Abstract The focus of this study is public participation in the water resource and associated hazards management decision-making processes. It explores the importance, feasibility, and effectiveness of public participation in the flood management, decision-making process, with particular attention to the case of the Red River Basin of Manitoba, Canada. The nature and efficacy of public participation in the hearings conducted by the International Joint Commission (IJC) in the aftermath of the 1997 Red River flood are critically reviewed. The results of the analysis suggest that the IJC has been more sensitive to the views of the public and concerned stakeholders than the Red River Basin Task Force. The IJC incorporated a substantial portion of the opinions, suggestions, and concerns expressed by the public into the final recommendations produced by the commission for the Canadian and American federal governments. Public participation was an integral component of the IJC hearings, and was expected to contribute to flood preparedness in the future. The reasons for such accommodation of public and the stakeholders' views in decision-makingare primarily attributed to making the proposed projects and programs socio-economically and politically feasible. Because of their general characteristics, the lessons from the case of the Red River Basin could be used as an effective tool in other resource and environmental hazard management areas.
{"title":"Public involvement in the Red River Basin management decisions and preparedness for the next flood","authors":"C. E. Haque, Michael Kolba, P. Morton, N. Quinn","doi":"10.3763/ehaz.2002.0411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2002.0411","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The focus of this study is public participation in the water resource and associated hazards management decision-making processes. It explores the importance, feasibility, and effectiveness of public participation in the flood management, decision-making process, with particular attention to the case of the Red River Basin of Manitoba, Canada. The nature and efficacy of public participation in the hearings conducted by the International Joint Commission (IJC) in the aftermath of the 1997 Red River flood are critically reviewed. The results of the analysis suggest that the IJC has been more sensitive to the views of the public and concerned stakeholders than the Red River Basin Task Force. The IJC incorporated a substantial portion of the opinions, suggestions, and concerns expressed by the public into the final recommendations produced by the commission for the Canadian and American federal governments. Public participation was an integral component of the IJC hearings, and was expected to contribute to flood preparedness in the future. The reasons for such accommodation of public and the stakeholders' views in decision-makingare primarily attributed to making the proposed projects and programs socio-economically and politically feasible. Because of their general characteristics, the lessons from the case of the Red River Basin could be used as an effective tool in other resource and environmental hazard management areas.","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"412 1","pages":"104 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76457678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S1464-2867(03)00016-0
{"title":"Editors note: the secret history of natural disaster” Environmental Hazards 3 (1) p. 29 (2001) ϕ","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1464-2867(03)00016-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2867(03)00016-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"4 2","pages":"Page 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-2867(03)00016-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136553432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper examines the impacts of the February, 2001, Nisqually earthquake on businesses. Focusing on two hard-hit business districts in Seattle, the study investigates the extent of losses, patterns of disparities, and underlying loss factors. A conceptual framework is proposed of how business vulnerability dimensions contribute to disaster loss. Interviews were conducted with owners and managers of 107 businesses. Data were gathered on impacts, methods of finance, and disaster preparedness. Results showed that business losses were much greater than what standard statistical data would imply. Analysis found that a composite index of vulnerability—based on business sector, size, and building occupancy tenure—provides a very powerful predictor of business loss. Physical damage was a much weaker predictor of loss. Moreover, business recovery was influenced not only by characteristics of the business itself, but also by conditions in the neighborhood.
{"title":"Disaster vulnerability of businesses in the 2001 Nisqually earthquake","authors":"Stephanie E. Chang, A. Falit-Baiamonte","doi":"10.3763/ehaz.2002.0406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2002.0406","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines the impacts of the February, 2001, Nisqually earthquake on businesses. Focusing on two hard-hit business districts in Seattle, the study investigates the extent of losses, patterns of disparities, and underlying loss factors. A conceptual framework is proposed of how business vulnerability dimensions contribute to disaster loss. Interviews were conducted with owners and managers of 107 businesses. Data were gathered on impacts, methods of finance, and disaster preparedness. Results showed that business losses were much greater than what standard statistical data would imply. Analysis found that a composite index of vulnerability—based on business sector, size, and building occupancy tenure—provides a very powerful predictor of business loss. Physical damage was a much weaker predictor of loss. Moreover, business recovery was influenced not only by characteristics of the business itself, but also by conditions in the neighborhood.","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"24 1","pages":"59 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79192605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Afghanistan, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international organizations (IOs) are stockpiling food and non-food items. Plans have been made to keep roads open throughout the winter, when weather that normally isolates parts of this country from outside access occurs. These efforts, which began during the Afghan summer, are a welcome sign that assistance organizations have begun to recognize that cold weather can be an important factor in providing humanitarian assistance. It is worth recalling that Afghanistan is where at least 150 displaced persons froze to death near Herat, Afghanistan in January and February 2001. Cold weather is not unusual. It returns consistently, year after year, in many parts of the world. The fact that periods of cold weather are largely predictable and will overlap with periods of potential disasters in much of the world suggests that cold weather should be systematically included as a normal part of planning and managing humanitarian response activities. The deaths in Afghanistan, and the need to launch special funding appeals to support humanitarian operations in normal winter weather suggests that the reality of winter has not been fully incorporated into the norms and standards for humanitarian response. Until late 1980s, most international humanitarian assistance focused predominantly on emergencies and disasters in tropical areas: civil wars in Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Sudan; refugees in Africa, Cambodia, and other parts of Southeast Asia; droughts in Africa; and floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes in the Caribbean and in Latin America. These disasters were the genesis of a widely applied approach to humanitarian assistance: provide clean water, basic medical care (often directed by specialists in tropical medicine), and basic food commodities to the disaster victims. Shelter was often provided by the victims themselves, supplemented by a sheet of plastic or, in the recovery phase, some zinc roofing. However, immediate shelter was rarely treated as a life-saving issue and the climate where a disaster occurred was considered benign, though sometimes uncomfortable for non-natives. Although disasters did occur in cold weather conditions, most did not receive sustained attention from the humanitarian assistance industry and had little impact on the prevailing norms for humanitarian assistance. This changed during the earthquake in Spitak, Armenia, in 1988, when direct international humanitarian assistance was provided to the Soviet Union for the first time in decades. Because the Spitak earthquake occurred in winter, protection from the weather was as important to keeping victims alive as was clean water, medical care, and food. International assistance teams had to operate in cold winter conditions and faced the need to secure shelter, heating, and other support services independently of the damaged local infrastructure. Shorts, Tshirts, and mosquito netting (the norms for warm weather disasters) were n
{"title":"Cold weather: an unrecognized challenge for humanitarian assistance","authors":"C. Kelly","doi":"10.3763/ehaz.2002.0408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2002.0408","url":null,"abstract":"In Afghanistan, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international organizations (IOs) are stockpiling food and non-food items. Plans have been made to keep roads open throughout the winter, when weather that normally isolates parts of this country from outside access occurs. These efforts, which began during the Afghan summer, are a welcome sign that assistance organizations have begun to recognize that cold weather can be an important factor in providing humanitarian assistance. It is worth recalling that Afghanistan is where at least 150 displaced persons froze to death near Herat, Afghanistan in January and February 2001. Cold weather is not unusual. It returns consistently, year after year, in many parts of the world. The fact that periods of cold weather are largely predictable and will overlap with periods of potential disasters in much of the world suggests that cold weather should be systematically included as a normal part of planning and managing humanitarian response activities. The deaths in Afghanistan, and the need to launch special funding appeals to support humanitarian operations in normal winter weather suggests that the reality of winter has not been fully incorporated into the norms and standards for humanitarian response. Until late 1980s, most international humanitarian assistance focused predominantly on emergencies and disasters in tropical areas: civil wars in Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Sudan; refugees in Africa, Cambodia, and other parts of Southeast Asia; droughts in Africa; and floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes in the Caribbean and in Latin America. These disasters were the genesis of a widely applied approach to humanitarian assistance: provide clean water, basic medical care (often directed by specialists in tropical medicine), and basic food commodities to the disaster victims. Shelter was often provided by the victims themselves, supplemented by a sheet of plastic or, in the recovery phase, some zinc roofing. However, immediate shelter was rarely treated as a life-saving issue and the climate where a disaster occurred was considered benign, though sometimes uncomfortable for non-natives. Although disasters did occur in cold weather conditions, most did not receive sustained attention from the humanitarian assistance industry and had little impact on the prevailing norms for humanitarian assistance. This changed during the earthquake in Spitak, Armenia, in 1988, when direct international humanitarian assistance was provided to the Soviet Union for the first time in decades. Because the Spitak earthquake occurred in winter, protection from the weather was as important to keeping victims alive as was clean water, medical care, and food. International assistance teams had to operate in cold winter conditions and faced the need to secure shelter, heating, and other support services independently of the damaged local infrastructure. Shorts, Tshirts, and mosquito netting (the norms for warm weather disasters) were n","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"26 1","pages":"79 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78077707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hazards.2003.08.002
Tara J Burke , David N Sattler , Thomas Terich
Landslides can create permanently unstable sites that cannot be repaired or developed, and as a result, can cause severe economic and social consequences for families and communities. This study examines the economic and social effects of a landslide that struck Western Washington in February 1999. Two years after the landslide, property owners completed a confidential questionnaire. Property owners experienced significant personal financial losses and received little financial assistance to recover. Most (93%) did not receive any relief from their insurance policies, and 7% received only temporary rental assistance. Participants reported a variety of monetary and personal losses that were associated with emotional distress. They also reported a variety of gains and new perspectives on life. In this paper, we consider mechanisms to reduce the economic losses of landslides as well as implications and future research directions.
{"title":"The socioeconomic effects of a landslide in Western Washington","authors":"Tara J Burke , David N Sattler , Thomas Terich","doi":"10.1016/j.hazards.2003.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazards.2003.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Landslides can create permanently unstable sites that cannot be repaired or developed, and as a result, can cause severe economic and social consequences for families and communities. This study examines the economic and social effects of a landslide that struck Western Washington in February 1999. Two years after the landslide, property owners completed a confidential questionnaire. Property owners experienced significant personal financial losses and received little financial assistance to recover. Most (93%) did not receive any relief from their insurance policies, and 7% received only temporary rental assistance. Participants reported a variety of monetary and personal losses that were associated with emotional distress. They also reported a variety of gains and new perspectives on life. In this paper, we consider mechanisms to reduce the economic losses of landslides as well as implications and future research directions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 129-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.hazards.2003.08.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137313431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-09-01DOI: 10.1016/S1464-2867(02)00005-0
Ben Wisner
{"title":"Disasters: what the United Nations and its world can do","authors":"Ben Wisner","doi":"10.1016/S1464-2867(02)00005-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-2867(02)00005-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 125-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-2867(02)00005-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85500861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-09-01DOI: 10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00021-3
Gilbert F. White , Robert W. Kates , Ian Burton
Although loss of life from natural hazards has been declining, the property losses from those causes have been increasing. At the same time the volume of research on natural hazards and the books reviewing findings on the subject have also increased. Several major changes have occurred in the topics addressed. Emphasis has shifted from hazards to disasters. There has been increasing attention to vulnerability. Views of causation have changed. Four possible explanations are examined for the situation in which more is lost while more is known: (1) knowledge continues to be flawed by areas of ignorance; (2) knowledge is available but not used effectively; (3) knowledge is used effectively but takes a long time to have effect; and (4) knowledge is used effectively in some respects but is overwhelmed by increases in vulnerability and in population, wealth, and poverty.
{"title":"Knowing better and losing even more: the use of knowledge in hazards management","authors":"Gilbert F. White , Robert W. Kates , Ian Burton","doi":"10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00021-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00021-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although loss of life from natural hazards has been declining, the property losses from those causes have been increasing<em>.</em> At the same time the volume of research on natural hazards and the books reviewing findings on the subject have also increased<em>.</em> Several major changes have occurred in the topics addressed<em>.</em> Emphasis has shifted from hazards to disasters<em>.</em> There has been increasing attention to vulnerability<em>.</em> Views of causation have changed<em>.</em> Four possible explanations are examined for the situation in which more is lost while more is known: (1) knowledge continues to be flawed by areas of ignorance; (2) knowledge is available but not used effectively; (3) knowledge is used effectively but takes a long time to have effect; and (4) knowledge is used effectively in some respects but is overwhelmed by increases in vulnerability and in population, wealth, and poverty.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 81-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00021-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137313253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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