Simon Taugourdeau, Frédérique Louault, Alice Michelot-Antalik, Samir Messad, François Munoz, Denis Bastianelli, Pascal Carrère, Sylvain Plantureux
Background
Grasslands provide a wide range of ecosystem services (ESs). However, there is currently no method for easily diagnosing the level of ESs produced. Our aim was to develop ES indicators based on botanical surveys, which are readily available data and integrative of grassland spatiotemporal variability.
Methods
Based on academic knowledge and expertise, we identified several simple vegetation criteria that we aggregated using a multicriteria analysis tool to construct indicators of the level of ESs provided by grasslands. In this study, the indicators were calculated from over 2000 botanical surveys spread over a wide biogeographical gradient.
Results
Analyses of correlation between the various indicators show that “forage supply” and “diversity conservation” were not correlated. “Forage availability” and “nitrogen availability for the vegetation” were positively linked together and negatively linked to the robustness of the plant community to extreme events. A temporal approach highlights that the “biodiversity conservation” score decreased from 1970 to 2010 and that “nitrogen availability for the vegetation” was lower in 1970 and 1980 than in 2000 and 2010.
Conclusions
These results show that our aggregation method based on a large data set of botanical surveys could be appropriate for studying temporal dynamics of ESs.
{"title":"A set of ecosystem service indicators for European grasslands based on botanical surveys","authors":"Simon Taugourdeau, Frédérique Louault, Alice Michelot-Antalik, Samir Messad, François Munoz, Denis Bastianelli, Pascal Carrère, Sylvain Plantureux","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12069","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12069","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grasslands provide a wide range of ecosystem services (ESs). However, there is currently no method for easily diagnosing the level of ESs produced. Our aim was to develop ES indicators based on botanical surveys, which are readily available data and integrative of grassland spatiotemporal variability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Based on academic knowledge and expertise, we identified several simple vegetation criteria that we aggregated using a multicriteria analysis tool to construct indicators of the level of ESs provided by grasslands. In this study, the indicators were calculated from over 2000 botanical surveys spread over a wide biogeographical gradient.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Analyses of correlation between the various indicators show that “forage supply” and “diversity conservation” were not correlated. “Forage availability” and “nitrogen availability for the vegetation” were positively linked together and negatively linked to the robustness of the plant community to extreme events. A temporal approach highlights that the “biodiversity conservation” score decreased from 1970 to 2010 and that “nitrogen availability for the vegetation” was lower in 1970 and 1980 than in 2000 and 2010.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results show that our aggregation method based on a large data set of botanical surveys could be appropriate for studying temporal dynamics of ESs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"43-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140379847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jesús F. Florez, Peggy Karimi, John J. J. Paredes, Natalia T. Ángel, Stefan Burkart
Background
Cattle farming plays a pivotal role in Africa's agricultural and livestock sector, poised for growth due to population expansion and rising per capita consumption of animal-sourced food. Forages are a primary source of feed for dairy cattle, significantly impacting production costs. While local forage varieties are preferred by dairy farmers, there has been an increase in the adoption of improved forages in recent years. However, the overall adoption rate is still low, for example, due to underdeveloped forage seed markets.
Methods
This study describes the dynamics, challenges, and potential of these markets in Kenya and selected East African countries, focusing on (i) market evolution over the past decade, (ii) forthcoming market prospects, and (iii) bottlenecks and opportunities for improvement. Data were gathered in 2022 through qualitative interviews with stakeholders representing six segments of the forage seed sector across six countries.
Results
We found a sustained growth of the improved forage seed market in recent years. The main challenges for further growth are high seed prices, regulatory difficulties, and limited producer knowledge.
Conclusions
The findings unveil positive dynamics in the region's forage seed market, fueled by the engagement and determination of stakeholders who recognize the manifold benefits that it holds for both the dairy industry and economic growth. The realization of this market's potential requires addressing prevailing challenges, including elevated seed costs, intricate variety registration processes, and a pervasive lack of awareness among farmers.
{"title":"Developments, bottlenecks, and opportunities in seed markets for improved forages in East Africa: The case of Kenya","authors":"Jesús F. Florez, Peggy Karimi, John J. J. Paredes, Natalia T. Ángel, Stefan Burkart","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12073","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12073","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cattle farming plays a pivotal role in Africa's agricultural and livestock sector, poised for growth due to population expansion and rising per capita consumption of animal-sourced food. Forages are a primary source of feed for dairy cattle, significantly impacting production costs. While local forage varieties are preferred by dairy farmers, there has been an increase in the adoption of improved forages in recent years. However, the overall adoption rate is still low, for example, due to underdeveloped forage seed markets.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study describes the dynamics, challenges, and potential of these markets in Kenya and selected East African countries, focusing on (i) market evolution over the past decade, (ii) forthcoming market prospects, and (iii) bottlenecks and opportunities for improvement. Data were gathered in 2022 through qualitative interviews with stakeholders representing six segments of the forage seed sector across six countries.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found a sustained growth of the improved forage seed market in recent years. The main challenges for further growth are high seed prices, regulatory difficulties, and limited producer knowledge.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings unveil positive dynamics in the region's forage seed market, fueled by the engagement and determination of stakeholders who recognize the manifold benefits that it holds for both the dairy industry and economic growth. The realization of this market's potential requires addressing prevailing challenges, including elevated seed costs, intricate variety registration processes, and a pervasive lack of awareness among farmers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"79-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140222430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria L. Silveira, Priscila Junia Rodrigues da Cruz, Joao Mauricio Bueno Vendramini, Elizabeth Boughton, Rosvel Bracho, Abmael da Silva Cardoso
Background
Grazing lands provide numerous ecosystem services, including the capacity to store large amounts of soil carbon (C); however, our understanding of the factors affecting soil C responses to management is inadequate.
Methods
In this paper, we synthesized information about the impacts of grazing land management on soil C within the southeastern region of the United States.
Results
Most studies (68%) demonstrated that proper management increased soil C stocks with an average C accumulation rate of 1.4 Mg C ha−1 year−1. The remaining (32%) studies showed no effect of management on soil C. None of the studies reported negative impacts of management on soil C. The largest increase in soil C (8 Mg C ha−1 year−1) was associated with the conversion of cropland to pastureland while overseeding legumes into grass pastures resulted in the lowest C sequestration rates (0.2 Mg C ha−1 year−1).
Conclusions
Considering the rates of soil C accretion and the extensive area occupied by grazing lands, data in this synthesis confirm that the adoption of improved management practices can increase soil C sequestration in the southeastern United States. In addition, because most improved management practices can also have co-benefits, they may be favorable for forage and livestock production and other ecosystem services.
{"title":"Opportunities to increase soil carbon sequestration in grazing lands in the southeastern United States","authors":"Maria L. Silveira, Priscila Junia Rodrigues da Cruz, Joao Mauricio Bueno Vendramini, Elizabeth Boughton, Rosvel Bracho, Abmael da Silva Cardoso","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12074","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12074","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grazing lands provide numerous ecosystem services, including the capacity to store large amounts of soil carbon (C); however, our understanding of the factors affecting soil C responses to management is inadequate.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper, we synthesized information about the impacts of grazing land management on soil C within the southeastern region of the United States.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most studies (68%) demonstrated that proper management increased soil C stocks with an average C accumulation rate of 1.4 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>. The remaining (32%) studies showed no effect of management on soil C. None of the studies reported negative impacts of management on soil C. The largest increase in soil C (8 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>) was associated with the conversion of cropland to pastureland while overseeding legumes into grass pastures resulted in the lowest C sequestration rates (0.2 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Considering the rates of soil C accretion and the extensive area occupied by grazing lands, data in this synthesis confirm that the adoption of improved management practices can increase soil C sequestration in the southeastern United States. In addition, because most improved management practices can also have co-benefits, they may be favorable for forage and livestock production and other ecosystem services.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"69-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140227872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanan Liu, Shixian Sun, Yanan Zhang, Miaomiao Song, Yunyun Tian, Peter J. Lockhart, Xin Zhang, Ying Xu, Zhenhua Dang
Background
Long-term overgrazing has led to severe degradation of grasslands, posing a significant threat to the sustainable use of grassland resources.
Methods
Based on the investigation of changes in functional traits and photosynthetic physiology of Stipa breviflora under no grazing, moderate grazing, and heavy grazing treatments, the changes in expression patterns of genes and proteins associated with different grazing intensities were assessed through integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses.
Results
Differentially expressed genes and proteins were identified under different grazing intensities. They were mainly related to RNA processing, carbon metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. These findings suggest that long-term grazing leads to molecular phenotypic plasticity, affecting various biological processes and metabolic pathways in S. breviflora. Correlation analysis revealed low correlation between the transcriptome and the proteome, indicating a large-scale regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional and translational levels during the response of S. breviflora to grazing. The expression profiles of key genes and proteins involved in photosynthesis and phenylpropanoid metabolism pathways suggested their synergistic response to grazing in S. breviflora.
Conclusions
Our study provides insight into the adaptation mechanisms of S. breviflora to grazing and provides a scientific basis for the development of more efficient grassland protection and utilization practices.
在研究无牧、适度放牧和重度放牧处理下禾本科植物功能性状和光合生理变化的基础上，通过转录组和蛋白质组的综合分析，评估了不同放牧强度下相关基因和蛋白质表达模式的变化。它们主要与 RNA 处理、碳代谢和次生代谢物的生物合成有关。这些研究结果表明，长期放牧会导致分子表型可塑性，从而影响 S. breviflora 的各种生物过程和代谢途径。相关性分析表明，转录组与蛋白质组之间的相关性较低，这表明在蒲公英对放牧的响应过程中，基因表达在转录后和翻译水平上受到大规模调控。我们的研究深入揭示了马齿苋对放牧的适应机制，为制定更有效的草原保护和利用措施提供了科学依据。
{"title":"Integrated transcriptome and proteome analyses reveal potential mechanisms in Stipa breviflora underlying adaptation to grazing","authors":"Yanan Liu, Shixian Sun, Yanan Zhang, Miaomiao Song, Yunyun Tian, Peter J. Lockhart, Xin Zhang, Ying Xu, Zhenhua Dang","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12071","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12071","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Long-term overgrazing has led to severe degradation of grasslands, posing a significant threat to the sustainable use of grassland resources.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Based on the investigation of changes in functional traits and photosynthetic physiology of <i>Stipa breviflora</i> under no grazing, moderate grazing, and heavy grazing treatments, the changes in expression patterns of genes and proteins associated with different grazing intensities were assessed through integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Differentially expressed genes and proteins were identified under different grazing intensities. They were mainly related to RNA processing, carbon metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. These findings suggest that long-term grazing leads to molecular phenotypic plasticity, affecting various biological processes and metabolic pathways in <i>S. breviflora</i>. Correlation analysis revealed low correlation between the transcriptome and the proteome, indicating a large-scale regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional and translational levels during the response of <i>S. breviflora</i> to grazing. The expression profiles of key genes and proteins involved in photosynthesis and phenylpropanoid metabolism pathways suggested their synergistic response to grazing in <i>S. breviflora</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study provides insight into the adaptation mechanisms of <i>S. breviflora</i> to grazing and provides a scientific basis for the development of more efficient grassland protection and utilization practices.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140244987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tine Van den Bossche, Johan L. De Boever, Geert Haesaert, Mathias Cougnon, Sandra Debevere, Leen Vandaele, Karen Goossens
Background
Grasslands are the primary source of forage for ruminants. Legal restrictions on nitrogen fertilization force farmers to optimize nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of grassland and protein quality in grass silage.
Methods
The present study included grassland data from 10 dairy farms in Flanders. For each grassland field, the presence of clover was determined based on the seed mixture composition. Soil and manure were sampled before the first application and analyzed to determine plant available N content. The annual NUE was calculated for each field possible (n = 28). Prewilted grass samples were taken just before ensiling (n = 65) and grass silage samples (n = 41) were collected from the same fields.
Results
Clover fields demonstrated improved NUE due to a lower nitrogen input from fertilizers compared to pure grassland fields (75 vs. 265 kg ha−1). The protein quality of the grass silage was positively correlated with the organic matter digestibility, sugar content, and dry matter content of the prewilted grass. Conversely, crude ash content had a negative effect.
Conclusions
These findings underscore the importance and potential of clover and the practical feasibility of optimizing grassland management to improve both NUE in grasslands and protein quality of the silage.
草地是反刍动物的主要饲料来源。对氮肥施用的法律限制迫使农民优化草地的氮利用效率（NUE）和青贮草的蛋白质质量。本研究包括佛兰德斯 10 个奶牛场的草场数据。每个草场都根据种子混合物的成分确定是否存在苜蓿。在第一次施肥前对土壤和粪便进行取样分析，以确定植物可利用氮的含量。对每块可能的草地（n = 28）计算年度氮利用率。与纯草地相比，三叶草田的肥料氮输入量更低（75 vs. 265 kg ha-1），从而提高了氮利用效率。青贮草的蛋白质质量与有机物消化率、含糖量和预青贮草的干物质含量呈正相关。这些发现强调了苜蓿的重要性和潜力，以及优化草地管理以提高草地氮利用率和青贮饲料蛋白质质量的实际可行性。
{"title":"Management strategies to improve the nitrogen use efficiency in grasslands and the protein quality in grass silages: Lessons from a practical study on dairy farms in Flanders","authors":"Tine Van den Bossche, Johan L. De Boever, Geert Haesaert, Mathias Cougnon, Sandra Debevere, Leen Vandaele, Karen Goossens","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12070","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12070","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grasslands are the primary source of forage for ruminants. Legal restrictions on nitrogen fertilization force farmers to optimize nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of grassland and protein quality in grass silage.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study included grassland data from 10 dairy farms in Flanders. For each grassland field, the presence of clover was determined based on the seed mixture composition. Soil and manure were sampled before the first application and analyzed to determine plant available N content. The annual NUE was calculated for each field possible (<i>n</i> = 28). Prewilted grass samples were taken just before ensiling (<i>n</i> = 65) and grass silage samples (<i>n</i> = 41) were collected from the same fields.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clover fields demonstrated improved NUE due to a lower nitrogen input from fertilizers compared to pure grassland fields (75 vs. 265 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>). The protein quality of the grass silage was positively correlated with the organic matter digestibility, sugar content, and dry matter content of the prewilted grass. Conversely, crude ash content had a negative effect.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings underscore the importance and potential of clover and the practical feasibility of optimizing grassland management to improve both NUE in grasslands and protein quality of the silage.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"18-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140260288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Standing root biomass stocks are larger in the perennial grain intermediate wheatgrass (IWG; Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth and Dewey) than annual spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, previous studies have not separated root growth from root decomposition, which presents a significant gap in our understanding of how roots can contribute to soil organic carbon (C) accrual or other soil properties through time.
Methods
We used paired sequential coring and root ingrowth cores to measure standing root stock, new root production, root decomposition, and decomposed root C and N from 0 to 15 cm soil depth of 1-year-old IWG (IWG-1), 2-year-old IWG (IWG-2), and annual spring wheat.
Results
Standing root stock was 3.2–6.5 and 6.3–9.9 times higher in IWG-1 and IWG-2 than wheat. Total root production was 1.7 times greater in IWG-1 than IWG-2. Conversely, root decomposition almost doubled from 1.39 to 2.43 kg m−3 between IWG-1 and IWG-2.
Conclusions
In IWG, decreased root production and increased root decomposition with stand age suggest a change in growth strategy that could reduce the contribution of root-derived C to stabilized soil C pools as IWG stands age.
与一年生春小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）相比，多年生谷物中间小麦草（IWG; Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth and Dewey）的常备根生物量存量更大。 然而，以往的研究并未将根的生长与根的分解分开，这为我们了解根如何随着时间的推移对土壤有机碳（C）累积或其他土壤性质做出贡献提供了重大空白。我们使用成对的顺序取芯法和根系生长取芯法测量了 1 年生 IWG（IWG-1）、2 年生 IWG（IWG-2）和一年生春小麦 0 至 15 厘米土壤深度的立根量、新根生成量、根系分解量以及分解的根系 C 和 N。IWG-1 的总生根量是 IWG-2 的 1.7 倍。相反，IWG-1 和 IWG-2 的根系分解量几乎翻了一番，从 1.39 kg m-3 增加到 2.43 kg m-3。在 IWG 中，随着林分年龄的增长，根系产量减少，根系分解量增加，这表明随着 IWG 林分年龄的增长，生长策略的改变可能会减少根系衍生的 C 对稳定土壤 C 池的贡献。
{"title":"Age-related changes in root dynamics of a novel perennial grain crop","authors":"Stella Woeltjen, Jessica Gutknecht, Jacob Jungers","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12068","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12068","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Standing root biomass stocks are larger in the perennial grain intermediate wheatgrass (IWG; <i>Thinopyrum intermedium</i> [Host] Barkworth and Dewey) than annual spring wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.). However, previous studies have not separated root growth from root decomposition, which presents a significant gap in our understanding of how roots can contribute to soil organic carbon (C) accrual or other soil properties through time.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used paired sequential coring and root ingrowth cores to measure standing root stock, new root production, root decomposition, and decomposed root C and N from 0 to 15 cm soil depth of 1-year-old IWG (IWG-1), 2-year-old IWG (IWG-2), and annual spring wheat.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Standing root stock was 3.2–6.5 and 6.3–9.9 times higher in IWG-1 and IWG-2 than wheat. Total root production was 1.7 times greater in IWG-1 than IWG-2. Conversely, root decomposition almost doubled from 1.39 to 2.43 kg m<sup>−3</sup> between IWG-1 and IWG-2.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In IWG, decreased root production and increased root decomposition with stand age suggest a change in growth strategy that could reduce the contribution of root-derived C to stabilized soil C pools as IWG stands age.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"57-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139851890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Standing root biomass stocks are larger in the perennial grain intermediate wheatgrass (IWG; Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth and Dewey) than annual spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, previous studies have not separated root growth from root decomposition, which presents a significant gap in our understanding of how roots can contribute to soil organic carbon (C) accrual or other soil properties through time.We used paired sequential coring and root ingrowth cores to measure standing root stock, new root production, root decomposition, and decomposed root C and N from 0 to 15 cm soil depth of 1‐year‐old IWG (IWG‐1), 2‐year‐old IWG (IWG‐2), and annual spring wheat.Standing root stock was 3.2–6.5 and 6.3–9.9 times higher in IWG‐1 and IWG‐2 than wheat. Total root production was 1.7 times greater in IWG‐1 than IWG‐2. Conversely, root decomposition almost doubled from 1.39 to 2.43 kg m−3 between IWG‐1 and IWG‐2.In IWG, decreased root production and increased root decomposition with stand age suggest a change in growth strategy that could reduce the contribution of root‐derived C to stabilized soil C pools as IWG stands age.
与一年生春小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）相比，多年生谷物中间小麦草（IWG; Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth and Dewey）的常备根生物量存量更大。 然而，以往的研究并未将根的生长与根的分解分开，这为我们了解根如何随着时间的推移对土壤有机碳（C）累积或其他土壤性质做出贡献提供了重大空白。我们使用成对的顺序取芯法和根系生长取芯法测量了 1 年生 IWG（IWG-1）、2 年生 IWG（IWG-2）和一年生春小麦 0 至 15 厘米土壤深度的立根量、新根生成量、根系分解量以及分解的根系 C 和 N。IWG-1 的总生根量是 IWG-2 的 1.7 倍。相反，IWG-1 和 IWG-2 的根系分解量几乎翻了一番，从 1.39 kg m-3 增加到 2.43 kg m-3。在 IWG 中，随着林分年龄的增长，根系产量减少，根系分解量增加，这表明随着 IWG 林分年龄的增长，生长策略的改变可能会减少根系衍生的 C 对稳定土壤 C 池的贡献。
{"title":"Age‐related changes in root dynamics of a novel perennial grain crop","authors":"Stella Woeltjen, J. Gutknecht, J. Jungers","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12068","url":null,"abstract":"Standing root biomass stocks are larger in the perennial grain intermediate wheatgrass (IWG; Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth and Dewey) than annual spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, previous studies have not separated root growth from root decomposition, which presents a significant gap in our understanding of how roots can contribute to soil organic carbon (C) accrual or other soil properties through time.We used paired sequential coring and root ingrowth cores to measure standing root stock, new root production, root decomposition, and decomposed root C and N from 0 to 15 cm soil depth of 1‐year‐old IWG (IWG‐1), 2‐year‐old IWG (IWG‐2), and annual spring wheat.Standing root stock was 3.2–6.5 and 6.3–9.9 times higher in IWG‐1 and IWG‐2 than wheat. Total root production was 1.7 times greater in IWG‐1 than IWG‐2. Conversely, root decomposition almost doubled from 1.39 to 2.43 kg m−3 between IWG‐1 and IWG‐2.In IWG, decreased root production and increased root decomposition with stand age suggest a change in growth strategy that could reduce the contribution of root‐derived C to stabilized soil C pools as IWG stands age.","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":" 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139791904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Franzluebbers, S. van Vliet, S. Young, M. H. Poore
Soil organic C and N data from privately managed pastures in the southeastern United States are relatively scant.A paired‐farm approach was deployed to determine how a variety of soil health parameters related to nutrient and water cycling might be altered under grazed, botanically diverse perennial pastures compared with annual monoculture croplands in three Major Land Resource Areas of the southeastern United States.Soil stability index averaged 0.64 and 0.91 mm mm−1 under cropland and grazed pasture, respectively, suggesting that pastures had a more stable soil surface that was resistant to erosion and allowed rapid water infiltration. Surface‐soil organic C and N fractions (i.e., total, particulate, and mineralizable fractions at 0–10 cm depth) were greater under pasture than under cropland. Across locations, root‐zone enrichments (0–30 cm depth) of organic C and N fractions were greater under pasture than under cropland. Within locations, root‐zone enrichment of total soil N was greater (p < 0.05) under pasture than under cropland in the Blue Ridge (2.87 vs. 1.10 Mg N ha−1, respectively) and the Piedmont (2.80 vs. 2.10 Mg N ha−1), but not in the Blackland Prairie (2.40 vs. 2.12 Mg N ha−1).This study provides evidence that rotationally grazed, perennial grasslands can store more soil organic C and N and improve soil surface stability conditions compared with neighboring croplands producing commodity feed grains for feedlot finishing.
美国东南部私人管理的牧场的土壤有机碳和氮数据相对较少。在美国东南部的三个主要土地资源区，采用了一种配对农场的方法来确定与养分和水循环相关的各种土壤健康参数在放牧、植物多样化的多年生牧场与一年生单一作物耕地相比会发生怎样的变化。耕地和放牧牧场的土壤稳定指数平均值分别为 0.64 和 0.91 mm-mm-1，这表明牧场的土壤表层更稳定，可抵抗侵蚀并允许水分快速渗透。牧场的表层土壤有机碳和氮组分（即 0-10 厘米深度的总组分、微粒组分和可矿化组分）高于耕地。在不同地点，根区富集（0-30 厘米深）的有机碳和氮组分在牧场下比在耕地下更多。在不同地区，蓝岭地区（2.87 vs. 1.10 兆克氮（公顷-1））和皮德蒙特地区（2.80 vs. 2.10 兆克氮（公顷-1））牧场的根区土壤总氮富集度高于耕地（p < 0.05），但黑地草原（2.40 vs. 2.12 兆克氮（公顷-1））的根区土壤总氮富集度低于耕地（p < 0.05）。本研究提供的证据表明，与邻近生产用于饲料加工的商品饲料谷物的耕地相比，轮作放牧的多年生草地可以储存更多的土壤有机碳和氮，并改善土壤表层的稳定性条件。
{"title":"Soil health and root‐zone enrichment characteristics between paired grassland and cropland fields in the southeastern United States","authors":"A. Franzluebbers, S. van Vliet, S. Young, M. H. Poore","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12066","url":null,"abstract":"Soil organic C and N data from privately managed pastures in the southeastern United States are relatively scant.A paired‐farm approach was deployed to determine how a variety of soil health parameters related to nutrient and water cycling might be altered under grazed, botanically diverse perennial pastures compared with annual monoculture croplands in three Major Land Resource Areas of the southeastern United States.Soil stability index averaged 0.64 and 0.91 mm mm−1 under cropland and grazed pasture, respectively, suggesting that pastures had a more stable soil surface that was resistant to erosion and allowed rapid water infiltration. Surface‐soil organic C and N fractions (i.e., total, particulate, and mineralizable fractions at 0–10 cm depth) were greater under pasture than under cropland. Across locations, root‐zone enrichments (0–30 cm depth) of organic C and N fractions were greater under pasture than under cropland. Within locations, root‐zone enrichment of total soil N was greater (p < 0.05) under pasture than under cropland in the Blue Ridge (2.87 vs. 1.10 Mg N ha−1, respectively) and the Piedmont (2.80 vs. 2.10 Mg N ha−1), but not in the Blackland Prairie (2.40 vs. 2.12 Mg N ha−1).This study provides evidence that rotationally grazed, perennial grasslands can store more soil organic C and N and improve soil surface stability conditions compared with neighboring croplands producing commodity feed grains for feedlot finishing.","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"28 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Zhao, Ruilan Ran, Hong Sun, Yujie Liu, Xiaofeng Li, Changbao Wang, Xin Zhao, Guoxiong Chen
The pioneer Amaranthaceae species sand rice (Agriophyllum squarrosum) is an annual psammophyte that is widely distributed in the deserts and sand fields of northern China. The well‐balanced nutritional values, long consumption history, and extreme stress tolerance of sand rice have fascinated scientists, prompting its development as a climate‐resilient crop. Sand rice has been successfully introduced and cultivated on sandy and loess lands over the past decade, while large‐scale artificial planting has been carried out in the Ulan Buh and Tengger deserts. However, the yield is far below the maximum potential, as estimated by the highest yield per plant ever found in the Tengger desert during our survey of wild populations. The current domestication of sand rice relies mainly on natural selection and mutagenesis breeding. A few elite lines with modified agronomic traits, such as compact architecture, high productivity, reduced trichomes, and short plant stature, have been developed from natural populations and a chemical mutagenesis library. Breeding new cultivars and broader cultivation of sand rice in deserts and marginal lands will stimulate economic growth and diversify the food supply, especially for the area west of the Hu Huanyong Line, thus contributing to environmental sustainability in northern China.
{"title":"Sand rice, a promising future crop for desert and marginal lands in northern China","authors":"P. Zhao, Ruilan Ran, Hong Sun, Yujie Liu, Xiaofeng Li, Changbao Wang, Xin Zhao, Guoxiong Chen","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12065","url":null,"abstract":"The pioneer Amaranthaceae species sand rice (Agriophyllum squarrosum) is an annual psammophyte that is widely distributed in the deserts and sand fields of northern China. The well‐balanced nutritional values, long consumption history, and extreme stress tolerance of sand rice have fascinated scientists, prompting its development as a climate‐resilient crop. Sand rice has been successfully introduced and cultivated on sandy and loess lands over the past decade, while large‐scale artificial planting has been carried out in the Ulan Buh and Tengger deserts. However, the yield is far below the maximum potential, as estimated by the highest yield per plant ever found in the Tengger desert during our survey of wild populations. The current domestication of sand rice relies mainly on natural selection and mutagenesis breeding. A few elite lines with modified agronomic traits, such as compact architecture, high productivity, reduced trichomes, and short plant stature, have been developed from natural populations and a chemical mutagenesis library. Breeding new cultivars and broader cultivation of sand rice in deserts and marginal lands will stimulate economic growth and diversify the food supply, especially for the area west of the Hu Huanyong Line, thus contributing to environmental sustainability in northern China.","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"101 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139390985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
More frequent and severe drought events due to climate change pose a major challenge for sustainable forage production in managed grasslands. This study investigated whether multispecies grassland communities can provide greater resistance to and/or recovery from drought compared to monoculture communities.Mesocosms of Lolium perenne L., Cichorium intybus L., Trifolium repens L. and Trifolium pratense L. were established as monocultures, and a four‐species mixture. A drought gradient with five levels of water supply ranging from a mild to a severe treatment was applied for 10 weeks, in each of 2 years. Shoot biomass was harvested to assess drought resistance, drought recovery and annual yields. Root mass density and specific root length were measured in Year 2.Across the drought gradient, four‐species communities had significantly larger annual yields than each of the four monocultures, indicating transgressive overyielding. This was despite relatively low drought resistance for four‐species communities compared with L. perenne and C. intybus monocultures. Recovery of yields following drought was high for all communities.Multispecies swards with complementary traits can provide a viable adaptation option across a wide range of drought severities. Application of a stress gradient methodology allowed a more detailed understanding of stress responses.
气候变化导致干旱事件更加频繁和严重，这对管理草地的可持续饲草生产构成了重大挑战。本研究调查了多物种草地群落与单物种群落相比能否提供更强的抗旱能力和/或从干旱中恢复能力。干旱梯度从轻度到重度共分五级，每级持续 10 周，共持续两年。收获嫩枝生物量以评估抗旱性、干旱恢复能力和年产量。在整个干旱梯度中，四种群落的年产量明显高于四种单一栽培群落的年产量，表明存在越级超产现象。尽管与 L. perenne 和 C. intybus 单一栽培相比，四种群落的抗旱性相对较低，但还是出现了这种情况。具有互补性状的多品种播种可在各种干旱严重程度下提供可行的适应方案。应用胁迫梯度方法可以更详细地了解胁迫反应。
{"title":"Annual yields of multispecies grassland mesocosms outperformed monocultures across a drought gradient due to complementarity effects and rapid recovery","authors":"E. Haughey, Jennifer C. McElwain, John A. Finn","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12064","url":null,"abstract":"More frequent and severe drought events due to climate change pose a major challenge for sustainable forage production in managed grasslands. This study investigated whether multispecies grassland communities can provide greater resistance to and/or recovery from drought compared to monoculture communities.Mesocosms of Lolium perenne L., Cichorium intybus L., Trifolium repens L. and Trifolium pratense L. were established as monocultures, and a four‐species mixture. A drought gradient with five levels of water supply ranging from a mild to a severe treatment was applied for 10 weeks, in each of 2 years. Shoot biomass was harvested to assess drought resistance, drought recovery and annual yields. Root mass density and specific root length were measured in Year 2.Across the drought gradient, four‐species communities had significantly larger annual yields than each of the four monocultures, indicating transgressive overyielding. This was despite relatively low drought resistance for four‐species communities compared with L. perenne and C. intybus monocultures. Recovery of yields following drought was high for all communities.Multispecies swards with complementary traits can provide a viable adaptation option across a wide range of drought severities. Application of a stress gradient methodology allowed a more detailed understanding of stress responses.","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":" 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138961934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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