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Second quantised information distance 第二量化信息距离
Q3 QUANTUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12050
Songsong Dai

The Kolmogorov complexity of a string is the minimum length of a programme that can produce that string. Information distance between two strings based on Kolmogorov complexity is defined as the minimum length of a programme that can transform either string into the other one, both ways. The second quantised Kolmogorov complexity of a quantum state is the minimum average length of a quantum programme that can reproduce that state. In this paper, a second quantised information distance is defined based on the second quantised Kolmogorov complexity. It is described as the minimum average length of a transformation quantum programme between two quantum states. This distance's basic properties are discussed. A practical analogue of quantum information distance is also developed based on quantum data compression.

字符串的Kolmogorov复杂性是能够产生该字符串的程序的最小长度。基于Kolmogorov复杂性的两个字符串之间的信息距离被定义为一个程序的最小长度,该程序可以将任意一个字符串转换为另一个字符串。量子态的第二个量子化的Kolmogorov复杂性是可以再现该状态的量子程序的最小平均长度。本文在第二量化Kolmogorov复杂度的基础上定义了第二量化信息距离。它被描述为两个量子态之间转换量子程序的最小平均长度。讨论了该距离的基本性质。基于量子数据压缩,还开发了一种实用的量子信息距离模拟方法。
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引用次数: 0
Generalised probabilistic theories in a new light 一种新的概率论
Q3 QUANTUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-08-12 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12045
Raed Shaiia

In this paper, a modified formulation of generalised probabilistic theories that will always give rise to the structure of Hilbert space of quantum mechanics, in any finite outcome space, is presented and the guidelines to how to extend this work to infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces are given. Moreover, this new formulation which will be called as extended operational-probabilistic theories, applies not only to quantum systems, but also equally well to classical systems, without violating Bell's theorem, and at the same time solves the measurement problem. A new answer to the question of why our universe is quantum mechanical rather than classical will be presented. Besides, this extended probability theory shows that it is non-determinacy, or to be more precise, the non-deterministic description of the universe, that makes the laws of physics the way they are. In addition, this paper shows that there is still a possibility that there might be a deterministic level from which our universe emerges, which if understood correctly, may open the door wide to applications in areas such as quantum computing. In addition, this paper explains the deep reason why complex Hilbert spaces in quantum mechanics are needed.

本文给出了广义概率论在任何有限结果空间中总能得到量子力学希尔伯特空间结构的一个修正公式,并给出了如何将这一工作推广到无限维希尔伯特空间的指导方针。此外,这个新的公式将被称为扩展的操作概率理论,不仅适用于量子系统,也同样适用于经典系统,而不违反贝尔定理,同时解决了测量问题。对于为什么我们的宇宙是量子力学的而不是经典的这个问题,一个新的答案将被提出。此外,这种扩展的概率论表明,是不确定性,或者更准确地说,是对宇宙的不确定性描述,使物理定律成为现在的样子。此外,这篇论文表明,我们的宇宙仍然有可能存在一个确定性的水平,如果正确理解,可能会为量子计算等领域的应用打开大门。此外,本文还解释了量子力学中需要复数希尔伯特空间的深层原因。
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引用次数: 0
Quantum medical images processing foundations and applications 量子医学图像处理基础及应用
Q3 QUANTUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-08-12 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12049
Ahmed Elaraby

Medical imaging is considered one of the most important areas within scientific imaging due to the rapid and ongoing development in computer-aided medical image visualisation, advances in analysis approaches, and computer-aided diagnosis. Here, the principles of quantum computation and information to develop the field of medical image processing will be reviewed. The advancement of quantum computation in image processing has proved its outstanding properties for processing and storage capacity compared to the classical methods. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the common advanced approaches, methodologies and advanced applications in medical images based on quantum computation.

由于计算机辅助医学图像可视化、分析方法和计算机辅助诊断的快速和持续发展,医学成像被认为是科学成像中最重要的领域之一。本文将对量子计算和信息技术在医学图像处理领域的应用原理进行综述。量子计算在图像处理中的进步证明了它在处理和存储容量方面比经典方法具有突出的性能。本文综述了基于量子计算的医学图像中常见的先进方法、方法和先进应用。
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引用次数: 5
Complexity analysis of quantum teleportation via different entangled channels in the presence of noise 噪声条件下不同纠缠通道量子隐形传态的复杂性分析
Q3 QUANTUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-08-08 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12048
Deepak Singh, Sanjeev Kumar, Bikash K. Behera

Quantum communication is an integral part of quantum computing, where teleportation of a quantum state has gained significant attention from researchers. Many teleportation schemes have been introduced in the recent past. In this study, the authors compare the teleportation of a single-qubit message among different entangled channels such as the two-qubit Bell channel, three-qubit GHZ channel, two/three-qubit cluster states, a highly entangled five-qubit state (Brown et al.) and the six-qubit state (Borras et al.). The authors calculate and compare the quantum costs for these channels. The authors also study the effects of six noise models: bit-flip noise, phase-flip noise, bit-phase-flip noise, amplitude damping, phase damping and depolarising error. These noise models may affect the communication channel used for teleportation. An investigation of the variation of the initial state's fidelity is performed for the teleported state in the presence of the noise model. It is observed that the fidelity decreases in all the entangled channels as the noise parameter η increases in the range [0, 0.5] for all the noise models. The fidelity shows an upward trend in the Bell, GHZ and three-qubit cluster state channels, as η varies in the range [0.5, 1.0] for all the noise models. However, in the rest of the three channels, the fidelity substantially decreases in the case of amplitude damping, phase damping and depolarising noise, and even it reaches zero for η = 1 in Brown et al. and Borras et al. channels.

量子通信是量子计算的一个组成部分,量子态的隐形传态受到了研究人员的极大关注。最近引入了许多隐形传送方案。在这项研究中,作者比较了单个量子位消息在不同纠缠通道之间的隐形传态,如两个量子位Bell通道、三个量子位GHZ通道、两个/三个量子位簇态、高度纠缠的五个量子位数态(Brown et al.)和六个量子位数态(Borras et al.)。作者计算并比较了这些通道的量子成本。作者还研究了六种噪声模型的影响:比特翻转噪声、相位翻转噪声、比特相位翻转噪声,振幅阻尼、相位阻尼和去极化误差。这些噪声模型可能会影响用于传送的通信信道。在存在噪声模型的情况下,对隐形传态的初始状态保真度的变化进行了研究。观察到,对于所有噪声模型,随着噪声参数η在[0,0.5]范围内的增加,所有纠缠信道的保真度都会降低。在Bell、GHZ和三个量子位簇态通道中,保真度呈上升趋势,因为所有噪声模型的η在[0.5,1.0]范围内变化。然而,在其余三个通道中,在振幅阻尼、相位阻尼和去极化噪声的情况下,保真度显著降低,甚至在Brown等人。Borras等人。通道。
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引用次数: 6
Experiment regarding magnetic fields with gravity 关于磁场与重力的实验
Q3 QUANTUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-19 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12047
Jong Hoon Lee

This experiment was designed to test the string theory as a physical reality. The ground-based device placed the N poles of the magnets upwards, north, south, east, and west. Coil Ass'Y was placed between 2 N poles with bearing covers on the top and bottom. Gravity interacts to generate electricity in the Earth's direction or the opposite direction by the repulsive magnetic force. The voltage was measured from 3.60 to 3.80 sequentially while the generator was stationary through the monitor. The author found symmetry in Lex Tertia voltage and current zero data during experiment F4 6380 at a balanced state under gravity with the repulsive magnetic force. It generated from 42.8 to 794 μV in the vacuum chamber but from negative 16.1 to positive 18.3 μV in the air. As a result, the author measured more negative current and positive voltage generated in a vacuum. Trapped gravity was set to behave as free relativistic quantum particles or fluids in the magnetic sea. The result made it accessible to study the magnetic sea for different initial superpositions of positive- and negative-gravity spinor states. This might explain the relativistic quantum gravity exists as a physical reality, graviton interacting with photons to induce a magnetic field.

设计这个实验是为了检验弦理论是否真实存在。地面装置将磁铁的N极依次向上、北、南、东、西放置。线圈y被放置在两个N极之间,顶部和底部有轴承盖。重力相互作用产生的电力在地球的方向或相反方向的排斥磁力。在发电机静止的情况下,通过监视器依次测量电压从3.60到3.80。实验F4 6380在重力和斥力作用下处于平衡状态时,发现Lex Tertia电压电流零数据具有对称性。真空室产生42.8 ~ 794 μV,空气中产生负16.1 ~正18.3 μV。因此,作者测量到在真空中产生的负电流和正电压更多。被困的引力被设定为自由相对论量子粒子或磁海中的流体。这为研究正、负重力旋量态不同初始叠加的磁海提供了可能。这也许可以解释相对论量子引力作为一种物理现实而存在,引力子与光子相互作用产生磁场。
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引用次数: 0
Improving approximate vacuum prepared by the adiabatic quantum computation 改进绝热量子计算制备的近似真空
Q3 QUANTUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12046
Kazuto Oshima

According to the quantum adiabatic theorem, we can in principle obtain a true vacuum of a quantum system starting from a trivial vacuum of a simple Hamiltonian. In actual adiabatic digital quantum simulation with finite time length and non-infinitesimal time steps, we can only obtain an approximate vacuum that is supposed to be a superposition of a true vacuum and excited states. We propose a procedure to improve the approximate vacuum.

根据量子绝热定理,我们原则上可以从一个简单哈密顿量的平凡真空出发,得到一个量子系统的真真空。在实际的有限时间长度和非无穷小时间步长的绝热数字量子模拟中,我们只能得到一个近似真空,它应该是真实真空和激发态的叠加。我们提出了一种改进近似真空的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Towards the industrialisation of quantum key distribution in communication networks: A short survey 通信网络中量子密钥分配的产业化研究综述
Q3 QUANTUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-21 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12044
Ruiqi Liu, Georgi Gary Rozenman, Neel Kanth Kundu, Daryus Chandra, Debashis De

Quantum information and communication technology will lead us to the new era of ultra-fast and absolute-secure networks. With the emergence of quantum supremacy on the horizon, the security of various classical encryption systems soon may be deemed obsolete. As a remedy, quantum key distribution (QKD) is proposed as a novel quantum-based secret keys exchange, which is developed to solve the problems of legacy encryption. It is anticipated that QKD will provide stronger security for future communication systems even in the presence of malicious quantum attacks. As the QKD research and development is getting mature, the theoretical use cases of QKD in various industries are proliferating. In this treatise, we summarise the potential applications of QKD for future communication technology while highlighting the ongoing standardisation efforts essential for the sustainability and reliability of the near-future deployment. Additionally, we also present the various challenges faced by both discrete variable and continuous variable QKD schemes hindering their widespread implementation into our future communication networks.

量子信息和通信技术将引领我们进入超高速和绝对安全网络的新时代。随着量子霸权的出现,各种经典加密系统的安全性很快就会被认为是过时的。作为一种补救措施,量子密钥分发(QKD)被提出作为一种新的基于量子的密钥交换,它是为了解决传统加密的问题而开发的。预计,即使存在恶意量子攻击,QKD也将为未来的通信系统提供更强的安全性。随着QKD研究和开发的日趋成熟,QKD在各个行业的理论用例也在激增。在这篇论文中,我们总结了QKD在未来通信技术中的潜在应用,同时强调了对近期部署的可持续性和可靠性至关重要的正在进行的标准化工作。此外,我们还提出了离散变量和连续变量QKD方案所面临的各种挑战,这些挑战阻碍了它们在未来通信网络中的广泛实施。
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引用次数: 25
Demonstration of a general fault-tolerant quantum error detection code for (2n + 1)-qubit entangled state on IBM 16-qubit quantum computer 在IBM 16量子位量子计算机上演示(2n + 1)-量子位纠缠态的通用容错量子错误检测代码
Q3 QUANTUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-20 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12043
Ranveer Kumar Singh, Bishvanwesha Panda, Bikash K. Behera, Prasanta K. Panigrahi

Quantum error detection has always been a fundamental challenge in a fault-tolerant quantum computer. Hence, it is of immense importance to detect and deal with arbitrary errors to efficiently perform quantum computation. Several error detection codes have been proposed and realised for lower number of qubit systems. Here we present an error detection code for a (2n + 1)-qubit entangled state using two syndrome qubits and simulate it on International Business Machines 16-qubit quantum computer for a 13-qubit entangled system. The code is able to detect an arbitrary quantum error in any one of the first 2n qubits of the (2n + 1)-qubit entangled state and detects any bit-flip error on the last qubit of the (2n + 1)-qubit entangled state via measurements on a pair of ancillary error syndrome qubits. The protocol presented here paves the way for designing error detection codes for the general higher number of entangled qubit systems.

量子错误检测一直是容错量子计算机的一个基本挑战。因此,检测和处理任意误差对于有效地进行量子计算具有重要意义。针对低量子位系统,已经提出并实现了几种错误检测码。本文提出了一个(2n + 1)-量子比特纠缠态的错误检测代码,并在ibm 16-量子计算机上模拟了一个13-量子比特纠缠系统。该代码能够检测(2n + 1)-量子比特纠缠态的前2n个量子比特中的任意一个中的任意量子错误,并通过对一对辅助错误综合征量子比特的测量检测(2n + 1)-量子比特纠缠态的最后一个量子比特上的任何位翻转错误。本文提出的协议为一般高纠缠量子比特系统的错误检测码设计铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 8
Surface code design for asymmetric error channels 非对称误差信道的表面码设计
Q3 QUANTUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-25 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12042
Utkarsh Azad, Aleksandra Lipińska, Shilpa Mahato, Rijul Sachdeva, Debasmita Bhoumik, Ritajit Majumdar

Surface codes are quantum error correcting codes typically defined on a 2D array of qubits. A [dx, dz] surface code design is being introduced, where dx(dz) represents the distance of the code for bit (phase) error correction, motivated by the fact that the severity of bit flip and phase flip errors in the physical quantum system is asymmetric. We present pseudo-threshold and threshold values for the proposed surface code design for asymmetric error channels in the presence of various degrees of asymmetry of PauliX^,Y^ $text{Pauli},hat{X},,hat{Y}$, andZ^ $text{and},hat{Z}$ errors in a depolarisation channel. We demonstrate that compared to symmetric surface codes, our asymmetric surface codes can provide almost double the pseudo-threshold rates while requiring less than half the number of physical qubits in the presence of increasing asymmetry in the error channel. Our results show that for low degree of asymmetry, it is advantageous to increase dx along with dz. However, as the asymmetry of the channel increases, higher pseudo-threshold is obtained with increasing dz when dx is kept constant at a low value. Additionally, we also show that the advantage in the pseudo-threshold rates begins to saturate for any possible degree of asymmetry in the error channel as the surface code asymmetry is continued to be increased.

表面码是量子纠错码,通常定义在二维量子比特阵列上。引入了一种[dx, dz]表面码设计,其中dx(dz)表示比特(相位)纠错码的距离,其动机是物理量子系统中比特翻转和相位翻转错误的严重程度是不对称的。在Pauli X ^存在不同程度的不对称性的情况下,我们给出了所提出的非对称误差通道表面编码设计的伪阈值和阈值。Y ^ $text{Pauli},hat{X},,hat{Y}$,和Z ^ $text{和}, {Z}$在去极化通道中的错误。我们证明,与对称表面码相比,我们的非对称表面码可以提供几乎两倍的伪阈值率,而在错误通道中存在不断增加的不对称性的情况下,所需的物理量子比特数量不到一半。结果表明,对于不对称程度较低的情况,随dz的增大而增大dx是有利的。然而,随着通道不对称性的增加,当dx保持在一个较低的值时,随着dz的增加,伪阈值也会增加。此外,我们还表明,随着表面码不对称继续增加,伪阈值率的优势在错误通道中任何可能的不对称程度开始饱和。
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引用次数: 4
Digital signature technique with quantum-dot cellular automata 量子点元胞自动机的数字签名技术
Q3 QUANTUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-16 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12041
Arpita Kundu, Bikash Debnath, Jadav Chandra Das, Debashis De

Quantum-dot cellular automaton (QCA) is efficient nanotechnology that may be used as an alternative to Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor technology. Here, computation relies upon the electron's polarisation, revealing binary information. Quantum-dot cellular automaton is an appropriate opportunity for the upcoming age of advanced digital frameworks. Security in transferring data is essential since a lot of valuable information is present. Digital Signature is a process where data is transferred from a receiver to an authenticated sender only. In this paper, tile-based Exclusive NOR gate (XNOR) is designed, which is more stable than the regular majority gate-based circuit. It is used to create a novel circuit for authentication of data which is based on tiles. It develops a QCA architecture that works on the principle of Digital Signature. The architecture validates and proves the authentication of the message sent from the sender to the receiver. The decrypted digest and the converted digest of the original dispatch are compared in the proposed Digital Validator circuit, which is developed utilising a QCA XNOR gate. The security for communication at the nanoscale level is enhanced due to the use of the SHA-256 algorithm. The simulation results confirm the theoretical results.

量子点元胞自动机(QCA)是一种高效的纳米技术,可以作为互补金属氧化物半导体技术的替代品。在这里,计算依赖于电子的极化,揭示二进制信息。量子点元胞自动机是即将到来的先进数字框架时代的适当机会。由于存在大量有价值的信息,因此传输数据的安全性至关重要。数字签名是将数据从接收方传输到经过身份验证的发送方的过程。本文设计了一种基于瓦片的非互斥NOR (XNOR)电路,它比普通的多数栅极电路更稳定。在此基础上,提出了一种基于块的数据认证电路。提出了一种基于数字签名原理的QCA体系结构。该体系结构验证并证明从发送方发送到接收方的消息的身份验证。在利用QCA XNOR门开发的数字验证器电路中,对原始调度的解密摘要和转换摘要进行了比较。由于使用了SHA-256算法,纳米级通信的安全性得到了增强。仿真结果证实了理论结果。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
IET Quantum Communication
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