Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2023.3333608
Shervin Shirmohammadi
As the Founding Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement (OJIM), it is my pleasure to write this Year-End Message for OJIM’s second year of operations. As you may know by now, OJIM is the Gold Open Access publication of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society (IMS). All articles are Open Access and available for free to all readers. OJIM is also an online-only and Volume-only journal, meaning that papers are published online continuously as they are accepted. Since there is very little waiting time for a paper to be assigned to the current Volume, OJIM is a rapid-publication and competitive journal by today’s publishing standards. The year 2023 saw OJIM’s second Volume successfully published, so let us take a look at some specifics.
作为 IEEE Open Journal of Instrument and Measurement (OJIM) 的创刊主编，我很高兴能为 OJIM 的第二年运营撰写这篇年终致辞。如您所知，OJIM 是 IEEE 仪器仪表与测量学会 (IMS) 的金牌开放存取刊物。所有文章均为开放获取，免费提供给所有读者。OJIM 还是一本只在线和只出卷的期刊，这意味着论文一经录用就会在网上连续发表。由于论文几乎不需要等待就能被分配到当前卷，因此按照当今的出版标准，OJIM 是一份出版迅速、竞争激烈的期刊。2023 年，OJIM 的第二卷成功出版，让我们来看看一些具体情况。
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This article presents different methods for noninvasive validation and diagnostics of contactless devices. The radio frequency systems studied here operate at 13.56 MHz. When manufacturing these systems in volume, it is essential to separate the fully functional devices from the totally defective ones or even from those communicating but have anomalies that will lead to a significant reduction of their lifetime. This article compares two noninvasive methods, one based on impedance measurements and the other on impulse response measurements. The advantages and drawbacks of these methods are presented and compared to their use in large-scale manufacturing. In addition to the proposed methods, this article describes two decision-making methodologies based on machine learning. This article compares also both measurement methods and machine learning tools. A robustness study shows the limitations of the employed techniques
{"title":"Nondestructive Diagnostic Measurement Methods for HF RFID Devices With AI Assistance","authors":"Thibaut Deleruyelle;Amaury Auguste;Florian Sananes;Ghislain Oudinet","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3335537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIM.2023.3335537","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents different methods for noninvasive validation and diagnostics of contactless devices. The radio frequency systems studied here operate at 13.56 MHz. When manufacturing these systems in volume, it is essential to separate the fully functional devices from the totally defective ones or even from those communicating but have anomalies that will lead to a significant reduction of their lifetime. This article compares two noninvasive methods, one based on impedance measurements and the other on impulse response measurements. The advantages and drawbacks of these methods are presented and compared to their use in large-scale manufacturing. In addition to the proposed methods, this article describes two decision-making methodologies based on machine learning. This article compares also both measurement methods and machine learning tools. A robustness study shows the limitations of the employed techniques","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"2 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10334483","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139572880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332398
Anna Case;Aaron Barvincak;Reza Zoughi
The complex permittivity of 8-mol yttria-stabilized zirconia (8-YSZ) in powder and sintered (i.e., solid) forms were measured from 32 to 40 GHz using a circular waveguide probe. This probe is suitable for measuring both the powder and solid forms of materials. Comparative completely filled rectangular waveguide measurements of the powder were performed at three frequency bands to verify these results and also to extend the measured complex permittivity estimation frequency range. The results indicated good agreement between the two different measurement techniques. The complex permittivity of the 8-YSZ powder was measured to be $(epsilon _{r} = 2.45 - j0.04)$ . Conductor-backed solid 8-YSZ, representative of an in-service ceramic coating, was also measured using the circular waveguide probe. Complex permittivity was measured to be significantly higher $(epsilon _{r} = 29.28 - j0.07)$ when the 8-YSZ was sintered into a solid form. This was attributed to densification and other effects occurring during the sintering process.
{"title":"Microwave Complex Permittivity of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia","authors":"Anna Case;Aaron Barvincak;Reza Zoughi","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332398","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332398","url":null,"abstract":"The complex permittivity of 8-mol yttria-stabilized zirconia (8-YSZ) in powder and sintered (i.e., solid) forms were measured from 32 to 40 GHz using a circular waveguide probe. This probe is suitable for measuring both the powder and solid forms of materials. Comparative completely filled rectangular waveguide measurements of the powder were performed at three frequency bands to verify these results and also to extend the measured complex permittivity estimation frequency range. The results indicated good agreement between the two different measurement techniques. The complex permittivity of the 8-YSZ powder was measured to be \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$(epsilon _{r} = 2.45 - j0.04)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Conductor-backed solid 8-YSZ, representative of an in-service ceramic coating, was also measured using the circular waveguide probe. Complex permittivity was measured to be significantly higher \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$(epsilon _{r} = 29.28 - j0.07)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 when the 8-YSZ was sintered into a solid form. This was attributed to densification and other effects occurring during the sintering process.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"2 ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10319343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135709610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332339
Shireen Fathima;Maaz Ahmed
Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals being time-resolving signals, suffer very often from baseline drift caused by eye movements, breathing, variations in differential electrode impedances, movement of the subject, and so on. This leads to misinterpretation of the EEG data under test. Hence, the absence of techniques for effectively removing the baseline drift from the signal can degrade the overall performance of the EEG-based systems. To address this issue, this article deals with developing a novel scheme of hierarchically decomposing a signal using variational mode decomposition (VMD) in a tree-based model for a given level of the tree for accurate and effective analysis of the EEG signal and research in brain–computer interface (BCI). The proposed hierarchical extension to the conventional VMD, i.e., H-VMD, is evaluated for performing baseline drift removal from the EEG signals. The method is tested using both synthetically generated and real EEG datasets. With the availability of ground-truth information in synthetically generated data, metrics like percentage root-mean-squared difference (PRD) and correlation coefficient are used as evaluation metrics. It is seen that the proposed method performs better in estimating the underlying baseline signal and closely resembles the ground truth with higher values of correlation and the lowest value of PRD when compared to the closely related state-of-the-art methods.
{"title":"Hierarchical-Variational Mode Decomposition for Baseline Correction in Electroencephalogram Signals","authors":"Shireen Fathima;Maaz Ahmed","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332339","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332339","url":null,"abstract":"Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals being time-resolving signals, suffer very often from baseline drift caused by eye movements, breathing, variations in differential electrode impedances, movement of the subject, and so on. This leads to misinterpretation of the EEG data under test. Hence, the absence of techniques for effectively removing the baseline drift from the signal can degrade the overall performance of the EEG-based systems. To address this issue, this article deals with developing a novel scheme of hierarchically decomposing a signal using variational mode decomposition (VMD) in a tree-based model for a given level of the tree for accurate and effective analysis of the EEG signal and research in brain–computer interface (BCI). The proposed hierarchical extension to the conventional VMD, i.e., H-VMD, is evaluated for performing baseline drift removal from the EEG signals. The method is tested using both synthetically generated and real EEG datasets. With the availability of ground-truth information in synthetically generated data, metrics like percentage root-mean-squared difference (PRD) and correlation coefficient are used as evaluation metrics. It is seen that the proposed method performs better in estimating the underlying baseline signal and closely resembles the ground truth with higher values of correlation and the lowest value of PRD when compared to the closely related state-of-the-art methods.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"2 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10317886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135662227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332393
Ezzat G. Bakhoum
A new pressure sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity is presented. The sensor is based on the concept of creating a variable supercapacitor that responds to pressure. The sensor consists mainly of a liquid electrolyte and two graphene aerogel electrodes. As pressure is applied to the graphene aerogel electrodes, the liquid electrolyte penetrates in the pores of the electrodes, and a variable supercapacitor is obtained. The sensor is sensitive to pressures of less than 0.1 Pa. Characteristics of the sensor, such as accuracy, nonlinearity, and response time, are fully analyzed.
本文介绍了一种具有超高灵敏度的新型压力传感器。该传感器基于创建一个对压力做出响应的可变超级电容器的概念。传感器主要由液体电解质和两个石墨烯气凝胶电极组成。当对石墨烯气凝胶电极施加压力时，液态电解质会渗入电极孔隙，从而产生一个可变超级电容器。该传感器对小于 0.1 Pa 的压力非常敏感，并对传感器的精度、非线性和响应时间等特性进行了全面分析。
{"title":"Ultrahigh-Sensitivity Pressure Sensor With Graphene Aerogel Electrodes","authors":"Ezzat G. Bakhoum","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332393","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332393","url":null,"abstract":"A new pressure sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity is presented. The sensor is based on the concept of creating a variable supercapacitor that responds to pressure. The sensor consists mainly of a liquid electrolyte and two graphene aerogel electrodes. As pressure is applied to the graphene aerogel electrodes, the liquid electrolyte penetrates in the pores of the electrodes, and a variable supercapacitor is obtained. The sensor is sensitive to pressures of less than 0.1 Pa. Characteristics of the sensor, such as accuracy, nonlinearity, and response time, are fully analyzed.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"2 ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10317894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135662217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332344
Basab Bijoy Purkayastha;Shovan Barma
This study proposes a multiclass classification technique based on multifractal spectra for different types of cardiac arrhythmias which are associated with irregularity and/or complex dynamics of the heart. Indeed, the degree of complexity of such dynamics is diverse for different states of cardiac condition. Certainly, such physiological responses of the heart dynamics can be discriminated by analyzing electrocardiogram (ECG) signals through different channels. Earlier, ECG-based works for discriminating cardiac arrhythmias consider the heart as a black box system and the analysis is mostly surrounded with time domain statistical averages or spectral analysis. The works ignore one of the key parameters, i.e., the presence of time-localized irregularities which are strongly associated with different kinds of arrhythmias and contribute to subtle variations in the amplitude and shape of the signal dynamical system while analyzing the signal. Therefore, in this work, we proposed a new method based on multifractal analysis to classify different kinds of cardiac conditions. Here, we followed the dynamical systems approach and computed the multifractal spectrum of the embedded phase space structure of the ECG signal. We performed the classification task by an echo state network to reduce the computational burden. For validation, three well-known datasets (Shaoxing Peoples’ Hospital dataset, PTB diagnostic ECG database v1.0.0, and 2017 PhysioNet/CinC Challenge dataset) have been considered. The results and analysis show that the proposed method can achieve a maximum accuracy of up to 96%, which is significantly high. Further, an optimum number of channels/leads has also been evaluated in multichannel ECG analysis. The result and analysis reveal that the effectiveness of the model in classifying various categories of cardiac disorders from ECG.
{"title":"Discrimination of Cardiac Abnormalities Based on Multifractal Analysis in Reservoir Computing Framework","authors":"Basab Bijoy Purkayastha;Shovan Barma","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332344","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332344","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a multiclass classification technique based on multifractal spectra for different types of cardiac arrhythmias which are associated with irregularity and/or complex dynamics of the heart. Indeed, the degree of complexity of such dynamics is diverse for different states of cardiac condition. Certainly, such physiological responses of the heart dynamics can be discriminated by analyzing electrocardiogram (ECG) signals through different channels. Earlier, ECG-based works for discriminating cardiac arrhythmias consider the heart as a black box system and the analysis is mostly surrounded with time domain statistical averages or spectral analysis. The works ignore one of the key parameters, i.e., the presence of time-localized irregularities which are strongly associated with different kinds of arrhythmias and contribute to subtle variations in the amplitude and shape of the signal dynamical system while analyzing the signal. Therefore, in this work, we proposed a new method based on multifractal analysis to classify different kinds of cardiac conditions. Here, we followed the dynamical systems approach and computed the multifractal spectrum of the embedded phase space structure of the ECG signal. We performed the classification task by an echo state network to reduce the computational burden. For validation, three well-known datasets (Shaoxing Peoples’ Hospital dataset, PTB diagnostic ECG database v1.0.0, and 2017 PhysioNet/CinC Challenge dataset) have been considered. The results and analysis show that the proposed method can achieve a maximum accuracy of up to 96%, which is significantly high. Further, an optimum number of channels/leads has also been evaluated in multichannel ECG analysis. The result and analysis reveal that the effectiveness of the model in classifying various categories of cardiac disorders from ECG.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"2 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10317876","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135662210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2023.3332342
Seemeen Karimi;James Hall;Jerel A. Smith;Joseph Tringe
Spatial resolution and image noise are two aspects of image quality of an X-ray computed tomography (CT) system and are determined by the X-ray source, the detector, and mathematical operations for image reconstruction. In CT scanners with flat panel detectors (FPDs), there is cross-talk (signal leakage) between detector pixels. The contribution of the cross-talk to spatial resolution and noise in reconstructed images has not been adequately modeled. Previously, we estimated cross-talk from autocovariance measurements in air, and modeled the impact of cross-talk on spatial resolution. We have extended that work to calculate the impact of cross-talk on signal-to-noise ratio in radiographs and to reconstructed image noise. We modeled the spatial resolution and noise of a CT scanner that uses a flat-panel detector with 0.2-mm pixels and a gadolinium oxysulfide scintillator, and a 450 kVp, dual-focus X-ray tube. Our noise model agrees with measurements from experimental data and simulations to within 10%. We show that cross-talk in FPDs can reduce resolution by over 30%, reduce noise by approximately a factor of two, and introduce correlation in the noise, and therefore, cannot be disregarded when assessing CT image quality.
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The work presented in this article aims to detect the cardiac movement of a person in a noninvasive way and correlate it with a reference signal in the medical field: the electrocardiogram. To achieve this goal, a measurement campaign was carried out on 20 consenting individuals. On the one hand, the mechanical signal, the movement of the subject’s chest induced by the heartbeat, is recorded via an FMCW radar, and on the other hand, the electrical signal of the heart is recorded via an ECG acquisition board. Signal processing functions and different filtering will allow the correlation of the radar and ECG signals. This study is conducted on apnea recordings in order to remove the impact of breathing on the movement of the chest. When the subject holds his or her breath, the two important phases of cardiac movement via radar capture can be detected: 1) the systole and 2) the diastole. The delay between the mechanical signal of the heart and the electrical signal of the heart, already explained by medicine, is well noted. The accuracy of motion detection provided by the radar allowed us to highlight the reproducibility of the chest movements detected during a capture. Their correlation with ECG data validates the proposed hypotheses.
{"title":"Cardiac Signature Detection and Study Using Contactless Technology: Millimeter-Wave FMCW Radar","authors":"Mélanie Brulc;Thibaut Deleruyelle;Alain Loussert;Pierre Laurent;Rémi Grisot;Jean-Paul Caruana","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3327483","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3327483","url":null,"abstract":"The work presented in this article aims to detect the cardiac movement of a person in a noninvasive way and correlate it with a reference signal in the medical field: the electrocardiogram. To achieve this goal, a measurement campaign was carried out on 20 consenting individuals. On the one hand, the mechanical signal, the movement of the subject’s chest induced by the heartbeat, is recorded via an FMCW radar, and on the other hand, the electrical signal of the heart is recorded via an ECG acquisition board. Signal processing functions and different filtering will allow the correlation of the radar and ECG signals. This study is conducted on apnea recordings in order to remove the impact of breathing on the movement of the chest. When the subject holds his or her breath, the two important phases of cardiac movement via radar capture can be detected: 1) the systole and 2) the diastole. The delay between the mechanical signal of the heart and the electrical signal of the heart, already explained by medicine, is well noted. The accuracy of motion detection provided by the radar allowed us to highlight the reproducibility of the chest movements detected during a capture. Their correlation with ECG data validates the proposed hypotheses.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"2 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10297997","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135211744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2023.3327484
Adam Gilmour;Alexander Ulrichsen;William Jackson;Morteza Tabatabaeipour;Gordon Dobie;Charles N. Macleod;Paul Murray;Benjamin Karkera
In this article, an image processing-based localization system is developed for remote nondestructive evaluation of welds within industrial assets. Manual ultrasonic inspection of large-scale structures is often repetitive, time-consuming, and benefits greatly from robotic support, however, these robotic systems are often fixed to a single purpose, lack self-awareness of their surrounding environment, and can be limited to simple geometry. For the inspection of welds, which are often carried out using phased array ultrasonic testing, there is a reliance on the use of surface features for automated tracking such as the laser profiling of a weld cap. For the inspection of more complex geometry such as nonlinear or saddle welds, a more positionally sensitive method is required. The proposed system utilizes information already available to a nondestructive inspector in the form of live phased array ultrasonic images to estimate the location of the weld using nonsurface, volumetric data. Data is captured using a 64-element, 10-MHz phased array probe mounted to the end effector of a small robotic manipulator which increases the scope of applications due to its heightened flexibility when compared to on-the-market alternatives. Morphological operations are applied to the ultrasonic data to reduce the noise apparent from regions of parent material and promote the data reflected from grain boundaries within the weld material. Through a series of image processing techniques, it is possible to predict the position of a weld under inspection with an absolute mean positional error of $mathrm {0.8 text {m} text { m} }$ . From this study, the localization system is to be embedded within a remote system for extensive data acquisition of welds on large structures.
本文开发了一种基于图像处理的工业资产焊缝远程无损检测定位系统。大型结构的人工超声检测通常是重复的，耗时的，并且从机器人支持中受益匪浅，然而，这些机器人系统通常固定为单一目的，缺乏对周围环境的自我意识，并且可能仅限于简单的几何形状。对于通常使用相控阵超声检测进行的焊缝检查，依赖于使用表面特征进行自动跟踪，例如焊接帽的激光轮廓。对于更复杂的几何形状的检查，例如非线性或鞍形焊缝，需要更位置敏感的方法。该系统利用了无损检测人员已经可以获得的实时相控阵超声图像信息，利用非表面的体积数据来估计焊缝的位置。使用安装在小型机器人机械手末端执行器上的64元件，10 mhz相控阵探头捕获数据，与市场上的替代品相比，由于其灵活性更高，因此增加了应用范围。对超声数据进行形态学处理，降低母材区域的噪声，增强焊缝材料内部晶界反射的数据。通过一系列图像处理技术，可以预测被检焊缝的位置，绝对平均位置误差为$ mathm {0.8 text {m} text {m}}$。通过这项研究，定位系统将嵌入到远程系统中，用于大型结构焊缝的广泛数据采集。
{"title":"Using Phased Array Ultrasound to Localize Probes During the Inspection of Welds","authors":"Adam Gilmour;Alexander Ulrichsen;William Jackson;Morteza Tabatabaeipour;Gordon Dobie;Charles N. Macleod;Paul Murray;Benjamin Karkera","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3327484","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3327484","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, an image processing-based localization system is developed for remote nondestructive evaluation of welds within industrial assets. Manual ultrasonic inspection of large-scale structures is often repetitive, time-consuming, and benefits greatly from robotic support, however, these robotic systems are often fixed to a single purpose, lack self-awareness of their surrounding environment, and can be limited to simple geometry. For the inspection of welds, which are often carried out using phased array ultrasonic testing, there is a reliance on the use of surface features for automated tracking such as the laser profiling of a weld cap. For the inspection of more complex geometry such as nonlinear or saddle welds, a more positionally sensitive method is required. The proposed system utilizes information already available to a nondestructive inspector in the form of live phased array ultrasonic images to estimate the location of the weld using nonsurface, volumetric data. Data is captured using a 64-element, 10-MHz phased array probe mounted to the end effector of a small robotic manipulator which increases the scope of applications due to its heightened flexibility when compared to on-the-market alternatives. Morphological operations are applied to the ultrasonic data to reduce the noise apparent from regions of parent material and promote the data reflected from grain boundaries within the weld material. Through a series of image processing techniques, it is possible to predict the position of a weld under inspection with an absolute mean positional error of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {0.8 text {m} text { m} }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. From this study, the localization system is to be embedded within a remote system for extensive data acquisition of welds on large structures.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"2 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10296089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134979743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-06DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2023.3322492
Arne Sandschulte;Roberto Ferrero
The use of dc–dc converters for in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been investigated by several works in recent years, with different implementation strategies and promising results. There are, however, two important limitations that still hinder a commercial application of this technique: first, the need to deal with the battery discharge during the measurement, particularly critical at very low frequencies; second, the difficulty of accurately measuring the small ac voltage response of several cells in a pack, with common-mode dc voltages that can be five (or more) orders of magnitude higher. This article addresses both challenges, from an instrumentation and measurement perspective, presenting a solution for impedance measurements down to 10 mHz, on a system composed of 16 lithium-iron-phosphate cells or modules connected in series. A dc–dc boost converter is used to inject a multisine current perturbation on all batteries, with closed-loop control, and all cell voltages are conditioned to optimize the measurement resolution and accuracy of their ac components. Suitable signal processing compensates for the voltage drift caused by the battery discharge, and evaluates the residual distortion in the signal, to assess the validity of the impedance estimate. Experimental tests confirm that the obtained results are sufficiently precise (or repeatable) to allow detecting impedance variations occurring during the battery discharge or after repeated charge/discharge cycles.
{"title":"Multi-Cell and Wide-Frequency In-Situ Battery Impedance Spectroscopy","authors":"Arne Sandschulte;Roberto Ferrero","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3322492","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIM.2023.3322492","url":null,"abstract":"The use of dc–dc converters for in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been investigated by several works in recent years, with different implementation strategies and promising results. There are, however, two important limitations that still hinder a commercial application of this technique: first, the need to deal with the battery discharge during the measurement, particularly critical at very low frequencies; second, the difficulty of accurately measuring the small ac voltage response of several cells in a pack, with common-mode dc voltages that can be five (or more) orders of magnitude higher. This article addresses both challenges, from an instrumentation and measurement perspective, presenting a solution for impedance measurements down to 10 mHz, on a system composed of 16 lithium-iron-phosphate cells or modules connected in series. A dc–dc boost converter is used to inject a multisine current perturbation on all batteries, with closed-loop control, and all cell voltages are conditioned to optimize the measurement resolution and accuracy of their ac components. Suitable signal processing compensates for the voltage drift caused by the battery discharge, and evaluates the residual distortion in the signal, to assess the validity of the impedance estimate. Experimental tests confirm that the obtained results are sufficiently precise (or repeatable) to allow detecting impedance variations occurring during the battery discharge or after repeated charge/discharge cycles.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"2 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10273720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136008283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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