perform poorly in parcel shape analysis. In measuring the level of land fragmentation, farms with small NLFI values were observed to be less fragmented than those with large NLFI values. Other land fragmentation indexes showed poor performance compared to NLFI. As a result, NSI is recommended for shape analysis, and NLFI is recommended for assessing land fragmentation. These indices can be utilised in before and after LC evaluations or in determining priority LC areas.
{"title":"Geospatial and geostatistical analysis of land fragmentation and parcel shape indicators for sustainable farm structure in land consolidation","authors":"Fırat Arslan , Hasan Değirmenci","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Land consolidation (LC) is one of the key implementations to improve farm structure by enhancing parcel shape and reducing land fragmentation. Many researchers have developed indicators to measure parcel shape deformation and land fragmentation levels; however, these indicators often lack consistency for assessing land consolidation projects. In this study, we demonstrate that our newly developed New Parcel Shape Index (NSI) and New Land Fragmentation Index (NLFI) are more effective for assessing land consolidation projects. Geospatial and geostatistical analyses were applied to calculate the new indicators using ArcGIS-ArcMAP, with Excel utilised for calculating and comparing other indicators. To test these analyses, the cadastral data and reports of the Türkiye Malatya Province Arguvan District Tatkınlık Village Land Consolidation project were used as material.</div><div>As a result, it was observed that parcels with NSI values approaching 1 were close to a rectangular shape, while those deviating from an NSI value of 1 exhibited deformation. Other shape indices were found to perform poorly in parcel shape analysis. In measuring the level of land fragmentation, farms with small NLFI values were observed to be less fragmented than those with large NLFI values. Other land fragmentation indexes showed poor performance compared to NLFI. As a result, NSI is recommended for shape analysis, and NLFI is recommended for assessing land fragmentation. These indices can be utilised in before and after LC evaluations or in determining priority LC areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100173"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature-based biodiversity agriculture is currently recognized as the best path for green agriculture. Agricultural systems with biodiversity can provide ecological functions such as pest and greenhouse gas emission control, water and nutrient regulation, pollination, etc. How to construct a healthy agricultural biodiversity system and make it play a beneficial role for green agriculture is an urgent issue that needs attention. Thus, this study summarizes traditional biodiversity utilization and cultivation techniques and their comprehensive effects. Results showed that paddy rotation modes improved rice yield and enhanced soil fertility indicators such as soil organic matter (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK). Paddy co-culture modes effectively suppressed major pests and diseases, including rice planthopper, rice leaf roller, rice blast, and weeds, with reductions ranging from 15.5 % to 73.9 %. Organic fertilization and straw returning practices increased microbial diversity, as evidenced by the rise in bacterial (1.9 %–7.5 %) and fungal (6.5 %–24.1 %) Shannon index. Based on these findings, this study identifies three key challenges in promoting agricultural biodiversity in modern intensive farming: efficiency in human resource utilization, integration of functions, and adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. And then proposed the “four zones” strategies including production functional zone, production and ecological service combined functional zone, production service and ecological service combined functional zone, and ecological service functional zone. As a conclusion, the study highlights that the rational spatial configuration and species combination of these zones under diverse climatic and land-use conditions is essential for achieving the dual goals of ecological sustainability and economic viability, and should be a key focus for future research and practice.
{"title":"Strategies for constructing biodiversity of paddy fields in intensive agricultural areas in China","authors":"Yinan Xu , Jing Sheng , Zhi Guo , Qian Yue , Sichu Wang , Jianwei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nature-based biodiversity agriculture is currently recognized as the best path for green agriculture. Agricultural systems with biodiversity can provide ecological functions such as pest and greenhouse gas emission control, water and nutrient regulation, pollination, etc. How to construct a healthy agricultural biodiversity system and make it play a beneficial role for green agriculture is an urgent issue that needs attention. Thus, this study summarizes traditional biodiversity utilization and cultivation techniques and their comprehensive effects. Results showed that paddy rotation modes improved rice yield and enhanced soil fertility indicators such as soil organic matter (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK). Paddy co-culture modes effectively suppressed major pests and diseases, including rice planthopper, rice leaf roller, rice blast, and weeds, with reductions ranging from 15.5 % to 73.9 %. Organic fertilization and straw returning practices increased microbial diversity, as evidenced by the rise in bacterial (1.9 %–7.5 %) and fungal (6.5 %–24.1 %) Shannon index. Based on these findings, this study identifies three key challenges in promoting agricultural biodiversity in modern intensive farming: efficiency in human resource utilization, integration of functions, and adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. And then proposed the “four zones” strategies including production functional zone, production and ecological service combined functional zone, production service and ecological service combined functional zone, and ecological service functional zone. As a conclusion, the study highlights that the rational spatial configuration and species combination of these zones under diverse climatic and land-use conditions is essential for achieving the dual goals of ecological sustainability and economic viability, and should be a key focus for future research and practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"3 4","pages":"Article 100172"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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