© zhu difeng@AdobeStock
© zhu difeng@AdobeStock
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology is a promising strategy that can directly convert sunlight into chemical energy. Direct solar water splitting through the PEC process is a desirable method for green hydrogen (H2) production. This technology has also the potential to capture CO2 and convert it into fuels using sunlight and water, besides converting N2 and H2O to produce ammonia (NH3), which acts as transportable H2 storage. The cracking of NH3 to produce H2 can also be accomplished using PEC technology. Despite improved PEC performance having been shown, stability, efficiency, and scalability issues still need to be resolved. Even so, PEC technology has much potential as a clean and sustainable solution for addressing global energy and environmental challenges.
© Kalyakan@AdobeStock
Conventional fluids used in fission-based water-cooled nuclear reactors have lower heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and thermal conductivity, which has led researchers to explore high-performance fluids that can enhance heat transfer in routine operation and prevent core meltdown in the case of accidents. It is important to investigate a wide range of fluids that can help designers improve thermal hydraulic characteristics, such as HTC, critical heat flux, and minimum departure from nucleate boiling ratio (MDNBR). In this study, the effectiveness of nanofluids in enhancing heat transfer parameters, including thermal conductivity and heat capacity, was investigated. Four different nanofluids (Al2O3–H2O, ZrO2–H2O, Ag–H2O, and Si–H2O) with pure water as the primary coolant in an HPR-1000 nuclear reactor were compared using computational methods. Due to computational limitations, only the flow channel among four fuel rods with the highest power density in the core was simulated using Eulerian computational fluid dynamics. The results of this study show that silver water (Ag–H2O) nanofluid outperformed other nanofluids and pure water. It had a higher average HTC and MDNBR, with a 67.15 % and 45.23 % improvement, respectively, compared to pure water. The fuel rod wall temperature was also reduced by 28.5 K with Ag–H2O compared to water. Comparison of current simulated results with literature data shows a good agreement.
This review explores advancements, challenges, and considerations in photocatalytic dye degradation for sustainable wastewater treatment. It highlights smart photocatalyst design, visible-light-responsive materials, and co-catalyst engineering, which enhance system efficacy. Despite environmental concerns, the eco-friendly aspects of photocatalysis offer a promising alternative to traditional methods. Future perspectives emphasize nanotechnology's role in developing effective photocatalysts and integrating visible-light and solar-driven systems to meet sustainability goals. Efforts in co-catalyst engineering and reactor design aim to optimize processes, addressing kinetic and scalability challenges, while economic research focuses on reducing costs to improve competitiveness.
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：