The demand for high bit rates that exists in the business communication area is discussed, and its characteristics are outlined, highlighting both a short-term request, mainly addressing local area network (LAN) interconnection, and a medium-term request for more sophisticated services. Whether there is a similar need for broadband communication in the residential area is also discussed. The use of broadband ISDN as an answer to these needs is elaborated. The impact of an asynchronous transfer mode virtual path backbone on services offered, as well as on network architecture, is briefly examined.< >
{"title":"Network evolution towards BISDN","authors":"J.-P. Coudreuse","doi":"10.1109/80.93307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/80.93307","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for high bit rates that exists in the business communication area is discussed, and its characteristics are outlined, highlighting both a short-term request, mainly addressing local area network (LAN) interconnection, and a medium-term request for more sophisticated services. Whether there is a similar need for broadband communication in the residential area is also discussed. The use of broadband ISDN as an answer to these needs is elaborated. The impact of an asynchronous transfer mode virtual path backbone on services offered, as well as on network architecture, is briefly examined.<\u0000<ETX>></ETX>","PeriodicalId":100626,"journal":{"name":"IEEE LTS","volume":"2 3","pages":"66-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/80.93307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49952176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subscriber access capacity corresponding to the first level of the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), which has been agreed upon as an international standard for broadband ISDN, is discussed. The subscriber access reference configuration defined by the International Consultative Committee for Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) is described, as is the structure of the transmission network. Suggested transmission systems or systems already implemented are then examined. The discussion covers asynchronous transfer mode, multiplexing and framing, trunk line systems, subscriber line systems, optical transmission, and TV distribution.< >
{"title":"Transmission systems for the BISDN","authors":"H. Bauch","doi":"10.1109/80.93303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/80.93303","url":null,"abstract":"Subscriber access capacity corresponding to the first level of the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), which has been agreed upon as an international standard for broadband ISDN, is discussed. The subscriber access reference configuration defined by the International Consultative Committee for Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) is described, as is the structure of the transmission network. Suggested transmission systems or systems already implemented are then examined. The discussion covers asynchronous transfer mode, multiplexing and framing, trunk line systems, subscriber line systems, optical transmission, and TV distribution.<\u0000<ETX>></ETX>","PeriodicalId":100626,"journal":{"name":"IEEE LTS","volume":"2 3","pages":"31-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/80.93303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49952172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The transport node techniques that will be the basis of broadband ISDN are discussed. The layered architecture of a transport network is described. The virtual path (VP) concept, which fully exploits asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) capabilities and provides the network with a powerful transport mechanism, is examined. The characteristics of the ATM crossconnect system that will be used to implement the VPs are outlined. The key VP benefits and the role of VP crossconnection for constructing a flexible and economical BISDN are discussed.< >
{"title":"The roll of virtual path crossconnection","authors":"K. Sato;N. Ueda;N. Yoshikai","doi":"10.1109/80.93305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/80.93305","url":null,"abstract":"The transport node techniques that will be the basis of broadband ISDN are discussed. The layered architecture of a transport network is described. The virtual path (VP) concept, which fully exploits asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) capabilities and provides the network with a powerful transport mechanism, is examined. The characteristics of the ATM crossconnect system that will be used to implement the VPs are outlined. The key VP benefits and the role of VP crossconnection for constructing a flexible and economical BISDN are discussed.<\u0000<ETX>></ETX>","PeriodicalId":100626,"journal":{"name":"IEEE LTS","volume":"2 3","pages":"44-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/80.93305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49952174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The origin of congestion control problems in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks is described. The main overall congestion control strategies that have been proposed are summarized. The set of mechanisms that constitute a general framework for congestion control consists of admission control, usage parameter control, relative cell delay/loss priority, and flow/reactive control mechanisms. Depending on their service scenarios, the overall congestion control schemes of different networks may consist of different combinations of these mechanisms. Furthermore, different networks may realize the same mechanism through the use of different algorithms and implementations. The basic techniques that could be used in implementing the overall congestion control of an ATM network are discussed.<>
{"title":"On congestion control in ATM networks","authors":"F. Vakil;H. Saito","doi":"10.1109/80.93306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/80.93306","url":null,"abstract":"The origin of congestion control problems in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks is described. The main overall congestion control strategies that have been proposed are summarized. The set of mechanisms that constitute a general framework for congestion control consists of admission control, usage parameter control, relative cell delay/loss priority, and flow/reactive control mechanisms. Depending on their service scenarios, the overall congestion control schemes of different networks may consist of different combinations of these mechanisms. Furthermore, different networks may realize the same mechanism through the use of different algorithms and implementations. The basic techniques that could be used in implementing the overall congestion control of an ATM network are discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":100626,"journal":{"name":"IEEE LTS","volume":"2 3","pages":"55-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/80.93306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49952175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The timed token access method on which the FDDI (fiber distributed data interface) network is based is described. The two kinds of performance parameters, fixed and user-settable, that are used to study performance are discussed. Performance metrics are defined, and the performance is analyzed for asynchronous traffic, using simulation and analytical modeling. Guidelines for setting the target token rotation time (TTRT), which is the key network parameter that can be used to optimize the performance of an FDDI ring network, are presented. The effects on performance of the total number of stations, number of active stations, frame size, and total fiber length are examined.< >
{"title":"Performance analysis of FDDI token ring networks: effect of parameters and guidelines for setting TTRT","authors":"R. Jain","doi":"10.1109/80.93284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/80.93284","url":null,"abstract":"The timed token access method on which the FDDI (fiber distributed data interface) network is based is described. The two kinds of performance parameters, fixed and user-settable, that are used to study performance are discussed. Performance metrics are defined, and the performance is analyzed for asynchronous traffic, using simulation and analytical modeling. Guidelines for setting the target token rotation time (TTRT), which is the key network parameter that can be used to optimize the performance of an FDDI ring network, are presented. The effects on performance of the total number of stations, number of active stations, frame size, and total fiber length are examined.<\u0000<ETX>></ETX>","PeriodicalId":100626,"journal":{"name":"IEEE LTS","volume":"2 2","pages":"16-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/80.93284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49955258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Distributed computing requirements are discussed, and distributed computing in FDDI (fiber distributed data interface) networks is considered. Three applications with different requirements are examined to show how the basic FDDI topology (a dual ring of trees) and mix of station types can he matched to the throughput and reliability requirements of particular applications. These applications are: an engineering graphics application, characterized by high throughput requirements, small workgroups, low-to-medium network reliability requirements, and high-end workstations and graphics servers: an office application, characterized by reasonable response time requirements, connectivity requirements (to corporate networks, both local and wide area), high network reliability requirements, and many PCs and low-end workstations and servers (e.g., print and file); and a military application, characterized by high throughput requirements, low response time requirements, very high network reliability requirements, and a mix of high-end and low-end workstations and servers. FDDI and distributed computing performance considerations are addressed. Tools to support FDDI applications are discussed.< >
{"title":"High performance distributed computing in FDDI networks","authors":"M.J. Strohl","doi":"10.1109/80.93283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/80.93283","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed computing requirements are discussed, and distributed computing in FDDI (fiber distributed data interface) networks is considered. Three applications with different requirements are examined to show how the basic FDDI topology (a dual ring of trees) and mix of station types can he matched to the throughput and reliability requirements of particular applications. These applications are: an engineering graphics application, characterized by high throughput requirements, small workgroups, low-to-medium network reliability requirements, and high-end workstations and graphics servers: an office application, characterized by reasonable response time requirements, connectivity requirements (to corporate networks, both local and wide area), high network reliability requirements, and many PCs and low-end workstations and servers (e.g., print and file); and a military application, characterized by high throughput requirements, low response time requirements, very high network reliability requirements, and a mix of high-end and low-end workstations and servers. FDDI and distributed computing performance considerations are addressed. Tools to support FDDI applications are discussed.<\u0000<ETX>></ETX>","PeriodicalId":100626,"journal":{"name":"IEEE LTS","volume":"2 2","pages":"11-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/80.93283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49955257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The MODLINK (multichannel parallel optical data link) system is described. It provides 12 parallel data channels; one channel may be used for clock signal, and provisions are made for synchronizing the data channels with the clock. Additional MODLINK units can be linked in parallel for more channels. The system can handle data rates from DC to 200 Mb/s/channel in continuous or burst mode. Since this system is burst-mode compatible, data signal encoding is not required and clock recovery is optional. The transmitter and receiver systems are presented in detail. System performance is examined with respect to the thermal characteristics of the transmitter package, interchannel crosstalk in the transmitter, receiver sensitivity and interchannel crosstalk, and long-distance transmission.< >
{"title":"Multichannel parallel data link for optical communication","authors":"Y. Ota;R.G. Swartz","doi":"10.1109/80.93285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/80.93285","url":null,"abstract":"The MODLINK (multichannel parallel optical data link) system is described. It provides 12 parallel data channels; one channel may be used for clock signal, and provisions are made for synchronizing the data channels with the clock. Additional MODLINK units can be linked in parallel for more channels. The system can handle data rates from DC to 200 Mb/s/channel in continuous or burst mode. Since this system is burst-mode compatible, data signal encoding is not required and clock recovery is optional. The transmitter and receiver systems are presented in detail. System performance is examined with respect to the thermal characteristics of the transmitter package, interchannel crosstalk in the transmitter, receiver sensitivity and interchannel crosstalk, and long-distance transmission.<\u0000<ETX>></ETX>","PeriodicalId":100626,"journal":{"name":"IEEE LTS","volume":"2 2","pages":"24-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/80.93285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49955259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photonic switches based on guided-wave lithium niobate technology are considered and one of the first applications, the distributed switching with centralized optics (DiSCO) experimental switching system, is described. This system interconnects commercial private branch exchanges (PBXs) through an 8*8 lithium niobate time-multiplexed switching network. It is shown that the dilated Benes architecture provides a switching network that is not limited by crosstalk. In addition, signal loss does not significantly constrain the switch size when an optical amplifier is used. It is suggested that with the use of the dilated Benes architecture and the solution of the clock-synchronization problem guided-wave photonic switching is ideally suited for high-bandwidth services, such as broadband integrated services digital network (BISDN), that are likely to be offered in the future.<>
{"title":"Broadband photonic switching using guided-wave fabrics","authors":"N.K. Ailawadi;R.C. Alferness;G.D. Bergland;R.A. Thompson","doi":"10.1109/80.93287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/80.93287","url":null,"abstract":"Photonic switches based on guided-wave lithium niobate technology are considered and one of the first applications, the distributed switching with centralized optics (DiSCO) experimental switching system, is described. This system interconnects commercial private branch exchanges (PBXs) through an 8*8 lithium niobate time-multiplexed switching network. It is shown that the dilated Benes architecture provides a switching network that is not limited by crosstalk. In addition, signal loss does not significantly constrain the switch size when an optical amplifier is used. It is suggested that with the use of the dilated Benes architecture and the solution of the clock-synchronization problem guided-wave photonic switching is ideally suited for high-bandwidth services, such as broadband integrated services digital network (BISDN), that are likely to be offered in the future.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":100626,"journal":{"name":"IEEE LTS","volume":"2 2","pages":"38-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/80.93287","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49979800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The optical star network and its power budget and spectral-width limits are reviewed. A third capacity limit due to the bandwidth available within the switch for communicating the switch-control functions to the crosspoint elements of the switch is investigated. A pipelined switch processor and the communications bandwidth required within the switch to support the maximum amount of information transfer within that pipelined architecture are considered. Calculation results are presented for two examples, the switching of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells and of data packets of longer duration, and the differing conclusions to which these two cases lead are compared. For short packets. such as in ATM, the power budgets are not a significant factor, and the bandwidth of the control channel is dominant. Increasing that bandwidth by the use of a parallel bus is indicated. For long packets, the power budget is much more important and the control channel less so. In this case, coherent detection adds significantly to the total switch capacity. The impact that these considerations may have on high-speed communications networks is discussed.< >
{"title":"On the capacity of multiwavelength optical-star packet switches","authors":"C.A. Brackett","doi":"10.1109/80.93286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/80.93286","url":null,"abstract":"The optical star network and its power budget and spectral-width limits are reviewed. A third capacity limit due to the bandwidth available within the switch for communicating the switch-control functions to the crosspoint elements of the switch is investigated. A pipelined switch processor and the communications bandwidth required within the switch to support the maximum amount of information transfer within that pipelined architecture are considered. Calculation results are presented for two examples, the switching of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells and of data packets of longer duration, and the differing conclusions to which these two cases lead are compared. For short packets. such as in ATM, the power budgets are not a significant factor, and the bandwidth of the control channel is dominant. Increasing that bandwidth by the use of a parallel bus is indicated. For long packets, the power budget is much more important and the control channel less so. In this case, coherent detection adds significantly to the total switch capacity. The impact that these considerations may have on high-speed communications networks is discussed.<\u0000<ETX>></ETX>","PeriodicalId":100626,"journal":{"name":"IEEE LTS","volume":"2 2","pages":"33-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/80.93286","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49979799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several properties of lasers used in high-speed optical transmission systems are described. The characteristics of the modulation bandwidth transfer function and the relaxation oscillation frequency, and factors that must be optimized to maximize the modulation bandwidth, are examined. The intensity noise spectral characteristics and the relationship to the modulation bandwidth are determined. The relative intensity noise (RIN) of the laser is defined, and its relationship to the laser transmitters signal-to-noise ratio is noted. Techniques to measure these laser characteristics are reviewed, along with some measurement limitations. Sample measurements of the modulation response intensity noise, and RIN of a 1300-nm DFB laser using the HP 71400 lightwave signal analyzer are shown.< >
{"title":"Intensity modulation and noise characterization of high-speed semiconductor lasers","authors":"C.M. Miller","doi":"10.1109/80.93288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/80.93288","url":null,"abstract":"Several properties of lasers used in high-speed optical transmission systems are described. The characteristics of the modulation bandwidth transfer function and the relaxation oscillation frequency, and factors that must be optimized to maximize the modulation bandwidth, are examined. The intensity noise spectral characteristics and the relationship to the modulation bandwidth are determined. The relative intensity noise (RIN) of the laser is defined, and its relationship to the laser transmitters signal-to-noise ratio is noted. Techniques to measure these laser characteristics are reviewed, along with some measurement limitations. Sample measurements of the modulation response intensity noise, and RIN of a 1300-nm DFB laser using the HP 71400 lightwave signal analyzer are shown.<\u0000<ETX>></ETX>","PeriodicalId":100626,"journal":{"name":"IEEE LTS","volume":"2 2","pages":"44-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/80.93288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49979801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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