Jorge O. Scheneiter, Matias Sacoccia, María J. Beribe, Pablo Barletta
Background
Tall fescue (TF) and tall wheatgrass (TW) are the main temperate perennial grasses used for livestock grazing in the Pampas region of Argentina. In this region, pastures based on these grasses show low tiller density and the presence of bare soil in winter.
Methods
An experiment was performed in pots kept outdoors. Plants of TF and TW were cut every 550°C day and 700°C day, respectively. In each species, reproductive tillers were removed at different times: (i) at each cut, (ii) when they reached the flag leaf stage, or (iii) when they reached full bloom. Tiller appearance, tiller death, and type of bud (basal or axillary) of the tillers present were determined.
Results
Tiller appearance decreased from July to April. Minimum values were 0.2 and 1.1 tillers 100 tillers−1 day−1 in TF and TW, respectively. In TF, tiller death began in September–October and increased from 0.2 to 0.8 tillers 100 tillers−1 day−1 in March–April. In TW, tiller death began in October–November and increased from 0.6 to 0.8–1.0 tillers 100 tillers−1 day−1 from February to April.
Conclusions
Defoliation of reproductive tillers affected the tiller density of TF plants in spring and in the following fall. In TW, the treatments did not modify the tiller density of the plants.
{"title":"Tiller demography of tall fescue and tall wheatgrass cut at different times during the reproductive phase","authors":"Jorge O. Scheneiter, Matias Sacoccia, María J. Beribe, Pablo Barletta","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12047","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tall fescue (TF) and tall wheatgrass (TW) are the main temperate perennial grasses used for livestock grazing in the Pampas region of Argentina. In this region, pastures based on these grasses show low tiller density and the presence of bare soil in winter.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An experiment was performed in pots kept outdoors. Plants of TF and TW were cut every 550°C day and 700°C day, respectively. In each species, reproductive tillers were removed at different times: (i) at each cut, (ii) when they reached the flag leaf stage, or (iii) when they reached full bloom. Tiller appearance, tiller death, and type of bud (basal or axillary) of the tillers present were determined.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tiller appearance decreased from July to April. Minimum values were 0.2 and 1.1 tillers 100 tillers<sup>−1</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> in TF and TW, respectively. In TF, tiller death began in September–October and increased from 0.2 to 0.8 tillers 100 tillers<sup>−1</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> in March–April. In TW, tiller death began in October–November and increased from 0.6 to 0.8–1.0 tillers 100 tillers<sup>−1</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> from February to April.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Defoliation of reproductive tillers affected the tiller density of TF plants in spring and in the following fall. In TW, the treatments did not modify the tiller density of the plants.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 2","pages":"120-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50143386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yufang Wang, Yuanfeng Cai, Fujiang Hou, Saman Bowatte, Zhongjun Jia
Background
Methane (CH4) oxidation driven by soil aerobic methanotrophs demonstrates the capacity of grassland as a CH4 sink.
Methods
In this study, we compared the oxidation characteristics of atmospheric-level and elevated concentration (10%) CH4 in a typical grassland (steppe) on the Loess Plateau, an alpine meadow (meadow) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and an inland arid-area artificial grassland (pasture) in northwest China and investigated the communities of active methanotrophs and their contribution to CH4 oxidation using DNA-based stable-isotope probing and Illumina Miseq sequencing.
Results
The results showed that the oxidation of atmospheric CH4 only occurred in steppe and meadow soils where the USCγ group of methanotrophs was numerically dominant in the methanotroph community. Pasture soils, with their very low relative abundance of USCγ, did not show atmospheric CH4 oxidation. However, a DNA-stable isotope probing experiment with 10% CH4 indicated that conventional CH4 oxidizers (Methylocaldum and Methylocystis) rather than USCγ communities assimilated significant amounts of 13CH4 for growth.
Conclusions
The CH4 oxidation mechanisms in the three experimental grassland soils varied significantly. The USCγ group may be obligate oligotrophic microorganisms or their growth requires specific unknown conditions.
{"title":"Elevated and atmospheric-level methane consumption by soil methanotrophs of three grasslands in China","authors":"Yufang Wang, Yuanfeng Cai, Fujiang Hou, Saman Bowatte, Zhongjun Jia","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12048","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) oxidation driven by soil aerobic methanotrophs demonstrates the capacity of grassland as a CH<sub>4</sub> sink.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, we compared the oxidation characteristics of atmospheric-level and elevated concentration (10%) CH<sub>4</sub> in a typical grassland (steppe) on the Loess Plateau, an alpine meadow (meadow) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and an inland arid-area artificial grassland (pasture) in northwest China and investigated the communities of active methanotrophs and their contribution to CH<sub>4</sub> oxidation using DNA-based stable-isotope probing and Illumina Miseq sequencing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results showed that the oxidation of atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub> only occurred in steppe and meadow soils where the USCγ group of methanotrophs was numerically dominant in the methanotroph community. Pasture soils, with their very low relative abundance of USCγ, did not show atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub> oxidation. However, a DNA-stable isotope probing experiment with 10% CH<sub>4</sub> indicated that conventional CH<sub>4</sub> oxidizers (<i>Methylocaldum</i> and <i>Methylocystis</i>) rather than USCγ communities assimilated significant amounts of <sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub> for growth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The CH<sub>4</sub> oxidation mechanisms in the three experimental grassland soils varied significantly. The USCγ group may be obligate oligotrophic microorganisms or their growth requires specific unknown conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 2","pages":"85-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50134144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bekken, M. A. H., & Soldat, D. J. (2022). Quantifying golf course nitrogen use efficiency. Grassland Research, 1(3), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12024
There was an error in the variance term used in the growth potential (GP) model in this study. Variances of 10 and 12 were used for C3 and C4 turfgrasses, respectively. These variances are for Fahrenheit temperatures; however, this study used Celsius temperatures. When using Celsius in the equation, it is best to adjust these variance terms to 5.5 for C3 grasses and 7 for C4 grasses. With the updated variances, the definition of a turfgrass growth day also needed to be adjusted. Following the recommendation of Gelernter et al. (2016), we adjusted the definition of a turfgrass growth day to a day in which the growth potential was greater than 20%.
The updated parameters caused small changes to the number of turfgrass growth days calculated at each golf course in the study. This, in turn, changed the N rate normalized by turfgrass growth days, the Nitrogen Efficiency Scores (NES), the Nmax normalized NES, and the correlations between the N rate normalized by turfgrass growth days and the economic factors. Figures 3-9 have been updated and Tables 3–9 have been updated. None of the paper's main conclusions have changed, but a description of the updated results from the original manuscript is included below.
With the updated parameters, the ratio of the golf course-wide N application rate to the GP N requirement prediction (termed the NES) was 0.47, indicating that golf courses used 53% less N than predicted by the model.
With the updated parameters, four (US-East Texas, US-Florida, US-Northwest, Norway) of the eight regions had similar N rates on fairways; median fairway N rates normalized by growth days were between 0.61 and 0.65 kg ha−1 day−1 in these regions. The remaining four regions (Denmark, US-Midwest, US-Northeast, UK) were below this range, with the median fairway N rate normalized by turfgrass growth days between 0.34 and 0.19 kg ha−1 day−1.
With the old parameters, tees in Norway were the only golf course components across all regions for which the median NES was greater than 1. With the updated parameters, US-East Texas, US-Florida, US-Northwest, and Norway had median NES values that were greater than 1 on greens. On tees in Norway, the median NES score remained above 1. In the US-Northwest, the median NES score on tees rose above 1. The median NES score in all other regions across all components stayed below 1.
The updated parameters slightly changed the rankings of NES in Table 9. The ranking of the N rate normalized by turfgrass growth days and the NES of the US-Midwest changed from 6th to 5th and the ranking of the US-Northeast changed from 5th to 6th.
{"title":"Correction to “Quantifying golf course nitrogen use efficiency”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bekken, M. A. H., & Soldat, D. J. (2022). Quantifying golf course nitrogen use efficiency. <i>Grassland Research</i>, <i>1</i>(3), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12024</p><p>There was an error in the variance term used in the growth potential (GP) model in this study. Variances of 10 and 12 were used for C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> turfgrasses, respectively. These variances are for Fahrenheit temperatures; however, this study used Celsius temperatures. When using Celsius in the equation, it is best to adjust these variance terms to 5.5 for C<sub>3</sub> grasses and 7 for C<sub>4</sub> grasses. With the updated variances, the definition of a turfgrass growth day also needed to be adjusted. Following the recommendation of Gelernter et al. (2016), we adjusted the definition of a turfgrass growth day to a day in which the growth potential was greater than 20%.</p><p>The updated parameters caused small changes to the number of turfgrass growth days calculated at each golf course in the study. This, in turn, changed the N rate normalized by turfgrass growth days, the Nitrogen Efficiency Scores (NES), the <i>N</i><sub>max</sub> normalized NES, and the correlations between the N rate normalized by turfgrass growth days and the economic factors. Figures 3-9 have been updated and Tables 3–9 have been updated. None of the paper's main conclusions have changed, but a description of the updated results from the original manuscript is included below.</p><p>With the updated parameters, the ratio of the golf course-wide N application rate to the GP N requirement prediction (termed the NES) was 0.47, indicating that golf courses used 53% less N than predicted by the model.</p><p>With the updated parameters, four (US-East Texas, US-Florida, US-Northwest, Norway) of the eight regions had similar N rates on fairways; median fairway N rates normalized by growth days were between 0.61 and 0.65 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> in these regions. The remaining four regions (Denmark, US-Midwest, US-Northeast, UK) were below this range, with the median fairway N rate normalized by turfgrass growth days between 0.34 and 0.19 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> day<sup>−1</sup>.</p><p>With the old parameters, tees in Norway were the only golf course components across all regions for which the median NES was greater than 1. With the updated parameters, US-East Texas, US-Florida, US-Northwest, and Norway had median NES values that were greater than 1 on greens. On tees in Norway, the median NES score remained above 1. In the US-Northwest, the median NES score on tees rose above 1. The median NES score in all other regions across all components stayed below 1.</p><p>The updated parameters slightly changed the rankings of NES in Table 9. The ranking of the N rate normalized by turfgrass growth days and the NES of the US-Midwest changed from 6th to 5th and the ranking of the US-Northeast changed from 5th to 6th.</p>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 3","pages":"220-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71929994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudio C. Fernandes Filho, Mario H. Murad Leite Andrade, Jose A. Rodrigues Nunes, Joseph Wipff, Debra L. Hignight, Esteban F. Rios, Kevin Kenworthy, Kenneth Hignight
Background
Drought-tolerant turfgrass cultivars are becoming more important each year as landscape irrigation practices are becoming more restrictive.
Methods
In this study, we quantified the level of drought tolerance (DT) in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue genotypes across years under different mowing (MH) and fertility (FL) rates. A total of 48 ryegrass and 38 tall fescue genotypes were planted in 2011 at NexGen, Albany, OR. The trial was divided into three subtrials: (i) DT; (ii) MH and DT; and (iii) FL and DT.
Results
The results showed that there was significant genetic variance for most of the traits in both species. The genotype × year interaction was predominantly simple, indicating small changes in genotype ranking for both species. Lower MH improved DT in perennial ryegrass, whereas higher MH resulted in greater DT in tall fescue. For both species, higher MH improved the population mean for turf quality. Higher FL inputs led to higher turf quality for both species, but it did not affect the DT response.
Conclusions
Using a selection index, six genotypes for perennial ryegrass and four for tall fescue were selected.
{"title":"Breeding for drought tolerance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum [Schreb.] Darbysh.) by exploring genotype by environment by management interactions","authors":"Claudio C. Fernandes Filho, Mario H. Murad Leite Andrade, Jose A. Rodrigues Nunes, Joseph Wipff, Debra L. Hignight, Esteban F. Rios, Kevin Kenworthy, Kenneth Hignight","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12045","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Drought-tolerant turfgrass cultivars are becoming more important each year as landscape irrigation practices are becoming more restrictive.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, we quantified the level of drought tolerance (DT) in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue genotypes across years under different mowing (MH) and fertility (FL) rates. A total of 48 ryegrass and 38 tall fescue genotypes were planted in 2011 at NexGen, Albany, OR. The trial was divided into three subtrials: (i) DT; (ii) MH and DT; and (iii) FL and DT.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results showed that there was significant genetic variance for most of the traits in both species. The genotype × year interaction was predominantly simple, indicating small changes in genotype ranking for both species. Lower MH improved DT in perennial ryegrass, whereas higher MH resulted in greater DT in tall fescue. For both species, higher MH improved the population mean for turf quality. Higher FL inputs led to higher turf quality for both species, but it did not affect the DT response.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using a selection index, six genotypes for perennial ryegrass and four for tall fescue were selected.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"22-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50116406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fire is a natural disturbance that releases carbon back into the atmosphere. Pastoralists have used fire for many thousands of years for rangeland management. The use of fire in the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia was a common practice to improve the productivity of the rangelands. However, the use of fire as a tool to manage rangeland was prohibited by government policy in the early 1970s.
Methods
In this study, we assessed the long-term impacts of fire suppression on aboveground carbon stocks of woody and herbaceous biomass, soil organic carbon stocks, and total nitrogen stocks at burned versus adjacent unburned areas in the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia. The investigation was conducted in two locations: Dikale and Sanke. The upland location was represented by Dikale, while the bottomland location was represented by Sanke. Each study site was replicated three times, with burned versus adjacent unburned areas representing each replicate. Soil samples were collected in three soil depths (0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm), while vegetation attributes were collected from 60 plots within three burned and three adjacent unburned sites in each landscape.
Results
The soil organic carbon stock and pooled carbon stock between burned and unburned sites across the two landscapes showed minimal variation. The above-ground carbon biomass accumulation for woody and herbaceous plants did not show any significant difference between burned and unburned sites both at the bottomland and upland areas. The total nitrogen contents recorded at uplands in burned sites were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the total nitrogen stocks for the unburned adjacent sites.
Conclusions
Burned areas accumulated relatively more carbon stocks in terms of herbaceous biomass (3.27 ± 0.43 Mg ha−1) than the adjacent unburned areas (0.98 ± 0.43 Mg ha−1). The results of the current study suggest that burning improved the carbon sequestration potential of herbaceous plants in arid savanna ecosystems.
{"title":"Impacts of fire suppression on above-ground carbon stock and soil properties in Borana rangelands, southern Ethiopia","authors":"Kenea Feyisa, Sheleme Beyene, Ayana Angassa","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12043","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fire is a natural disturbance that releases carbon back into the atmosphere. Pastoralists have used fire for many thousands of years for rangeland management. The use of fire in the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia was a common practice to improve the productivity of the rangelands. However, the use of fire as a tool to manage rangeland was prohibited by government policy in the early 1970s.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, we assessed the long-term impacts of fire suppression on aboveground carbon stocks of woody and herbaceous biomass, soil organic carbon stocks, and total nitrogen stocks at burned versus adjacent unburned areas in the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia. The investigation was conducted in two locations: Dikale and Sanke. The upland location was represented by Dikale, while the bottomland location was represented by Sanke. Each study site was replicated three times, with burned versus adjacent unburned areas representing each replicate. Soil samples were collected in three soil depths (0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm), while vegetation attributes were collected from 60 plots within three burned and three adjacent unburned sites in each landscape.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The soil organic carbon stock and pooled carbon stock between burned and unburned sites across the two landscapes showed minimal variation. The above-ground carbon biomass accumulation for woody and herbaceous plants did not show any significant difference between burned and unburned sites both at the bottomland and upland areas. The total nitrogen contents recorded at uplands in burned sites were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher than the total nitrogen stocks for the unburned adjacent sites.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Burned areas accumulated relatively more carbon stocks in terms of herbaceous biomass (3.27 ± 0.43 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>) than the adjacent unburned areas (0.98 ± 0.43 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>). The results of the current study suggest that burning improved the carbon sequestration potential of herbaceous plants in arid savanna ecosystems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50136455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Januarius Gobilik, Hasbudie Baco, Mohd. Azid Kabul, Suhaimi Dollah, Stephen T. Morris, Cory Matthew
Background
Oil palm is a tropical crop with worldwide plantings approaching 20 million ha and large areas in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. The plantations are readily managed as silvopastoral systems incorporating cattle grazing (Oil Palm Silvopastoral System for Cattle, OPSC) but there is a need for analytical tools and data to understand system herbage supply and feed conversion efficiency (FCE).
Methods
Metabolic energy budgeting was used to estimate herbage harvested by cattle in three OPSC subsystems, 9 and 12 years after oil palm establishment, and FCE of the subsystems was determined. Understorey herbage was also analysed for nutritive value, botanical composition and herbage accumulation within one grazing-regrowth cycle.
Results
The herbage-harvested estimate was 2.0−2.4 t dry matter (DM) ha−1 year−1 for 9 year old subsystems and 1.4−1.7 t DM ha−1 year−1 for a 12 year old subsystem. Herbage metabolisable energy (ME) was 8.3−8.5 MJ kg−1 DM and crude protein (CP) was 15%−16% DM. FCE values for subsystems ranged from 32 to 94 kg DM kg−1 liveweight-gain.
Conclusions
Herbage DM yield is declining, while herbage ME is marginal but CP is adequate. FCE is suboptimal but can be optimised by defining the trajectory of declining herbage production with canopy closure as plantations age and matching stocking rate to herbage supply using a comparative-stocking-rate-type statistic.
背景油棕榈是一种热带作物，全球种植面积接近2000万公顷，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和泰国有大片面积。种植园很容易作为包括放牧的森林畜牧系统进行管理（Oil Palm Silvopastoric System for cattle，OPSC），但需要分析工具和数据来了解系统牧草供应和饲料转化效率（FCE）。方法采用代谢能量预算法对油棕建立后9年和12年三个OPSC子系统的牛采草量进行估算，并测定各子系统的FCE。还分析了底层牧草在一个放牧再生周期内的营养价值、植物成分和牧草积累。结果牧草收获量估算值为2.0−2.4 t干物质（DM） ha−1 9年历史的子系统为−1年，1.4−1.7 t DM ha−1 一个12年历史的子系统为−1年。牧草代谢能（ME）为8.3−8.5 MJ kg−1 DM，粗蛋白（CP）为15%−16% 子系统的DM.FCE值范围从32到94 kg DM kg−1活重增加。结论牧草DM产量呈下降趋势，牧草ME产量较低，但CP产量充足。FCE是次优的，但可以通过定义随着种植园年龄的冠层关闭导致牧草产量下降的轨迹，并使用比较放养率类型统计将放养率与牧草供应相匹配来优化。
{"title":"Feed profile analysis of oil palm-integrated beef cattle farming systems by metabolic energy budgeting and implications for beef production and pastoral system design","authors":"Januarius Gobilik, Hasbudie Baco, Mohd. Azid Kabul, Suhaimi Dollah, Stephen T. Morris, Cory Matthew","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12044","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Oil palm is a tropical crop with worldwide plantings approaching 20 million ha and large areas in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. The plantations are readily managed as silvopastoral systems incorporating cattle grazing (Oil Palm Silvopastoral System for Cattle, OPSC) but there is a need for analytical tools and data to understand system herbage supply and feed conversion efficiency (FCE).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Metabolic energy budgeting was used to estimate herbage harvested by cattle in three OPSC subsystems, 9 and 12 years after oil palm establishment, and FCE of the subsystems was determined. Understorey herbage was also analysed for nutritive value, botanical composition and herbage accumulation within one grazing-regrowth cycle.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The herbage-harvested estimate was 2.0−2.4 t dry matter (DM) ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup> for 9 year old subsystems and 1.4−1.7 t DM ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup> for a 12 year old subsystem. Herbage metabolisable energy (ME) was 8.3−8.5 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup> DM and crude protein (CP) was 15%−16% DM. FCE values for subsystems ranged from 32 to 94 kg DM kg<sup>−1</sup> liveweight-gain.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Herbage DM yield is declining, while herbage ME is marginal but CP is adequate. FCE is suboptimal but can be optimised by defining the trajectory of declining herbage production with canopy closure as plantations age and matching stocking rate to herbage supply using a comparative-stocking-rate-type statistic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"56-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50135418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scott A. Newell, Daniel J. Undersander, Donald Viands, Julie Hansen, Steve Orloff, Daniel H. Putnam, E. Charles Brummer
Background
Alfalfa is a globally important forage crop. Cultivars are characterized by fall dormancy (FD). FD affects biomass yield and winter survival and is used to identify appropriate growing regions of cultivars. It has historically been assessed by measuring the natural height of regrowth in autumn of spaced plants in the field. Because commercial alfalfa is normally grown as a solid planted sward, FD could be different if plants were grown under real production conditions. The objective of this experiment was to assess whether FD ratings obtained from swards were similar to those obtained on spaced plants.
Methods
We evaluated 20 alfalfa cultivars in field trials established in 2015 at five locations in the United States. We harvested the trials in early autumn and measured regrowth plant height approximately 3 weeks later in 2015 and 2016.
Results
Autumn plant height responded as expected for the established check cultivars in all locations. Fall dormancy ratings for cultivars under both management systems were highly correlated.
Conclusions
Estimating FD from spaced plant height measurements in autumn is very robust, and using height data from sward plots gives equivalent results to that measured in spaced plant nurseries. This finding has many practical advantages.
{"title":"Estimation of alfalfa fall dormancy using spaced plant and sward trials across multiple environments","authors":"Scott A. Newell, Daniel J. Undersander, Donald Viands, Julie Hansen, Steve Orloff, Daniel H. Putnam, E. Charles Brummer","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12042","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Alfalfa is a globally important forage crop. Cultivars are characterized by fall dormancy (FD). FD affects biomass yield and winter survival and is used to identify appropriate growing regions of cultivars. It has historically been assessed by measuring the natural height of regrowth in autumn of spaced plants in the field. Because commercial alfalfa is normally grown as a solid planted sward, FD could be different if plants were grown under real production conditions. The objective of this experiment was to assess whether FD ratings obtained from swards were similar to those obtained on spaced plants.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We evaluated 20 alfalfa cultivars in field trials established in 2015 at five locations in the United States. We harvested the trials in early autumn and measured regrowth plant height approximately 3 weeks later in 2015 and 2016.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Autumn plant height responded as expected for the established check cultivars in all locations. Fall dormancy ratings for cultivars under both management systems were highly correlated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Estimating FD from spaced plant height measurements in autumn is very robust, and using height data from sward plots gives equivalent results to that measured in spaced plant nurseries. This finding has many practical advantages.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"15-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50148012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Cao, Yiping Chen, Yao Jiang, Jingshu Chen, Junhua Wu
Background
Revegetation is widely used in degraded grassland restoration. However, the responses of grassland plant and soil properties to fencing (FC) and grazing (GZ) remain poorly understood, especially the vegetation–soil coupling coordination (Cd) mechanism. This study explored single and interactive responses of vegetation and soil properties under FC and GZ after revegetation.
Methods
A field experiment with FC and GZ treatments was conducted in Loess Plateau reconstructed grassland, with degraded grassland as the control (CK). Plant and soil properties and Cd were analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and principal component analysis (PCA).
Results
The order of soil comprehensive evaluation (SCE) was GZ > FC > CK, while that of vegetation comprehensive evaluation (VCE) was FC > GZ > CK. The Cd of CK was 0.39 (mild imbalance), while the values of FC and GZ were 0.57 and 0.54, respectively (little coordination). The VCE/SCE of FC was 1.48 (soil lag type), and the values of GZ and CK were 0.69 and 0.35, respectively (vegetation lag and vegetation loss type, respectively).
Conclusions
Both GZ and FC improved Cd and facilitated recovery. However, degraded grasslands should be restored via moderate grazing for sustainable ecological and economic development.
背景植被恢复在退化草地恢复中有着广泛的应用。然而，对草地植物和土壤特性对围栏（FC）和放牧（GZ）的反应，特别是植被-土壤耦合协调（Cd）机制，仍知之甚少。本研究探讨了植被恢复后FC和GZ对植被和土壤性质的单一和交互响应。方法以退化草地为对照，在黄土高原重建草地上进行FC和GZ处理的田间试验。采用层次分析法（AHP）和主成分分析法（PCA）对植物和土壤性质以及Cd进行了分析。结果土壤综合评价（SCE）排序为GZ >； FC >； CK，植被综合评价（VCE）为FC >； GZ >； CK的Cd为0.39（轻度不平衡），而FC和GZ的值分别为0.57和0.54（少量配位）。FC的VCE/SCE为1.48（土壤滞后型），GZ和CK的值分别为0.69和0.35（植被滞后型和植被损失型）。结论GZ和FC均能提高Cd含量，促进Cd的回收。然而，退化的草原应该通过适度放牧来恢复，以实现可持续的生态和经济发展。
{"title":"Management of re-established artificial grasslands via grazing or fencing: Effects on plant and soil properties","authors":"Jing Cao, Yiping Chen, Yao Jiang, Jingshu Chen, Junhua Wu","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12039","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Revegetation is widely used in degraded grassland restoration. However, the responses of grassland plant and soil properties to fencing (FC) and grazing (GZ) remain poorly understood, especially the vegetation–soil coupling coordination (<i>C</i><sub>d</sub>) mechanism. This study explored single and interactive responses of vegetation and soil properties under FC and GZ after revegetation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A field experiment with FC and GZ treatments was conducted in Loess Plateau reconstructed grassland, with degraded grassland as the control (CK). Plant and soil properties and <i>C</i><sub>d</sub> were analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and principal component analysis (PCA).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The order of soil comprehensive evaluation (SCE) was GZ > FC > CK, while that of vegetation comprehensive evaluation (VCE) was FC > GZ > CK. The <i>C</i><sub>d</sub> of CK was 0.39 (mild imbalance), while the values of FC and GZ were 0.57 and 0.54, respectively (little coordination). The VCE/SCE of FC was 1.48 (soil lag type), and the values of GZ and CK were 0.69 and 0.35, respectively (vegetation lag and vegetation loss type, respectively).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Both GZ and FC improved <i>C</i><sub>d</sub> and facilitated recovery. However, degraded grasslands should be restored via moderate grazing for sustainable ecological and economic development.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"69-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50134963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whole-crop wheat (Triticum aestivum) has high nutritive value, and it has become one of the main sources of roughage for ruminants in some countries or regions. This study investigates the effects of no tillage on nitrogen compounds and protease activities of whole-crop wheat silage.
Methods
Wheat was planted on the 9th day (NB9) and 5th day (NB5) before rice harvest and on the first day after rice harvest. Sowing before harvest involved no tillage and sowing after rice harvest involved either no tillage (NA1) or conventional tillage (CK).
Results
Compared to CK, the crude protein content of NB9 and NB5 decreased by 16.4% and 9.58%, respectively. With the delay of the sowing date, the contents of non-protein nitrogen, rapidly degraded protein, and slowly degraded protein in whole-plant wheat tended to increase. Compared to NA1 wheat silage, the NH3-N content of NB9 and NB5 silages decreased by 52.7% and 34.4%, respectively. The acid protease activity of NA1 was significantly higher than that of other treatments (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
There was no significant difference in the degree of protein degradation between NA1 and CK silages. Although the degree of protein degradation in early sowing was low, the degree of fermentation was also weak.
{"title":"Effects of sowing methods on nitrogen compounds and protease activities of whole-crop wheat silage","authors":"Liuxing Xu, Guojian Tang, Dan Wu, Jianguo Zhang","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12041","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Whole-crop wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) has high nutritive value, and it has become one of the main sources of roughage for ruminants in some countries or regions. This study investigates the effects of no tillage on nitrogen compounds and protease activities of whole-crop wheat silage.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wheat was planted on the 9th day (NB9) and 5th day (NB5) before rice harvest and on the first day after rice harvest. Sowing before harvest involved no tillage and sowing after rice harvest involved either no tillage (NA1) or conventional tillage (CK).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compared to CK, the crude protein content of NB9 and NB5 decreased by 16.4% and 9.58%, respectively. With the delay of the sowing date, the contents of non-protein nitrogen, rapidly degraded protein, and slowly degraded protein in whole-plant wheat tended to increase. Compared to NA1 wheat silage, the NH<sub>3</sub>-N content of NB9 and NB5 silages decreased by 52.7% and 34.4%, respectively. The acid protease activity of NA1 was significantly higher than that of other treatments (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There was no significant difference in the degree of protein degradation between NA1 and CK silages. Although the degree of protein degradation in early sowing was low, the degree of fermentation was also weak.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"46-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50151084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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