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Two-cut system suggested for tall wheatgrass to balance herbage yield and quality in the coastal saline–alkaline land around the Bohai Sea 建议在渤海沿岸盐碱地上采用高杆麦草双割制,以平衡牧草产量和质量
Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.1002/glr2.12082
Wei Li, Qiang Xiao, Hongwei Li, Hao Chang, Qi Zheng, Bin Li, Zhensheng Li

Background

Tall wheatgrass is a perennial salt-tolerant bunchgrass, which is a promising candidate for establishing a “Coastal Grass Belt” in China, particularly in the coastal saline–alkaline soils surrounding the Bohai Sea.

Methods

Seven harvesting treatments were performed to explore the optimal harvesting time and frequency for tall wheatgrass in coastal area. The dry matter yield (DMY) and forage nutritional values were investigated for each cut. The correlation between harvesting time and frequency thereof among the investigated traits was also determined.

Results

The results showed that the two-cut on June 18 and October 29 produced the highest DMY. Another two-cut on May 26 and October 29 produced a relatively high crude protein (CP) yield. The DMY, contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude cellulose (CC) as well as CP yield were positively correlated to plant height, while the CP content and the relative feed value (RFV) were negatively correlated to plant height. The accumulating growing degree days, accumulated precipitation, and sunshine duration were positively correlated with plant height, DMY, contents of NDF, ADF, and CC as well as CP yield, but negatively correlated with CP content and RFV for the first cut.

Conclusions

The two-cut treatment at the end of May and October may be suitable for tall wheatgrass in the “Coastal Grass Belt” targeted area.

背景 高麦草是一种多年生耐盐丛生草本植物,是在中国建立 "沿海草带 "的理想候选草种,尤其是在渤海周边的沿海盐碱地。 方法 对高杆麦冬草进行了七次收割处理,以探索沿海地区高杆麦冬草的最佳收割时间和次数。研究了每次收割的干物质产量(DMY)和牧草营养价值。此外,还确定了收割时间和次数与所调查性状之间的相关性。 结果 结果表明,6 月 18 日和 10 月 29 日的两次收割产生了最高的干物质产量。5 月 26 日和 10 月 29 日的另一次双割产生了相对较高的粗蛋白(CP)产量。DMY、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和粗纤维素(CC)含量以及 CP 产量与株高呈正相关,而 CP 含量和相对饲料价值(RFV)与株高呈负相关。累计生长度日、累计降水量和日照时间与植株高度、DMY、NDF、ADF 和 CC 含量以及 CP 产量呈正相关,但与第一茬的 CP 含量和 RFV 呈负相关。 结论 5 月底和 10 月的两次割草处理可能适合 "沿海草带 "目标地区的高杆麦草。
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引用次数: 0
Systems management strategies for increasing alfalfa use in warm-humid regions 增加暖湿地区紫花苜蓿用量的系统管理战略
Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1002/glr2.12080
Jennifer J. Tucker, Mary K. Mullenix, Esteban Rios, Daniel Basigalup, J. H. Bouton

Alfalfa use (Medicago sativa L.; “lucerne”) in warm, humid regions of the world represents a potential area of expansion for the alfalfa industry. The objective of this review paper is to demonstrate how alfalfa forage breeding and systems research efforts have identified opportunities for increasing alfalfa contributions in these regions, along with potential pathways for seed industry and farming operations to increase adoption. Our review draws primarily on reports from the Southeast United States and Argentina. Significant technological advancements in plant screening and selection have identified alfalfa plant populations that are more adapted to the growing conditions experienced in these regions, which are often characterized by mild temperature, long growing seasons, and multiple other abiotic and biotic stressors. Management systems research conducted in the United States and Argentina has demonstrated the use of alfalfa for conserved forage, grazing, or dual-purpose use in monoculture or mixtures with warm-season grasses such as bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). These trials report increased forage production, nutritive value, and ecosystem services of alfalfa–grass mixtures when compared with traditionally N-fertilized warm-season grass-based systems. Grazing-based alfalfa systems in Argentina have demonstrated methods for utilizing alfalfa as part of beef, dairy, and finishing systems. Some approaches for expanding alfalfa production in the region include targeted marketing efforts for adapted varieties and demonstrating alfalfa applications within existing farming frameworks. This includes educational programming efforts and on-farm demonstrations to promote alfalfa use as a component of the livestock diets, integration into grass-based systems, crop rotations, and wildlife use. Continued emphasis on a systems approach to alfalfa inclusion represents an opportunity for improved forage and livestock production in warm, humid regions of the world.

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.;"苜蓿")在世界温暖潮湿地区的应用是紫花苜蓿产业的一个潜在扩展领域。本综述旨在说明紫花苜蓿牧草育种和系统研究工作如何发现了在这些地区增加紫花苜蓿贡献的机会,以及种子行业和农业经营增加采用的潜在途径。我们的综述主要参考了美国东南部和阿根廷的报告。在植物筛选和选育方面取得的重大技术进步已经确定了更能适应这些地区生长条件的紫花苜蓿植物种群,这些地区的特点通常是温度温和、生长季节长,以及其他多种非生物和生物压力因素。在美国和阿根廷进行的管理系统研究表明,紫花苜蓿可用于保存饲料、放牧或单一种植或与百慕大草等暖季型牧草混播的双重用途。这些试验报告显示,与传统的氮肥暖季型草坪系统相比,紫花苜蓿-禾本科混播的牧草产量、营养价值和生态系统服务均有所提高。阿根廷以放牧为基础的紫花苜蓿系统展示了将紫花苜蓿作为肉牛、奶牛和育成牛系统的一部分加以利用的方法。扩大该地区紫花苜蓿生产的一些方法包括有针对性地销售适应性强的品种,以及在现有耕作框架内示范紫花苜蓿的应用。这包括教育计划工作和农场示范,以促进将紫花苜蓿作为牲畜日粮的一部分、融入以草为主的系统、作物轮作和野生动物利用。继续强调将紫花苜蓿纳入系统的方法,为改善世界温暖潮湿地区的饲料和畜牧业生产提供了机会。
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引用次数: 0
Grassland management intensity determines root development, soil structure, and their interrelationship: Results of a regional study of Leptosols in the Swabian Alps 草地管理强度决定了根系发育、土壤结构及其相互关系:施瓦本阿尔卑斯山莱普索斯地区研究结果
Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1002/glr2.12077
Katrin Kuka, Monika Joschko

Background

Soil structure is a key indicator of the functioning of soil processes in grasslands, which is influenced by site conditions and management.

Methods

In this study, we investigated soil structure and its relationship with root growth in 31 Leptosols under different grassland management intensities using X-ray microcomputed tomography. A close relationship between land use intensity, soil structure, and root growth was observed.

Results

Our results show that land use type affects root development and soil structure. Pastures had more developed roots and more structured soils than meadows and mown pastures. However, all pastures were unfertilized, while meadows and mown pastures had both fertilized and unfertilized plots. Although no significant differences were found in the unfertilized plots, sample size was limited. In particular, fertilization negatively affected root growth and soil structure, resulting in significant differences between fertilized and unfertilized grasslands. Mowing frequency also had an effect on soil physics, but to a much lesser extent than fertilization.

Conclusions

Increased land use intensity, characterized by increased fertilization and more frequent mowing, reduces root growth and adversely affects soil structure. Therefore, X-ray microcomputed tomography is a suitable method to investigate the relationship between soil structure and roots in the soil.

在本研究中,我们使用 X 射线显微计算机断层扫描技术研究了不同草地管理强度下 31 种 Leptosols 的土壤结构及其与根系生长的关系。我们的研究结果表明,土地利用类型会影响根系发育和土壤结构。与草地和刈割牧场相比,牧场的根系更发达,土壤结构更合理。然而,所有牧场都未施肥,而草甸和刈割牧场既有施肥地块,也有未施肥地块。虽然未施肥地块没有发现明显差异,但样本数量有限。尤其是施肥对根系生长和土壤结构产生了负面影响,导致施肥草地和未施肥草地之间存在显著差异。土地使用强度的增加,其特点是施肥量的增加和割草次数的增加,会减少根系的生长并对土壤结构产生不利影响。因此,X 射线微计算机断层扫描是研究土壤结构与土壤中根系之间关系的合适方法。
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引用次数: 0
Stability and purity of selected ryegrass Epichloë endophytes in New Zealand dairy pastures 新西兰奶牛牧场中精选黑麦草 Epichloë 内生菌的稳定性和纯度
Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1002/glr2.12078
David E. Hume, Dongwen Luo, Grant M. Rennie, Warren M. King, Anna L. Taylor, Marty J. Faville, Katherine N. Tozer

Background

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in New Zealand pastures is typically infected with the mutualist Epichloë fungal endophyte. This endophyte assists the plant in resisting biotic and abiotic stresses, but the standard strain of endophyte is toxic to livestock. Elite ryegrasses with selected endophytes have been developed to provide protective properties to the grass plant and lessen or eliminate the negative impacts on livestock.

Methods

Using immunology and molecular techniques, the presence of endophyte infection and endophyte strain in ryegrass tillers was determined for 24 dairy pastures sampled for up to 7 years in regions of the North and South Islands.

Results

In general, infection levels were high and showed small increases over time. Some pastures failed to reach 70% infection. The sown, selected endophytes were the dominant endophyte strains present and these were stable over time. Standard endophyte was the primary nonsown endophyte, and while generally low and so of little importance, it increased over time and for some pastures, this would have been detrimental to livestock. Pasture establishment technique influenced the level of contamination.

Conclusions

Results reinforce the importance of following best practice procedures in the seed industry and on-farm. Researchers should monitor trials for contaminating nonsown standard endophyte.

新西兰牧场中的多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)通常会感染互生的 Epichloë 真菌内生菌。这种内生菌有助于植物抵抗生物和非生物压力,但标准内生菌株对牲畜有毒。利用免疫学和分子技术,对南北群岛地区长达 7 年的 24 个奶牛牧场的黑麦草分蘖进行了取样,确定了黑麦草分蘖中的内生菌感染和内生菌株。一些牧场的感染率未达到 70%。播种的精选内生菌是主要的内生菌菌株,并且随着时间的推移而稳定。标准内生菌是主要的非播种内生菌,虽然一般较低,因此重要性不大,但随着时间的推移会增加,对某些牧场来说,这将对牲畜不利。牧场建立技术影响了污染程度。研究结果强化了遵循种子行业和农场最佳实践程序的重要性。研究人员应监测试验中的非播种标准内生菌污染情况。
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引用次数: 0
Development of long-term spatiotemporal continuous NDVI products for alpine grassland from 1982 to 2020 in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China 1982-2020年中国青藏高原高寒草地长期时空连续NDVI产品的开发
Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1002/glr2.12076
Xiali Yang, Xiaodong Huang, Ying Ma, Yuxin Li, Qisheng Feng, Tiangang Liang

Background

The time-series data of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a crucial indicator for global and regional vegetation monitoring. However, the current assessment of global and regional long-term vegetation changes is subject to large uncertainties due to the lack of spatiotemporally continuous time-series data sets.

Methods

In this study, a long time-series monthly NDVI data set with a spatial resolution of 250 m from 1982 to 2020 was developed by combining Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and AVHRR (Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer) time-series NDVI products using the Random Forest (RF) downscaling model.

Results

Compared to the MODIS NDVI product, the fused product shows RMSE and mean absolute error ranging from 0 to 0.075 and from 0 to 0.05, respectively, with R2 values mostly above 0.7.

Conclusions

The long time-series NDVI products generated in this study are reliable in terms of accuracy and have great potential for long-term dynamic monitoring of terrestrial ecosystems on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.

归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)的时间序列数据是全球和区域植被监测的重要指标。本研究利用随机森林降尺度模型,将中分辨率成像分光仪(MODIS)和高级甚高分辨率辐射计(AVHRR)的时间序列植被指数产品融合在一起,建立了从1982年到2020年空间分辨率为250米的长时间序列月度植被指数数据集。与 MODIS NDVI 产品相比,融合产品的均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别在 0 至 0.075 和 0 至 0.05 之间,R2 值大多在 0.7 以上。
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引用次数: 0
Fecal microbiota reveal adaptation of herbivores to the extreme environment of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau 粪便微生物群揭示食草动物对青藏高原极端环境的适应性
Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1002/glr2.12075
Hao Zou, Qi Li, Jie Liu, Xiangtao Wang, Qun Gao, Yunfeng Yang, Xinquan Zhao

Background

Gut microbiota is pivotal in regulating hosts' biological processes and maintaining homeostasis, but knowledge about its role in wild herbivores in extreme environments remains limited.

Methods

Gut bacteria and fungi were sequenced in ruminant (Chiru and Yak) and nonruminant (Kiang) herbivores on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, and their community structure, co-occurrence networks, functions, and assembly mechanisms were investigated using multivariate ecological and statistical methods.

Results

Kiang had lower gut microbial diversity than Chiru and Yak. Bacterial host-specific exclusivity was greater than that of fungi. In addition to the evidence of glycan biosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, Chiru had a high Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and low animal pathogen abundance, suggesting better adaptation to the plateau's harsh environment. Additionally, members of gut microbiota tended to co-occur rather than co-exclude in all herbivores. Different network complexity and stability patterns were observed between bacterial and fungal communities. Furthermore, gut bacterial assembly was primarily controlled by stochastic dispersal limitation and drift, whereas fungal assembly was primarily controlled by deterministic homogeneous selection except in Chiru.

Conclusions

On the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, Chiru and Yak exhibit more diverse gut microbiota and more diverse metabolic functions than Kiang, and gut bacteria are more divergent than gut fungi in these herbivores.

我们对青藏高原反刍草食动物(奇鲁和牦牛)和非反刍草食动物(羌)的肠道细菌和真菌进行了测序,并使用多元生态学和统计学方法研究了它们的群落结构、共生网络、功能和组装机制。羌族的肠道微生物多样性低于赤流和牦牛,细菌对宿主的专一性高于真菌。除了糖类生物合成和碳水化合物代谢的证据外,奇鲁的固着菌/类杆菌比例较高,动物病原体丰度较低,这表明它们能更好地适应高原恶劣的环境。此外,在所有食草动物中,肠道微生物群成员往往是共存而非共存。在细菌群落和真菌群落之间观察到了不同的网络复杂性和稳定性模式。在青藏高原上,与羌族相比,赤茹和牦牛的肠道微生物群更多样化,代谢功能也更多样化,而且在这些食草动物体内,肠道细菌比肠道真菌的分化程度更高。
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引用次数: 0
Microtopography causes small-scale variation in harvest and forage quality of high-yielding silage grassland in northern Germany 微地形导致德国北部高产青贮草地收获量和饲料质量的小范围变化
Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1002/glr2.12072
Angelika Mroncz, Johannes Isselstein, Martin Komainda, Christoph Leuschner

Background

Local sward dieback, especially in grasslands on peat soil, in response to the extreme 2018/2019 drought demonstrates climate vulnerability of intensive grasslands in northern Central Europe.

Methods

We explore the influence of microtopography, that is, the within-field mosaic of depressions and elevated patches, on soil volumetric moisture content, standing biomass and biomass crude protein (CP) and fibre content in intensively managed grassland on peat soil in a moist year (2021) and a dry year (2022) for quantifying small-scale spatial heterogeneity within a field.

Results

We found high within-field variation in soil moisture, biomass and forage quality and a moisture dependence of productivity that was stronger in the dry year. CP ranged from 10% to 25% within a field, being lower in moist depressions than elevated patches in the wet (but not in the dry) summer.

Conclusions

The moister depressions help to limit the overall productivity decline in dry summers, whereas, in moist summers, the higher dry patches produce more protein-rich forage than the depressions, where productivity is higher but quality is lower. We recommend adapting grassland management to this heterogeneity through spatially differentiated management regimes in order to better cope with an increasingly drier and more variable climate.

局部草叶枯萎,尤其是泥炭土上的草地,对 2018/2019 年极端干旱的反应表明了中欧北部集约化草地的气候脆弱性。我们探讨了微地形(即田间洼地和高地的镶嵌)在潮湿年(2021 年)和干旱年(2022 年)对泥炭土集约化管理草地的土壤容积含水量、立地生物量、生物量粗蛋白(CP)和纤维含量的影响,以量化田间小尺度空间异质性。较湿润的洼地有助于限制干旱夏季整体生产力的下降,而在湿润的夏季,较高的干旱地块比洼地生产出更多富含蛋白质的牧草,洼地的生产力较高,但质量较低。我们建议通过空间上的差异化管理制度使草地管理适应这种异质性,以更好地应对日益干燥和多变的气候。
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引用次数: 0
A set of ecosystem service indicators for European grasslands based on botanical surveys 基于植物学调查的一套欧洲草地生态系统服务指标
Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.1002/glr2.12069
Simon Taugourdeau, Frédérique Louault, Alice Michelot-Antalik, Samir Messad, François Munoz, Denis Bastianelli, Pascal Carrère, Sylvain Plantureux

Background

Grasslands provide a wide range of ecosystem services (ESs). However, there is currently no method for easily diagnosing the level of ESs produced. Our aim was to develop ES indicators based on botanical surveys, which are readily available data and integrative of grassland spatiotemporal variability.

Methods

Based on academic knowledge and expertise, we identified several simple vegetation criteria that we aggregated using a multicriteria analysis tool to construct indicators of the level of ESs provided by grasslands. In this study, the indicators were calculated from over 2000 botanical surveys spread over a wide biogeographical gradient.

Results

Analyses of correlation between the various indicators show that “forage supply” and “diversity conservation” were not correlated. “Forage availability” and “nitrogen availability for the vegetation” were positively linked together and negatively linked to the robustness of the plant community to extreme events. A temporal approach highlights that the “biodiversity conservation” score decreased from 1970 to 2010 and that “nitrogen availability for the vegetation” was lower in 1970 and 1980 than in 2000 and 2010.

Conclusions

These results show that our aggregation method based on a large data set of botanical surveys could be appropriate for studying temporal dynamics of ESs.

草地可提供广泛的生态系统服务 (ES)。然而,目前还没有一种方法可以轻松诊断所产生的生态系统服务水平。基于学术知识和专业技能,我们确定了几个简单的植被标准,并使用多标准分析工具对这些标准进行汇总,从而构建出草地所提供的生态系统服务水平指标。在这项研究中,这些指标是根据分布在广泛生物地理梯度上的 2000 多项植物调查计算得出的。对各种指标之间的相关性分析表明,"饲料供应 "和 "多样性保护 "之间没有相关性。"草料供应 "和 "植被的氮供应 "呈正相关,而植物群落对极端事件的适应能力呈负相关。这些结果表明,我们基于大型植物调查数据集的汇总方法可用于研究生态系统服务的时间动态。
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引用次数: 0
Developments, bottlenecks, and opportunities in seed markets for improved forages in East Africa: The case of Kenya 东非改良牧草种子市场的发展、瓶颈和机遇:肯尼亚案例
Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1002/glr2.12073
Jesús F. Florez, Peggy Karimi, John J. J. Paredes, Natalia T. Ángel, Stefan Burkart

Background

Cattle farming plays a pivotal role in Africa's agricultural and livestock sector, poised for growth due to population expansion and rising per capita consumption of animal-sourced food. Forages are a primary source of feed for dairy cattle, significantly impacting production costs. While local forage varieties are preferred by dairy farmers, there has been an increase in the adoption of improved forages in recent years. However, the overall adoption rate is still low, for example, due to underdeveloped forage seed markets.

Methods

This study describes the dynamics, challenges, and potential of these markets in Kenya and selected East African countries, focusing on (i) market evolution over the past decade, (ii) forthcoming market prospects, and (iii) bottlenecks and opportunities for improvement. Data were gathered in 2022 through qualitative interviews with stakeholders representing six segments of the forage seed sector across six countries.

Results

We found a sustained growth of the improved forage seed market in recent years. The main challenges for further growth are high seed prices, regulatory difficulties, and limited producer knowledge.

Conclusions

The findings unveil positive dynamics in the region's forage seed market, fueled by the engagement and determination of stakeholders who recognize the manifold benefits that it holds for both the dairy industry and economic growth. The realization of this market's potential requires addressing prevailing challenges, including elevated seed costs, intricate variety registration processes, and a pervasive lack of awareness among farmers.

养牛业在非洲的农业和畜牧业中发挥着举足轻重的作用,由于人口膨胀和人均动物源食品消费量的增加,养牛业有望实现增长。牧草是奶牛的主要饲料来源,对生产成本有重大影响。虽然当地饲草品种是奶牛场主的首选,但近年来改良饲草的采用率有所提高。本研究描述了肯尼亚和部分东非国家这些市场的动态、挑战和潜力,重点关注:(i) 过去十年的市场演变;(ii) 未来的市场前景;(iii) 改进的瓶颈和机遇。2022 年,通过对代表六个国家牧草种子行业六个细分市场的利益相关者进行定性访谈收集了数据。研究结果揭示了该地区牧草种子市场的积极动态,利益相关者的参与和决心推动了这一市场的发展,他们认识到这一市场对乳业和经济增长具有多方面的益处。要实现这一市场的潜力,就必须应对当前的挑战,包括种子成本上升、复杂的品种登记程序以及农民普遍缺乏认识。
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引用次数: 0
Opportunities to increase soil carbon sequestration in grazing lands in the southeastern United States 增加美国东南部牧场土壤固碳的机会
Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1002/glr2.12074
Maria L. Silveira, Priscila Junia Rodrigues da Cruz, Joao Mauricio Bueno Vendramini, Elizabeth Boughton, Rosvel Bracho, Abmael da Silva Cardoso

Background

Grazing lands provide numerous ecosystem services, including the capacity to store large amounts of soil carbon (C); however, our understanding of the factors affecting soil C responses to management is inadequate.

Methods

In this paper, we synthesized information about the impacts of grazing land management on soil C within the southeastern region of the United States.

Results

Most studies (68%) demonstrated that proper management increased soil C stocks with an average C accumulation rate of 1.4 Mg C ha−1 year−1. The remaining (32%) studies showed no effect of management on soil C. None of the studies reported negative impacts of management on soil C. The largest increase in soil C (8 Mg C ha−1 year−1) was associated with the conversion of cropland to pastureland while overseeding legumes into grass pastures resulted in the lowest C sequestration rates (0.2 Mg C ha−1 year−1).

Conclusions

Considering the rates of soil C accretion and the extensive area occupied by grazing lands, data in this synthesis confirm that the adoption of improved management practices can increase soil C sequestration in the southeastern United States. In addition, because most improved management practices can also have co-benefits, they may be favorable for forage and livestock production and other ecosystem services.

本文综合了美国东南部地区牧场管理对土壤碳储量影响的相关信息。大多数研究(68%)表明,适当的管理可增加土壤碳储量,平均碳积累率为 1.4 兆克碳/公顷-年-1。土壤碳储量的最大增幅(8 兆克碳/公顷-年-1)与耕地转为牧场有关,而在禾本科牧场上套播豆科植物的固碳率最低(0.2 兆克碳/公顷-年-1)。考虑到土壤固碳率和牧场所占的广阔面积,本综述中的数据证实,在美国东南部采用改良管理方法可以增加土壤固碳量。此外,由于大多数改良管理方法还具有共同效益,它们可能有利于饲料和牲畜生产以及其他生态系统服务。
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Grassland Research
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