Laura Argens, Caroline Brophy, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Sebastian Meyer
Background
Agricultural yields have increased continuously over the last few decades. However, a focus solely on production can harm the environment. Diversification of agriculture has been suggested to increase production and sustainability. Biodiversity experiments showed positive effects on ecosystems and productivity. However, application of these results to intensively managed grasslands has been questioned due to differences in plant species and management regimes. Research on whether diversity can benefit multifunctionality, that is, an integrated index of multiple ecosystem functions, under intensive management, is still scarce.
Methods
To address this, we manipulated plant species richness from one to six species spanning three functional groups (legumes, herbs, and grasses) in intensively managed multispecies grassland leys and examined seven ecosystem functions.
Results
We found that multifunctionality increased with functional group and species richness. Legume+herb mixtures showed high multifunctionality, while grass monocultures and mixtures with high proportions of grasses had low multifunctionality. Different plant species and plant communities drove different ecosystem functions. Legumes and herbs improved productivity and water availability, while grasses enhanced invasion resistance. These results indicate that multifunctionality and individual ecosystem functions can be promoted through targeted combinations of plants with complementary ecological traits.
Conclusions
Plant diversity can improve multifunctionality also under intensive management, potentially benefitting agroeconomics and sustainability.
{"title":"Functional group richness increases multifunctionality in intensively managed grasslands","authors":"Laura Argens, Caroline Brophy, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Sebastian Meyer","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12060","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Agricultural yields have increased continuously over the last few decades. However, a focus solely on production can harm the environment. Diversification of agriculture has been suggested to increase production and sustainability. Biodiversity experiments showed positive effects on ecosystems and productivity. However, application of these results to intensively managed grasslands has been questioned due to differences in plant species and management regimes. Research on whether diversity can benefit multifunctionality, that is, an integrated index of multiple ecosystem functions, under intensive management, is still scarce.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To address this, we manipulated plant species richness from one to six species spanning three functional groups (legumes, herbs, and grasses) in intensively managed multispecies grassland leys and examined seven ecosystem functions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that multifunctionality increased with functional group and species richness. Legume+herb mixtures showed high multifunctionality, while grass monocultures and mixtures with high proportions of grasses had low multifunctionality. Different plant species and plant communities drove different ecosystem functions. Legumes and herbs improved productivity and water availability, while grasses enhanced invasion resistance. These results indicate that multifunctionality and individual ecosystem functions can be promoted through targeted combinations of plants with complementary ecological traits.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plant diversity can improve multifunctionality also under intensive management, potentially benefitting agroeconomics and sustainability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"225-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71965657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aaron W. Anderson, Umair Gull, Sharon E. Benes, Simarjeet Singh, Robert B. Hutmacher, Edward Charles Brummer, Daniel H. Putnam
Background
Soil and water salinity are increasing problems worldwide, causing significantly reduced crop yields. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is often listed as salt-sensitive, but field testing of improved cultivars is limited. Forage systems and improved high-quality alfalfa varieties are needed to enable crop production under high salinity (HS) conditions.
Methods
The objective of this study was to measure the yield and quality response of alfalfa to high saline conditions in the field and to document the relative saline tolerance of its varieties. HS irrigation water (electrical conductivity of water, or ECw 8.0–11.0 dS m−1) was applied to 33 nondormant alfalfa cultivars and were compared with low salinity (LS) treatments (ECw 0.5–1.2 dS m−1) over 4 years in a Mediterranean environment on a clay loam soil utilizing a split-plot design. Crops were harvested seven to eight times per year, and the forage quality was measured on selected harvests utilizing near-infrared spectroscopy.
Results
The average yield loss due to HS treatment was 23.9% compared with LS treatment, but yields averaged 23.4 Mg ha−1 under HS over the 3 full years of production. This level of production is considered to be economically viable in this region. Differences in salinity tolerance between lines were identified in the field; individual cultivars lost 5%–35% of their LS yield when grown under HS conditions. Forage quality was significantly improved under HS versus LS conditions, but improvements were negatively correlated with biomass yield (R2 > 0.81), similar to responses observed in drought-stressed alfalfa.
Conclusions
These yield results confirm greenhouse studies, indicating that alfalfa is highly salt tolerant once established in the field, with potential for further improvement with tolerant cultivars. Salinity tolerance should be chosen based on total biomass yield as well as on the salinity tolerance index (HS yield relative to LS yield). Agronomic practices to mitigate salinity and sodicity are critical, along with improved cultivars.
{"title":"Salinity and cultivar effects on alfalfa forage yield and nutritive value in a Mediterranean climate","authors":"Aaron W. Anderson, Umair Gull, Sharon E. Benes, Simarjeet Singh, Robert B. Hutmacher, Edward Charles Brummer, Daniel H. Putnam","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12061","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil and water salinity are increasing problems worldwide, causing significantly reduced crop yields. Alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i> L.) is often listed as salt-sensitive, but field testing of improved cultivars is limited. Forage systems and improved high-quality alfalfa varieties are needed to enable crop production under high salinity (HS) conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this study was to measure the yield and quality response of alfalfa to high saline conditions in the field and to document the relative saline tolerance of its varieties. HS irrigation water (electrical conductivity of water, or EC<sub>w</sub> 8.0–11.0 dS m<sup>−1</sup>) was applied to 33 nondormant alfalfa cultivars and were compared with low salinity (LS) treatments (EC<sub>w</sub> 0.5–1.2 dS m<sup>−1</sup>) over 4 years in a Mediterranean environment on a clay loam soil utilizing a split-plot design. Crops were harvested seven to eight times per year, and the forage quality was measured on selected harvests utilizing near-infrared spectroscopy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The average yield loss due to HS treatment was 23.9% compared with LS treatment, but yields averaged 23.4 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> under HS over the 3 full years of production. This level of production is considered to be economically viable in this region. Differences in salinity tolerance between lines were identified in the field; individual cultivars lost 5%–35% of their LS yield when grown under HS conditions. Forage quality was significantly improved under HS versus LS conditions, but improvements were negatively correlated with biomass yield (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> > 0.81), similar to responses observed in drought-stressed alfalfa.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These yield results confirm greenhouse studies, indicating that alfalfa is highly salt tolerant once established in the field, with potential for further improvement with tolerant cultivars. Salinity tolerance should be chosen based on total biomass yield as well as on the salinity tolerance index (HS yield relative to LS yield). Agronomic practices to mitigate salinity and sodicity are critical, along with improved cultivars.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"153-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71962766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Li Lin, Xingliang Xu, Guangmin Cao, Fawei Zhang, Yikang Li, Bo Fan, Qian Li, Junjie Huang
Background
Due to the effects of climate change and overgrazing in recent decades, alternative stable states in the alpine Kobresia meadow degradation process have coexisted in the same geographical and climatic environment, with variations occurring among microsites.
Methods
We used a space-for-time substitution approach to explore the synergies of microsite variation according to its numerical characteristics and the proportion of each stable state at various stages of succession in alpine Kobresia meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau.
Results
(1) The highest average aboveground biomass in summer was 196.2 ± 20.3 g m−2, with significantly higher levels of biomass in ≤3.65 sheep unit ha−1 than in other levels of grazing intensity, while the parameters showed no significant differences among grazing intensity levels in >3.65 sheep unit ha−1. (2) The importance of plant functional groups, aboveground biomass, and niche breadth of Poaceae and Cyperaceae significantly decreased as the grazing intensity increased. (3) The effects of ≥0°C accumulated temperature, total precipitation, altitude, longitude, and latitude cumulatively contributed less than 20% of the variation in the distribution of functional group characteristics across microsites.
Conclusions
(1) Overgrazing decreases primary production in alpine Kobresia meadows, but ecosystem responses regulate plant community structure and botanical components so as to partially counteract grazing disturbance. (2) Overgrazing changed the proportion of microsites, which in turn led to regime shift in the plant community and subsequent synergies between the microsites of plant communities and their stable states.
近几十年来，由于气候变化和过度放牧的影响，高寒矮林草甸退化过程在相同的地理和气候环境中存在多种稳定状态，但不同的微站点之间存在差异。方法利用空间-时间替代方法，从微站点变化的数值特征和演替不同阶段各稳定状态所占比例等方面探讨微站点变化的协同效应。结果(1)夏季平均地上生物量最高，为196.2±20.3 g m−2，≤3.65羊单位ha−1放牧强度下的生物量显著高于其他放牧强度，≤3.65羊单位ha−1放牧强度下各参数差异不显著。(2)随着放牧强度的增加，禾科和苏科植物功能群的重要性、地上生物量和生态位宽度显著降低。(3)≥0℃积温、总降水量、海拔、经度和纬度对微点间功能基团分布的影响小于20%。结论(1)过度放牧降低了高山矮嵩草草甸的初级生产，但生态系统响应调节了植物群落结构和植物成分，从而部分抵消了放牧干扰。(2)过度放牧改变了植物群落微站点的比例，从而导致植物群落微站点的制度转变，从而导致植物群落微站点与其稳定状态之间的协同作用。
{"title":"Synergies between microsites of plant communities and steady-stage alpine meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Li Lin, Xingliang Xu, Guangmin Cao, Fawei Zhang, Yikang Li, Bo Fan, Qian Li, Junjie Huang","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12057","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12057","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Due to the effects of climate change and overgrazing in recent decades, alternative stable states in the alpine <i>Kobresia</i> meadow degradation process have coexisted in the same geographical and climatic environment, with variations occurring among microsites.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used a space-for-time substitution approach to explore the synergies of microsite variation according to its numerical characteristics and the proportion of each stable state at various stages of succession in alpine <i>Kobresia</i> meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>(1) The highest average aboveground biomass in summer was 196.2 ± 20.3 g m<sup>−2</sup>, with significantly higher levels of biomass in ≤3.65 sheep unit ha<sup>−1</sup> than in other levels of grazing intensity, while the parameters showed no significant differences among grazing intensity levels in >3.65 sheep unit ha<sup>−1</sup>. (2) The importance of plant functional groups, aboveground biomass, and niche breadth of Poaceae and Cyperaceae significantly decreased as the grazing intensity increased. (3) The effects of ≥0°C accumulated temperature, total precipitation, altitude, longitude, and latitude cumulatively contributed less than 20% of the variation in the distribution of functional group characteristics across microsites.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>(1) Overgrazing decreases primary production in alpine <i>Kobresia</i> meadows, but ecosystem responses regulate plant community structure and botanical components so as to partially counteract grazing disturbance. (2) Overgrazing changed the proportion of microsites, which in turn led to regime shift in the plant community and subsequent synergies between the microsites of plant communities and their stable states.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 4","pages":"289-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135153897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agnieszka Konkolewska, Steffie Phang, Patrick Conaghan, D. Milbourne, Aonghus Lawlor, Stephen Byrne
Genomic selection has the potential to accelerate genetic gain in perennial ryegrass breeding, provided complex traits such as forage yield can be predicted with sufficient accuracy.In this study, we compared modelling approaches and feature selection strategies to evaluate the accuracy of genomic prediction models for seasonal forage yield production.Overall, model selection had limited impact on predictive ability when using the full data set. For a baseline genomic best linear unbiased prediction model, the highest mean predictive accuracy was obtained for spring grazing (0.78), summer grazing (0.62) and second cut silage (0.56). In terms of feature selection strategies, using uncorrelated single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) had no impact on predictive ability, allowing for a potential decrease of the data set dimensions. With a genome‐wide association study, we found a significant SNP marker for spring grazing, located in the genic region annotated as coding for an enzyme responsible for fucosylation of xyloglucans—major components of the plant cell wall. We also presented an approach to increase interpretability of genomic prediction models with the use of Gene Ontology enrichment analysis.Approaches for feature selection will be relevant in development of low‐cost genotyping platforms in support of routine and cost‐effective implementation of genomic selection.
{"title":"Genomic prediction of seasonal forage yield in perennial ryegrass","authors":"Agnieszka Konkolewska, Steffie Phang, Patrick Conaghan, D. Milbourne, Aonghus Lawlor, Stephen Byrne","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12058","url":null,"abstract":"Genomic selection has the potential to accelerate genetic gain in perennial ryegrass breeding, provided complex traits such as forage yield can be predicted with sufficient accuracy.In this study, we compared modelling approaches and feature selection strategies to evaluate the accuracy of genomic prediction models for seasonal forage yield production.Overall, model selection had limited impact on predictive ability when using the full data set. For a baseline genomic best linear unbiased prediction model, the highest mean predictive accuracy was obtained for spring grazing (0.78), summer grazing (0.62) and second cut silage (0.56). In terms of feature selection strategies, using uncorrelated single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) had no impact on predictive ability, allowing for a potential decrease of the data set dimensions. With a genome‐wide association study, we found a significant SNP marker for spring grazing, located in the genic region annotated as coding for an enzyme responsible for fucosylation of xyloglucans—major components of the plant cell wall. We also presented an approach to increase interpretability of genomic prediction models with the use of Gene Ontology enrichment analysis.Approaches for feature selection will be relevant in development of low‐cost genotyping platforms in support of routine and cost‐effective implementation of genomic selection.","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86819632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agnieszka Konkolewska, Steffie Phang, Patrick Conaghan, Dan Milbourne, Aonghus Lawlor, Stephen Byrne
Background
Genomic selection has the potential to accelerate genetic gain in perennial ryegrass breeding, provided complex traits such as forage yield can be predicted with sufficient accuracy.
Methods
In this study, we compared modelling approaches and feature selection strategies to evaluate the accuracy of genomic prediction models for seasonal forage yield production.
Results
Overall, model selection had limited impact on predictive ability when using the full data set. For a baseline genomic best linear unbiased prediction model, the highest mean predictive accuracy was obtained for spring grazing (0.78), summer grazing (0.62) and second cut silage (0.56). In terms of feature selection strategies, using uncorrelated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) had no impact on predictive ability, allowing for a potential decrease of the data set dimensions. With a genome-wide association study, we found a significant SNP marker for spring grazing, located in the genic region annotated as coding for an enzyme responsible for fucosylation of xyloglucans—major components of the plant cell wall. We also presented an approach to increase interpretability of genomic prediction models with the use of Gene Ontology enrichment analysis.
Conclusions
Approaches for feature selection will be relevant in development of low-cost genotyping platforms in support of routine and cost-effective implementation of genomic selection.
{"title":"Genomic prediction of seasonal forage yield in perennial ryegrass","authors":"Agnieszka Konkolewska, Steffie Phang, Patrick Conaghan, Dan Milbourne, Aonghus Lawlor, Stephen Byrne","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12058","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Genomic selection has the potential to accelerate genetic gain in perennial ryegrass breeding, provided complex traits such as forage yield can be predicted with sufficient accuracy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, we compared modelling approaches and feature selection strategies to evaluate the accuracy of genomic prediction models for seasonal forage yield production.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, model selection had limited impact on predictive ability when using the full data set. For a baseline genomic best linear unbiased prediction model, the highest mean predictive accuracy was obtained for spring grazing (0.78), summer grazing (0.62) and second cut silage (0.56). In terms of feature selection strategies, using uncorrelated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) had no impact on predictive ability, allowing for a potential decrease of the data set dimensions. With a genome-wide association study, we found a significant SNP marker for spring grazing, located in the genic region annotated as coding for an enzyme responsible for fucosylation of xyloglucans—major components of the plant cell wall. We also presented an approach to increase interpretability of genomic prediction models with the use of Gene Ontology enrichment analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Approaches for feature selection will be relevant in development of low-cost genotyping platforms in support of routine and cost-effective implementation of genomic selection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"167-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71948237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants of the genus Arachis originated from South America and are cultivated worldwide. The genus Arachis contains 83 species and nine intrageneric taxonomic sections. The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) belongs to the Arachis section, the forage peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W. C. Greg.) belongs to the Caulorrhizae section, and the perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) belongs to the Rhizomatosae section. These three peanut species have been developed for use as fodder crops. This review summarizes the forage value of Arachis species. Forage and perennial peanuts can be intercropped with forage species to feed livestock. The cultivated peanut vines and peanut by-products, such as peanut skins and peanut meal, are also high-quality fodder used to feed sheep, cattle, and poultry. A major limiting factor in terms of adopting forage and perennial peanuts as forage crops is their limited resistance to frosts, resulting from their low winter hardiness. Therefore, the feeding value of cultivated peanuts is higher compared to forage and perennial peanuts. This review suggests that Arachis is a suitable forage crop, focusing on their nutritional properties and breeding to increase their performance under cultivation and feeding value.
{"title":"Arachis species: High-quality forage crops—nutritional properties and breeding strategies to expand their utilization and feeding value","authors":"Hui Song, Yafeng Huang, Lanlan Ding, Zhenquan Duan, Jiancheng Zhang","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plants of the genus <i>Arachis</i> originated from South America and are cultivated worldwide. The genus <i>Arachis</i> contains 83 species and nine intrageneric taxonomic sections. The cultivated peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i> L.) belongs to the <i>Arachis</i> section, the forage peanut (<i>Arachis pintoi</i> Krapov. & W. C. Greg.) belongs to the <i>Caulorrhizae</i> section, and the perennial peanut (<i>Arachis glabrata</i> Benth.) belongs to the <i>Rhizomatosae</i> section. These three peanut species have been developed for use as fodder crops. This review summarizes the forage value of <i>Arachis</i> species. Forage and perennial peanuts can be intercropped with forage species to feed livestock. The cultivated peanut vines and peanut by-products, such as peanut skins and peanut meal, are also high-quality fodder used to feed sheep, cattle, and poultry. A major limiting factor in terms of adopting forage and perennial peanuts as forage crops is their limited resistance to frosts, resulting from their low winter hardiness. Therefore, the feeding value of cultivated peanuts is higher compared to forage and perennial peanuts. This review suggests that <i>Arachis</i> is a suitable forage crop, focusing on their nutritional properties and breeding to increase their performance under cultivation and feeding value.</p>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"212-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71986770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants of the genus Arachis originated from South America and are cultivated worldwide. The genus Arachis contains 83 species and nine intrageneric taxonomic sections. The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) belongs to the Arachis section, the forage peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W. C. Greg.) belongs to the Caulorrhizae section, and the perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) belongs to the Rhizomatosae section. These three peanut species have been developed for use as fodder crops. This review summarizes the forage value of Arachis species. Forage and perennial peanuts can be intercropped with forage species to feed livestock. The cultivated peanut vines and peanut by‐products, such as peanut skins and peanut meal, are also high‐quality fodder used to feed sheep, cattle, and poultry. A major limiting factor in terms of adopting forage and perennial peanuts as forage crops is their limited resistance to frosts, resulting from their low winter hardiness. Therefore, the feeding value of cultivated peanuts is higher compared to forage and perennial peanuts. This review suggests that Arachis is a suitable forage crop, focusing on their nutritional properties and breeding to increase their performance under cultivation and feeding value.
花生属植物原产于南美洲，在世界各地都有种植。花生属有83种和9个属内分类区。栽培花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)属于花生科，饲料花生(Arachis pintoi Krapov.)属于花生科。(& W. C. Greg.)属于根茎科，多年生花生(arachhis glabrata Benth.)属于根茎科。这三种花生已被开发用作饲料作物。本文综述了花生属植物的饲用价值。饲草和多年生花生可与饲草种间作以喂养牲畜。种植的花生藤和花生副产品，如花生皮和花生粉，也是用于喂养羊、牛和家禽的高质量饲料。采用牧草和多年生花生作为饲料作物的一个主要限制因素是它们的抗霜性有限，这是由于它们的耐寒性较低。因此，栽培花生的饲用价值高于饲草花生和多年生花生。因此，应重视花生的营养特性和育种，提高花生的栽培性能和饲用价值。
{"title":"Arachis species: High‐quality forage crops—nutritional properties and breeding strategies to expand their utilization and feeding value","authors":"Hui Song, Yafeng Huang, Lanlan Ding, Zhenquan Duan, Jiancheng Zhang","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12059","url":null,"abstract":"Plants of the genus Arachis originated from South America and are cultivated worldwide. The genus Arachis contains 83 species and nine intrageneric taxonomic sections. The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) belongs to the Arachis section, the forage peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W. C. Greg.) belongs to the Caulorrhizae section, and the perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) belongs to the Rhizomatosae section. These three peanut species have been developed for use as fodder crops. This review summarizes the forage value of Arachis species. Forage and perennial peanuts can be intercropped with forage species to feed livestock. The cultivated peanut vines and peanut by‐products, such as peanut skins and peanut meal, are also high‐quality fodder used to feed sheep, cattle, and poultry. A major limiting factor in terms of adopting forage and perennial peanuts as forage crops is their limited resistance to frosts, resulting from their low winter hardiness. Therefore, the feeding value of cultivated peanuts is higher compared to forage and perennial peanuts. This review suggests that Arachis is a suitable forage crop, focusing on their nutritional properties and breeding to increase their performance under cultivation and feeding value.","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73652137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grassland is the largest ecosystem on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and provides multiple ecosystem functions and services. Understanding the endowment of the QTP grassland and how to revitalize it have profound implications for the sustainable use and efficient conservation of these unique and globally valuable ecosystems. In this paper, we highlight the importance of the QTP grassland in regional and global settings, stress the values of the QTP grassland in ecological and socioeconomic dimensions, and emphasize the actions needed to restore degraded grassland in the QTP region. The QTP is the largest single area of alpine grassland in the world and an important gene pool of alpine biological resources. The QTP grassland covers two critical ecoregions for conserving the best and most representative habitats for alpine biodiversity on the planet. The QTP grassland is also regarded as one of the best carriers and objects of socio-ecological systems in the world. To promote the resilience and sustainability of the QTP grassland through adaptation, different parties need to work together to find feasible options to resist shock, stresses, and disturbance and to maintain the fundamental functions and basic structures of the QTP grassland.
{"title":"Revitalizing the grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Shikui Dong","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Grassland is the largest ecosystem on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and provides multiple ecosystem functions and services. Understanding the endowment of the QTP grassland and how to revitalize it have profound implications for the sustainable use and efficient conservation of these unique and globally valuable ecosystems. In this paper, we highlight the importance of the QTP grassland in regional and global settings, stress the values of the QTP grassland in ecological and socioeconomic dimensions, and emphasize the actions needed to restore degraded grassland in the QTP region. The QTP is the largest single area of alpine grassland in the world and an important gene pool of alpine biological resources. The QTP grassland covers two critical ecoregions for conserving the best and most representative habitats for alpine biodiversity on the planet. The QTP grassland is also regarded as one of the best carriers and objects of socio-ecological systems in the world. To promote the resilience and sustainability of the QTP grassland through adaptation, different parties need to work together to find feasible options to resist shock, stresses, and disturbance and to maintain the fundamental functions and basic structures of the QTP grassland.</p>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"241-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71986272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grassland is the largest ecosystem on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and provides multiple ecosystem functions and services. Understanding the endowment of the QTP grassland and how to revitalize it have profound implications for the sustainable use and efficient conservation of these unique and globally valuable ecosystems. In this paper, we highlight the importance of the QTP grassland in regional and global settings, stress the values of the QTP grassland in ecological and socioeconomic dimensions, and emphasize the actions needed to restore degraded grassland in the QTP region. The QTP is the largest single area of alpine grassland in the world and an important gene pool of alpine biological resources. The QTP grassland covers two critical ecoregions for conserving the best and most representative habitats for alpine biodiversity on the planet. The QTP grassland is also regarded as one of the best carriers and objects of socio‐ecological systems in the world. To promote the resilience and sustainability of the QTP grassland through adaptation, different parties need to work together to find feasible options to resist shock, stresses, and disturbance and to maintain the fundamental functions and basic structures of the QTP grassland.
{"title":"Revitalizing the grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau","authors":"S. Dong","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12055","url":null,"abstract":"Grassland is the largest ecosystem on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and provides multiple ecosystem functions and services. Understanding the endowment of the QTP grassland and how to revitalize it have profound implications for the sustainable use and efficient conservation of these unique and globally valuable ecosystems. In this paper, we highlight the importance of the QTP grassland in regional and global settings, stress the values of the QTP grassland in ecological and socioeconomic dimensions, and emphasize the actions needed to restore degraded grassland in the QTP region. The QTP is the largest single area of alpine grassland in the world and an important gene pool of alpine biological resources. The QTP grassland covers two critical ecoregions for conserving the best and most representative habitats for alpine biodiversity on the planet. The QTP grassland is also regarded as one of the best carriers and objects of socio‐ecological systems in the world. To promote the resilience and sustainability of the QTP grassland through adaptation, different parties need to work together to find feasible options to resist shock, stresses, and disturbance and to maintain the fundamental functions and basic structures of the QTP grassland.","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81219911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The performance of oat genotypes differs across environments due to variations in biotic and abiotic factors. Thus, evaluation of oat genotypes across diverse environments is very important to identify superior and stable genotypes for yield improvement.The study aimed to assess the interaction (genotype‐by‐environment interaction; GEI) effect and determine the stability of grain yield in oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes in Ethiopia using parametric and nonparametric stability statistics. Twenty‐four oat genotypes were evaluated in nine environments using a randomized complete block design replicated three times.The pooled analysis of the variance of grain yield showed significant variations among genotypes, environments, and their interaction effects. Significant GEI revealed the rank order change of genotypes across environments. The environment main effect captured 44.62% of the total grain yield variance, while genotype and GEI effects explained 28.84% and 26.54% of the total grain yield variance, respectively. The grain yield stability was assessed based on 12 parametric and two nonparametric stability statistics. The results indicated that genotypes with superior grain yield‐ showed stable performance on the basis of the stability parameters of the genotypic superiority index (Pi), the Perkins and Jinks adjusted linear regression coefficient (Bi), and the yield stability index (YSI), indicating that selection using these stability parameters would be efficient for grain yield enhancement in oat genotypes. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients also showed that the stability parameters of Pi, Bi, and YSI had a significant positive association with grain yield. However, grain yield had an inverse correlation with the stability parameters of standard deviation, deviation from regression , the Hernandez desirability index (Dji), Wricke ecovalence (Wi), the Shukla stability variance (σi2), the AMMI stability value (ASV), and environmental variance , indicating that oat genotype selection using these stability parameters would not be efficient for yield enhancement because these stability parameters favor low‐yielding genotypes more, compared to high‐yielding ones.Therefore, G5, G8, G11, G12, G14, G16, G17, G19, and G22 genotypes were adaptable in all nine environments based on stability parameters of Pi, Bi, and YSI, and selection of these superior genotypes would improve grain yield in oat genotypes. However, the validity of this result should be confirmed by repeating the experiment in the same environments over two or more years.
{"title":"Grain yield stability analysis using parametric and nonparametric statistics in oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes in Ethiopia","authors":"Gezahagn Kebede, Walelign Worku, Habte Jifar, Fekede Feyissa","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12056","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of oat genotypes differs across environments due to variations in biotic and abiotic factors. Thus, evaluation of oat genotypes across diverse environments is very important to identify superior and stable genotypes for yield improvement.The study aimed to assess the interaction (genotype‐by‐environment interaction; GEI) effect and determine the stability of grain yield in oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes in Ethiopia using parametric and nonparametric stability statistics. Twenty‐four oat genotypes were evaluated in nine environments using a randomized complete block design replicated three times.The pooled analysis of the variance of grain yield showed significant variations among genotypes, environments, and their interaction effects. Significant GEI revealed the rank order change of genotypes across environments. The environment main effect captured 44.62% of the total grain yield variance, while genotype and GEI effects explained 28.84% and 26.54% of the total grain yield variance, respectively. The grain yield stability was assessed based on 12 parametric and two nonparametric stability statistics. The results indicated that genotypes with superior grain yield‐ showed stable performance on the basis of the stability parameters of the genotypic superiority index (Pi), the Perkins and Jinks adjusted linear regression coefficient (Bi), and the yield stability index (YSI), indicating that selection using these stability parameters would be efficient for grain yield enhancement in oat genotypes. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients also showed that the stability parameters of Pi, Bi, and YSI had a significant positive association with grain yield. However, grain yield had an inverse correlation with the stability parameters of standard deviation, deviation from regression , the Hernandez desirability index (Dji), Wricke ecovalence (Wi), the Shukla stability variance (σi2), the AMMI stability value (ASV), and environmental variance , indicating that oat genotype selection using these stability parameters would not be efficient for yield enhancement because these stability parameters favor low‐yielding genotypes more, compared to high‐yielding ones.Therefore, G5, G8, G11, G12, G14, G16, G17, G19, and G22 genotypes were adaptable in all nine environments based on stability parameters of Pi, Bi, and YSI, and selection of these superior genotypes would improve grain yield in oat genotypes. However, the validity of this result should be confirmed by repeating the experiment in the same environments over two or more years.","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"182-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71940589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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