IJID One Health最新文献

Objectives

In response to the escalating dog-bite incidents in Pakistan, the Indus Hospital Research Center (IHRC) introduced a pilot program of One Health to raise awareness about dog-related rabies in a fishing village in Karachi, and to vaccinate and sterilize unowned dogs in the area. The program was named “Rabies Free Pakistan” (RFP).

Design

Through community engagement, and financial and logistical support from multiple sources, field workers were trained to catch, vaccinate, neuter/spay, and release the dogs.

Results

The local community became aware of rabies and postexposure prophylaxis, while the team vaccinated 36,997dogs and sterilized 11,397 between 2018 and 2022. The outcome of a reduced dog population cannot be predicted for several years; however, cases of dog-bite outbreaks in the field reduced considerably, and the local people reported fewer puppies in 2022.

Conclusions

Despite many challenges, RFP proved to the community, the local government, and the donors that mass dog vaccination and neutering/spaying are possible through a collaborative effort. Political will is the primary requisite to carry on the One Health Initiative if rabies is to be eliminated from the country.

Global surveillance systems did not detect the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue this is because the national surveillance systems which report to centralized systems are not designed to detect the emergence of novel infectious diseases. Likewise, substantial resources devoted to hunting for deadly new viruses in obscure places did not predict COVID-19. We suggest an alternative approach to make better use of baseline human mortality and morbidity data to detect anomalies, building on existing frameworks for data collection and standardization and drawing on data from individual medical facilities. While most emerging diseases in humans originate in animals, focusing on animal surveillance may be an ignis fatuus, and detection should focus on human cases as early as possible after spillover. Animal-based surveillance for pandemic prevention is warranted for recurring outbreaks of known zoonotic pathogens when it can inform the detection of human cases. Further research is suggested in surveillance for pandemic preparedness utilizing human baseline data, using available routine health data, as well as other data sources generated outside the health sector which could detect anomalies. The methodology is potentially highly cost-effective and applicable to low- and middle-income countries. Data sources can be evaluated with historical data, where evidence of detection should be seen in the early stages of within-country spread of COVID-19.

Objectives

Since rabies is lethal once symptoms appear, its prevention including community awareness, mass dog vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is crucial. Although safe and potent rabies vaccines have long been available, the global rabies burden is still high and access to adequately-delivered PEP remains challenging. Here we offer healthcare providers up-to-date, simple, exhaustive, visual guidance on how to perform PEP steps correctly.

Protocol

PEP consists of 1) washing the wound with water and soap for 15 min, 2) assessing the need for rabies biologicals based on specific criteria; 3) administering, if required, rabies immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibodies deep in and around all wounds; 4) starting, if necessary, the WHO-recommended intradermal 1-week vaccination regimen; 5) informing patients adequately throughout the PEP process to increase compliance and avoid dangerous misconceptions about animal bite treatment and rabies risk.

Discussion

The intradermal 1-week vaccination regimen recommended by WHO is as safe as other regimens but carries important cost-, dose- and time-sparing benefits. As fundamental as the correct administration of rabies biologicals is clear doctor-patient communication and sharing of up-to-date knowledge among healthcare professionals.

Conclusions

This resource will help ensuring that no life is lost to rabies, an incurable yet preventable disease.

The current implementation of One Health (OH) primarily focuses on multi-sectoral collaboration but often overlooks opportunities to integrate contextual and pathogen-related data into a unified data resource. This lack of integration hampers effective, data-driven decision-making in OH activities. In this perspective, we examine the existing strategies for data sharing and identify gaps and barriers to integration. To overcome these challenges, we propose the Digital OH (DOH) framework for data integration, which consolidates data-sharing principles within five pillars for the OH community of practice: (a) Harmonization of standards to establish trust, (b) Automation of data capture to enhance quality and efficiency, (c) Integration of data at point of capture to limit bureaucracy, (d) Onboard data analysis to articulate utility, and (e) Archiving and governance to safeguard the OH data resource. We discuss an upcoming pilot program as a use case focusing on antimicrobial resistance surveillance to illustrate the application of this framework. Our ambition is to leverage technology to create data as a shared resource using DOH not only to overcome current structural barriers but also to address prevailing ethical and legal concerns. By doing so, we can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of decision-making processes in the OH community of practice, at a national, regional, and international level.

Objectives

West Nile virus is a zoonotic arbovirus spread by mosquito vectors for which birds are common reservoir hosts. In this report, we are presenting the prevalence of West Nile virus antibodies among the resident and migratory wild birds from different locations in Bangladesh.

Methods

Birds were captured using mist nets and leg nooses from different areas of Bangladesh. Serum samples were tested using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and swab samples were tested using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Samples from 888 resident and migratory birds tested, 48 migratory birds (48 of 888, 5.4 %, confidence interval 4–7 %) were found sero-positive for West Nile virus antibody. All the sero-positive birds were from Hakaluki haor and Tanguar hoar, which suggest local transmission of this virus, though we did not find any evidence of active infection.

Conclusions

Further study is required to better understand the role of these birds in the epidemiology of this virus.

A health threat anywhere is a threat everywhere. The re-emergence of anthrax in Nigeria, barely 2 weeks after an outbreak in Ghana, underscores the threat posed by transboundary animal diseases and the need for a collaborative one-health approach to disease prevention and control. The confirmed outbreak in Northcentral Nigeria has a case fatality rate of 13% (n = 13/100) in cattle and 13.7% (n = 10/73) in sheep. An immediate notification has been sent to the World Organisation for Animal Health. No human cases have yet been confirmed. Disease containment activities including mass ruminant vaccination against anthrax are in progress and more active surveillance is needed to determine the spread of the disease.