Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of breakthrough varicella cases with different doses of varicella vaccine immunization history in Beijing Tongzhou from 2013 to 2017. Methods Data about varicella incidence and immunization history were obtained through spot investigation and consulting the information systems of Chinese Disease Control and Prevention and Beijing′s Immunization Programme. Descriptive epidemiological method was used for statistical analysis. Results From 2013 to 2017, Tongzhou District reported 2 102 cases of varicella in primary and middle schools and kindergartens, which included 989 cases of primary varicella, 966 breakthrough varicella cases with one-dose vaccine immunization history, and 147 breakthrough varicella cases with two-dose vaccine immunization history. There were significant differences in gender, age, and occupation among the three groups. Among the primary cases, the incidence of fever and moderate and severe rash was 46.71% and 34.68%; among the breakthrough cases with one-dose immunization history, the incidence of fever and moderate and severe rash was 41.20% and 17.39%; among the breakthrough cases with two-dose immunization history, the incidence of fever and moderate and severe rash was 26.53% and 7.48%. There were significant differences in the incidence of fever and rash among the three groups. The median number of varicella morbidity interval was 5.11 years in one-dose immunization history group and 2.44 years in two-dose immunization history group, and the difference between them was statistically significant. Conclusions The symptoms of fever and rash in breakthrough varicella cases become less atypical as the dose of vaccination increases. Because the clinical symptoms are relatively mild, breakthrough cases as a source of infection in collective units are more likely to be neglected. Key words: Varicella; Breakthrough case; Characteristics
{"title":"Characteristics of breakthrough varicella cases with different doses of varicella vaccine immunization history in Tongzhou District of Beijing during 2013 to 2017","authors":"Chunyan Zhao, Guofeng Zhang, Ling Zhang, Jianming Zhang","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20191025-00347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20191025-00347","url":null,"abstract":"Objective \u0000To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of breakthrough varicella cases with different doses of varicella vaccine immunization history in Beijing Tongzhou from 2013 to 2017. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Methods \u0000Data about varicella incidence and immunization history were obtained through spot investigation and consulting the information systems of Chinese Disease Control and Prevention and Beijing′s Immunization Programme. Descriptive epidemiological method was used for statistical analysis. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Results \u0000From 2013 to 2017, Tongzhou District reported 2 102 cases of varicella in primary and middle schools and kindergartens, which included 989 cases of primary varicella, 966 breakthrough varicella cases with one-dose vaccine immunization history, and 147 breakthrough varicella cases with two-dose vaccine immunization history. There were significant differences in gender, age, and occupation among the three groups. Among the primary cases, the incidence of fever and moderate and severe rash was 46.71% and 34.68%; among the breakthrough cases with one-dose immunization history, the incidence of fever and moderate and severe rash was 41.20% and 17.39%; among the breakthrough cases with two-dose immunization history, the incidence of fever and moderate and severe rash was 26.53% and 7.48%. There were significant differences in the incidence of fever and rash among the three groups. The median number of varicella morbidity interval was 5.11 years in one-dose immunization history group and 2.44 years in two-dose immunization history group, and the difference between them was statistically significant. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Conclusions \u0000The symptoms of fever and rash in breakthrough varicella cases become less atypical as the dose of vaccination increases. Because the clinical symptoms are relatively mild, breakthrough cases as a source of infection in collective units are more likely to be neglected. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Varicella; Breakthrough case; Characteristics","PeriodicalId":10089,"journal":{"name":"Chinese journal of microbiology and immunology","volume":"40 1","pages":"136-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44439374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-29DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190823-00271
Cai-lin Liu, Xiaogai Li
Objective To investigate the epidemiological and molecular biological characteristics of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) in blood culture. Methods hVISA was detected using Mueller-Hinton agar containing 5 μg/ml of teicoplanin (MHA5T) and Populats profiles/area under the curve (PAP/AUC). Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), Staphylococcus aureus protein A (spa) and accessory gene regulator (agr) typing and multilocus-sequence typing (MLST) were analyzed using PCR. Difference in autolysis between hVISA and vancomycin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (VSSA) isolates were evaluated with Triton X-100-inducd autolysis. Expression of vraR, mgrA, icaA, icaR, pbp4 and agr genes in hVISA and VSSA strains were detected by real-time PCR. Results The positive detection rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in blood culture was 39.5% (136/344) in our hospital. Among the MRSA strains, there were 31 strains of hVISA (22.8%). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of vancomycin were mainly 1.5 μg/ml (54.8%) and 2 μg/ml(25.8%)against hVISA isolates, and 0.5 μg/ml (46.7%) and 0.75 μg/ml (39.0%) against VSSA isolates. The predominant clone of hVISA was ST239-SCCmecⅢ-t030-agrⅠ accounting for 71.0% (22/31). The autolysis of hVISA isolates decreased significantly as compared with that of VSSA isolates (χ2=13.583, P=0.032). Compared with VSSA strains, the expression of vraR, mgrA and icaA genes in hVISA strains increased by 1.58, 1.53 and 1.06 times (P<0.01), while the expression of icaR, agr and pbp4 genes decreased by 0.85, 0.61 and 1.03 times (P<0.05). Conclusions The prevalence rate of hVISA in our hospital reached 22.8% and the main epidemic clone was ST239-SCCmecⅢ-t030-agrⅠ, which should be paid great attention to clinically. Rational use of antibiotics, strengthening the prevention and control of nosocomial infection, and avoiding the spread of hVISA strains and the emergence of VISA and VRSA (vancomycin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus) were also necessary. Key words: Staphylococcus aureus; hVISA; Autolysis; MLST
{"title":"Distribution and characteristics of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in blood culture","authors":"Cai-lin Liu, Xiaogai Li","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190823-00271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190823-00271","url":null,"abstract":"Objective \u0000To investigate the epidemiological and molecular biological characteristics of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) in blood culture. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Methods \u0000hVISA was detected using Mueller-Hinton agar containing 5 μg/ml of teicoplanin (MHA5T) and Populats profiles/area under the curve (PAP/AUC). Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), Staphylococcus aureus protein A (spa) and accessory gene regulator (agr) typing and multilocus-sequence typing (MLST) were analyzed using PCR. Difference in autolysis between hVISA and vancomycin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (VSSA) isolates were evaluated with Triton X-100-inducd autolysis. Expression of vraR, mgrA, icaA, icaR, pbp4 and agr genes in hVISA and VSSA strains were detected by real-time PCR. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Results \u0000The positive detection rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in blood culture was 39.5% (136/344) in our hospital. Among the MRSA strains, there were 31 strains of hVISA (22.8%). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of vancomycin were mainly 1.5 μg/ml (54.8%) and 2 μg/ml(25.8%)against hVISA isolates, and 0.5 μg/ml (46.7%) and 0.75 μg/ml (39.0%) against VSSA isolates. The predominant clone of hVISA was ST239-SCCmecⅢ-t030-agrⅠ accounting for 71.0% (22/31). The autolysis of hVISA isolates decreased significantly as compared with that of VSSA isolates (χ2=13.583, P=0.032). Compared with VSSA strains, the expression of vraR, mgrA and icaA genes in hVISA strains increased by 1.58, 1.53 and 1.06 times (P<0.01), while the expression of icaR, agr and pbp4 genes decreased by 0.85, 0.61 and 1.03 times (P<0.05). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Conclusions \u0000The prevalence rate of hVISA in our hospital reached 22.8% and the main epidemic clone was ST239-SCCmecⅢ-t030-agrⅠ, which should be paid great attention to clinically. Rational use of antibiotics, strengthening the prevention and control of nosocomial infection, and avoiding the spread of hVISA strains and the emergence of VISA and VRSA (vancomycin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus) were also necessary. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Staphylococcus aureus; hVISA; Autolysis; MLST","PeriodicalId":10089,"journal":{"name":"Chinese journal of microbiology and immunology","volume":"40 1","pages":"85-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45494734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-29DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190729-00233
Peng Wang, B. Yin, Yingjun Su
Foamy macrophages (FM), also known as foam-like macrophages, refer to lipid-laden monocytes or macrophages. FM are a kind of inflammatory cells that are rich in lipid droplets in cytoplasm. In the diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), such as granuloma and tuberculous wounds, FM can not only inhibit the immune response, but also affect the prognosis and outcomes. The formation mechanisms of FM caused by Mtb infection have some specificity, which may be an important factor for its long-term survival in cells and influences on disease prognosis and outcomes. Therefore, studying the mechanisms of Mtb-mediated formation of FM is conductive to further reveal the pathological evolution of diseases and provide new ideas for further precise treatment. This article reviewed the mechanisms of Mtb-mediated formation of FM in recent years. Key words: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Foamy macrophages; Formation mechanism
{"title":"Research progress in the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-mediated formation of foamy macrophages","authors":"Peng Wang, B. Yin, Yingjun Su","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190729-00233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190729-00233","url":null,"abstract":"Foamy macrophages (FM), also known as foam-like macrophages, refer to lipid-laden monocytes or macrophages. FM are a kind of inflammatory cells that are rich in lipid droplets in cytoplasm. In the diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), such as granuloma and tuberculous wounds, FM can not only inhibit the immune response, but also affect the prognosis and outcomes. The formation mechanisms of FM caused by Mtb infection have some specificity, which may be an important factor for its long-term survival in cells and influences on disease prognosis and outcomes. Therefore, studying the mechanisms of Mtb-mediated formation of FM is conductive to further reveal the pathological evolution of diseases and provide new ideas for further precise treatment. This article reviewed the mechanisms of Mtb-mediated formation of FM in recent years. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Foamy macrophages; Formation mechanism","PeriodicalId":10089,"journal":{"name":"Chinese journal of microbiology and immunology","volume":"40 1","pages":"154-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47917615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-29DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190720-00220
Zhenzi Wang, Tie-shan Wang
Objective To investigate the correlation of serum hepatitis B virus large protein (HBV-LP), HBV-DNA, and Pre S1 antigen (Pre S1-Ag) with HBV replication. Methods Serum samples were collected from 650 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who were treated in Beijing Friendship Hospital from March 2017 to March 2019. Serum HBV-LP and Pre S1-Ag were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HBV markers (HBV-M) were measured using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect HBV-DNA. The positive detection rates of HBV-DNA, HBV-LP and Pre S1-Ag were calculated and compared, and the correlation of HBV-LP (S/CO value) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, log10 IU/ml) with HBV-DNA(log10 IU/ml)was analyzed. Results In the 650 CHB patients, the positive rates of HBV-DNA, HBV-LP and Pre S1-Ag were 65.4% (425/650), 79.2% (515/650) and 43.1% (280/650), respectively (P<0.01). The positive rates of HBV-DNA and HBV-LP in 243 HBeAg-positive patients were 93.0% (226/243) and 94.6% (230/243), and no significant difference was found between them (P=0.45). However, there was significant difference between the positive rates of HBV-DNA and HBV-LP in 407 patients negative for HBeAg [48.9% (199/407) vs 70.0% (285/407), P<0.01]. The positive rates of HBV-DNA and HBV-LP in HBsAg-, HBeAg- and HBcAb-positive groups were 92.8% (206/222) and 94.1% (209/222), which showed no significant difference (P=0.56). In HBsAg-, HBeAb- and HBcAb-positive groups, the positive rates of HBV-DNA and HBV-LP were 45.4% (124/273) and 69.9% (191/273) (P<0.01). The detection rate of HBeAg was lower than that of HBV-LP significantly in both HBV-DNA-positive and HBV-DNA-negative groups (P<0.01). With the increasing of HBV-DNA load, the S/CO value and the positive rate of HBV-LP increased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusions HBV-LP had a good correlation with HBV-DNA load as compared with Pre S1-Ag, HBeAg and HBsAg. HBV-LP in combination with HBV-M might be used as predictive markers that could efficiently reflect the status of HBV replication. Key words: Hepatitis B virus; DNA; Large protein; Pre S1 antigen; HBV markers
{"title":"Correlation between HBV large protein and HBV replication in patients with chronic hepatitis B","authors":"Zhenzi Wang, Tie-shan Wang","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190720-00220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190720-00220","url":null,"abstract":"Objective \u0000To investigate the correlation of serum hepatitis B virus large protein (HBV-LP), HBV-DNA, and Pre S1 antigen (Pre S1-Ag) with HBV replication. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Methods \u0000Serum samples were collected from 650 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who were treated in Beijing Friendship Hospital from March 2017 to March 2019. Serum HBV-LP and Pre S1-Ag were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HBV markers (HBV-M) were measured using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect HBV-DNA. The positive detection rates of HBV-DNA, HBV-LP and Pre S1-Ag were calculated and compared, and the correlation of HBV-LP (S/CO value) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, log10 IU/ml) with HBV-DNA(log10 IU/ml)was analyzed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Results \u0000In the 650 CHB patients, the positive rates of HBV-DNA, HBV-LP and Pre S1-Ag were 65.4% (425/650), 79.2% (515/650) and 43.1% (280/650), respectively (P<0.01). The positive rates of HBV-DNA and HBV-LP in 243 HBeAg-positive patients were 93.0% (226/243) and 94.6% (230/243), and no significant difference was found between them (P=0.45). However, there was significant difference between the positive rates of HBV-DNA and HBV-LP in 407 patients negative for HBeAg [48.9% (199/407) vs 70.0% (285/407), P<0.01]. The positive rates of HBV-DNA and HBV-LP in HBsAg-, HBeAg- and HBcAb-positive groups were 92.8% (206/222) and 94.1% (209/222), which showed no significant difference (P=0.56). In HBsAg-, HBeAb- and HBcAb-positive groups, the positive rates of HBV-DNA and HBV-LP were 45.4% (124/273) and 69.9% (191/273) (P<0.01). The detection rate of HBeAg was lower than that of HBV-LP significantly in both HBV-DNA-positive and HBV-DNA-negative groups (P<0.01). With the increasing of HBV-DNA load, the S/CO value and the positive rate of HBV-LP increased significantly (P<0.05). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Conclusions \u0000HBV-LP had a good correlation with HBV-DNA load as compared with Pre S1-Ag, HBeAg and HBsAg. HBV-LP in combination with HBV-M might be used as predictive markers that could efficiently reflect the status of HBV replication. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Hepatitis B virus; DNA; Large protein; Pre S1 antigen; HBV markers","PeriodicalId":10089,"journal":{"name":"Chinese journal of microbiology and immunology","volume":"40 1","pages":"110-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44559121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-29DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190305-00048
W. Luo, Qian Wang, Yan-zhe Du, Chun-hui Yuan
Objective To investigate the influence and potential mechanism of mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) to B cells responding to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Methods B cells were separated from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis using magnetic beads and then stimulated with ManLAM in combination with CE protein. Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the apoptosis, proliferation and activation of B cells. The secretion of cytokines and CE protein-specific IgG subclasses were detected by ELISA. ELISPOT assay was used to analyze the influence on the differentiation of B cells into CE protein-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). Results ManLAM inhibited the CE protein-induced proliferation and activation of B cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in significantly increased secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. It also inhibited the differentiation of B cells into CE protein-specific IgG secretory cells, but had no significant influence on the differentiation to IgM secretory cells. Moreover, ManLAM inhibited the secretion of CE protein-specific IgG1 and IgG3 and induced the secretion of immunosuppressive IgG4 via TLR2. Conclusions This study suggested that ManLAM could inhibit the anti-tuberculosis immune response of B cells, which provided new theoretical reference for better understanding the immune escape mechanism in Mtb infection. Key words: Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM); B cell; TLR2; IgG subclasses
{"title":"Effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis liposaccharide ManLAM on CE protein-induced B cell activation","authors":"W. Luo, Qian Wang, Yan-zhe Du, Chun-hui Yuan","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190305-00048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190305-00048","url":null,"abstract":"Objective \u0000To investigate the influence and potential mechanism of mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) to B cells responding to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Methods \u0000B cells were separated from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis using magnetic beads and then stimulated with ManLAM in combination with CE protein. Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the apoptosis, proliferation and activation of B cells. The secretion of cytokines and CE protein-specific IgG subclasses were detected by ELISA. ELISPOT assay was used to analyze the influence on the differentiation of B cells into CE protein-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Results \u0000ManLAM inhibited the CE protein-induced proliferation and activation of B cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in significantly increased secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. It also inhibited the differentiation of B cells into CE protein-specific IgG secretory cells, but had no significant influence on the differentiation to IgM secretory cells. Moreover, ManLAM inhibited the secretion of CE protein-specific IgG1 and IgG3 and induced the secretion of immunosuppressive IgG4 via TLR2. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Conclusions \u0000This study suggested that ManLAM could inhibit the anti-tuberculosis immune response of B cells, which provided new theoretical reference for better understanding the immune escape mechanism in Mtb infection. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM); B cell; TLR2; IgG subclasses","PeriodicalId":10089,"journal":{"name":"Chinese journal of microbiology and immunology","volume":"40 1","pages":"129-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45552263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-29DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190519-00147
Jiabao Tang, Tingdong Li, Xiaoyi Guo, S. Ge
With the requirements of early diagnosis, biomarker development and functional definition, the challenge of sensitivity of immunoassay has become increasingly prominent. How to improve it to break the bottleneck has become a major challenge in the field of bioassays. Amplifying the immunosignal is the most direct method to improve detection sensitivity. Biotin-avidin system (BAS), tyramide signal amplification (TSA) and immuno-polymerase chain reaction (Im-PCR) are the most classic signal amplification techniques which significantly improved the sensitivity of immunoassays. In recent years, studies have confirmed that the sensitivity of immunoassays can be further increased by approximately three orders of magnitude with the invention of techniques including catalyzed reporter deposition-based signal amplification, nanotechnologies-based signal amplification and hybridization chain reaction-based signal amplification. Herein, we will summarize the techniques that have been developed in recent years for amplifying the signals of immunodetection and comparatively analyze their advantages and disadvantages in order to provide reference for the developed techniques transformed to clinical application and further research on ultrasensitive immunoassays. Key words: Immunoassay; Sensitivity; Biomarkers; Signal amplification
{"title":"Research progress in signal amplification for immunoassays","authors":"Jiabao Tang, Tingdong Li, Xiaoyi Guo, S. Ge","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190519-00147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190519-00147","url":null,"abstract":"With the requirements of early diagnosis, biomarker development and functional definition, the challenge of sensitivity of immunoassay has become increasingly prominent. How to improve it to break the bottleneck has become a major challenge in the field of bioassays. Amplifying the immunosignal is the most direct method to improve detection sensitivity. Biotin-avidin system (BAS), tyramide signal amplification (TSA) and immuno-polymerase chain reaction (Im-PCR) are the most classic signal amplification techniques which significantly improved the sensitivity of immunoassays. In recent years, studies have confirmed that the sensitivity of immunoassays can be further increased by approximately three orders of magnitude with the invention of techniques including catalyzed reporter deposition-based signal amplification, nanotechnologies-based signal amplification and hybridization chain reaction-based signal amplification. Herein, we will summarize the techniques that have been developed in recent years for amplifying the signals of immunodetection and comparatively analyze their advantages and disadvantages in order to provide reference for the developed techniques transformed to clinical application and further research on ultrasensitive immunoassays. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Immunoassay; Sensitivity; Biomarkers; Signal amplification","PeriodicalId":10089,"journal":{"name":"Chinese journal of microbiology and immunology","volume":"40 1","pages":"160-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46797123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-29DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20200209-00054
Yanwei Cheng, Xue Cao, Lijie Qin
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of ancient and common viruses, posing a severe threat to the health of humans and other animals. Currently, seven human CoVs (HCoVs) have been identified. They are all animal-derived zoonotic pathogens that jump the species barrier from their natural host animals to humans in a direct or indirect manner and lead to interpersonal transmission. The receptor binding domain (RBD) on the S1 subunit of CoV spike (S) protein is one of the key factors determining the cross-species transmission and the invasion potential. This review summarized and analyzed the transmission modes of seven HCoVs and the available structures of HCoV-RBD that mediated the cross-species transmission in order to better understanding the mechanism of CoV cross-species transmission and providing valuable knowledge in response to the potential cross-species transmission of novel CoVs in the future. Key words: Human coronavirus (HCoV); Spike (S) protein; C-terminal domain (CTD); Receptor binding domain (RBD); Cross-species transmission; Structure
{"title":"Progress in cross-species transmission of human coronaviruses (HCoVs)","authors":"Yanwei Cheng, Xue Cao, Lijie Qin","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20200209-00054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20200209-00054","url":null,"abstract":"Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of ancient and common viruses, posing a severe threat to the health of humans and other animals. Currently, seven human CoVs (HCoVs) have been identified. They are all animal-derived zoonotic pathogens that jump the species barrier from their natural host animals to humans in a direct or indirect manner and lead to interpersonal transmission. The receptor binding domain (RBD) on the S1 subunit of CoV spike (S) protein is one of the key factors determining the cross-species transmission and the invasion potential. This review summarized and analyzed the transmission modes of seven HCoVs and the available structures of HCoV-RBD that mediated the cross-species transmission in order to better understanding the mechanism of CoV cross-species transmission and providing valuable knowledge in response to the potential cross-species transmission of novel CoVs in the future. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Human coronavirus (HCoV); Spike (S) protein; C-terminal domain (CTD); Receptor binding domain (RBD); Cross-species transmission; Structure","PeriodicalId":10089,"journal":{"name":"Chinese journal of microbiology and immunology","volume":"40 1","pages":"146-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42995172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-29DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190809-00248
Wei-wei Guo, Xiaotong Yan, Z. Feng, Huirong Huang, Le Wang, Guixia Li, Yong Wu
Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-caused respiratory diseases in children in Hebei Province and the changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and inflammatory indexes. Methods A total of 9 491 sputum specimens and 9 491 paired peripheral blood specimens were collected from children admitted to Hebei Children′s Hospital for respiratory infection in 2018. RSV-positive sputum specimens were screened by multiple detection reagents for 13 kinds of respiratory pathogens. Flow cytometry was uses to detect T and B lymphocytes and NK cells in peripheral blood samples of randomly screened RSV-positive children. Procalcitonin (PCT) was measured by Roche E411 luminescence analyzer. Hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was detected by Roche Cobas 8000 C701 biochemical analyzer. White blood cells (WBC) were measured by Sysmex XN-BN3 hematometer. Results The positive rate of RSV in children with respiratory diseases was 13.08% in Hebei Province in 2018. There were significant differences in RSV-positive rates among different age groups (χ2=479.297 6, P<0.000 1). The positive rate of RSV decreased gradually with age (χ2=-20.282 7, P<0.000 1) and was higher in male than in female (χ2=34.552 7, P<0.000 1). The incidence of co-infection of RSV with other respiratory pathogens was 29.49% (366/1 241), mainly caused by human rhinovirus (HRV, 150/1 241) and adenovirus (ADV, 40/1 241). The main epidemic seasons of RSV infection were winter and spring. The epidemic trends of simple RSV infection and co-infection were consistent. There were significant differences in inflammatory indexes, WBC (P<0.01), CD4+ (P=0.015) and CD4+ /CD8+ cells (P=0.016) between simple RSV infection and co-infection groups. Conclusions RSV was a common pathogen causing respiratory diseases in children in Hebei Province. The younger the children were, the more likely they were to be infected with RSV. RSV infection was easily complicated by HRV or ADV infection. The epidemic seasons of RSV infection in Hebei were winter and spring. Both simple infection and co-infection of RSV might result in immune dysfunction. Key words: Respiratory syncytial virus; Lymphocyte subsets; Molecular epidemiology; Immunity
{"title":"Epidemiological study on respiratory syncytial virus-caused respiratory infection in children and preliminary analysis of changes in immune function","authors":"Wei-wei Guo, Xiaotong Yan, Z. Feng, Huirong Huang, Le Wang, Guixia Li, Yong Wu","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190809-00248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190809-00248","url":null,"abstract":"Objective \u0000To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-caused respiratory diseases in children in Hebei Province and the changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and inflammatory indexes. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Methods \u0000A total of 9 491 sputum specimens and 9 491 paired peripheral blood specimens were collected from children admitted to Hebei Children′s Hospital for respiratory infection in 2018. RSV-positive sputum specimens were screened by multiple detection reagents for 13 kinds of respiratory pathogens. Flow cytometry was uses to detect T and B lymphocytes and NK cells in peripheral blood samples of randomly screened RSV-positive children. Procalcitonin (PCT) was measured by Roche E411 luminescence analyzer. Hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was detected by Roche Cobas 8000 C701 biochemical analyzer. White blood cells (WBC) were measured by Sysmex XN-BN3 hematometer. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Results \u0000The positive rate of RSV in children with respiratory diseases was 13.08% in Hebei Province in 2018. There were significant differences in RSV-positive rates among different age groups (χ2=479.297 6, P<0.000 1). The positive rate of RSV decreased gradually with age (χ2=-20.282 7, P<0.000 1) and was higher in male than in female (χ2=34.552 7, P<0.000 1). The incidence of co-infection of RSV with other respiratory pathogens was 29.49% (366/1 241), mainly caused by human rhinovirus (HRV, 150/1 241) and adenovirus (ADV, 40/1 241). The main epidemic seasons of RSV infection were winter and spring. The epidemic trends of simple RSV infection and co-infection were consistent. There were significant differences in inflammatory indexes, WBC (P<0.01), CD4+ (P=0.015) and CD4+ /CD8+ cells (P=0.016) between simple RSV infection and co-infection groups. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Conclusions \u0000RSV was a common pathogen causing respiratory diseases in children in Hebei Province. The younger the children were, the more likely they were to be infected with RSV. RSV infection was easily complicated by HRV or ADV infection. The epidemic seasons of RSV infection in Hebei were winter and spring. Both simple infection and co-infection of RSV might result in immune dysfunction. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Respiratory syncytial virus; Lymphocyte subsets; Molecular epidemiology; Immunity","PeriodicalId":10089,"journal":{"name":"Chinese journal of microbiology and immunology","volume":"40 1","pages":"140-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44418551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-29DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190924-00307
F. Kong, Min Hao, Heng-wei Wang, T. Tian, Xifeng Shao, Yanyan Song
Objective To identify 49 Aeromonas caviae strains isolated form foodborne and environmental samples and analyze their virulence and antibiotic resistance. Methods All strains were identified by VITEK and API 20NE. Two housekeeping genes, gryB and rpoD, were amplified by PCR for phylogenetic analysis. Virulence genes including act, alt, ast, lip, ahp, aerA, hlyA, ompA1 and fla were detected by PCR. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of these strains was tested with AST-GN16 kit. Results Fifty-four Aeromonas caviae/Aeromonas hydrophila strains were identified by biochemical tests. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that there were 49 Aeromonas caviae strains, four Aeromonas hydrophila strains and one Aeromonas taiwanensis strain. The positive rates of alt, lip, ompA1, fla, act, aerA and hlyA genes were 100.00%, 100.00%, 79.59%, 14.29%, 2.04%, 2.04% and 2.04%, respectively. None of the isolates carried ast or ahp gene. A total of four virulence gene combination patterns were detected, and the predominant pattern was alt/lip/ompA1 (32/49). Antibiotic resistance rates of the Aeromonas caviae strains to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim/sulfamet hoxoazole and aztreonam were 79.59%, 14.29%, 10.20%, 6.12%, 4.08%, 4.08% and 2.04%, respectively. All strains were susceptible to piparacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, tigacycline and nitrofurantoin. Two multidrug-resistant strains were detected. Conclusions Aeromonas caviae/Aeromonas hydrophila can be effectively identified by the housekeeping genes gyrB and rpoD, and the closely related Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas taiwanensis strains can be identified by rpoD. All Aeromonas caviae strains carried two or more virulence genes and one strain isolated from environment was positive for seven virulence genes. Aeromonas caviae strains were generally resistant to penicillin, which was mainly relate to the production of β-lactamase. No strain was resistant to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines or furans. Multidrug-resistant strains were observed in food and drinking water. Key words: Aeromonas caviae; Aeromonas hydrophila; Phylogenetic analysis; gyrB gene; rpoD gene; Virulence gene; Antibiotic resistance
{"title":"Phylogenetic characteristics, virulence and antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas caviae isolated from foodborne and environmental samples","authors":"F. Kong, Min Hao, Heng-wei Wang, T. Tian, Xifeng Shao, Yanyan Song","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190924-00307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.CN112309-20190924-00307","url":null,"abstract":"Objective \u0000To identify 49 Aeromonas caviae strains isolated form foodborne and environmental samples and analyze their virulence and antibiotic resistance. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Methods \u0000All strains were identified by VITEK and API 20NE. Two housekeeping genes, gryB and rpoD, were amplified by PCR for phylogenetic analysis. Virulence genes including act, alt, ast, lip, ahp, aerA, hlyA, ompA1 and fla were detected by PCR. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of these strains was tested with AST-GN16 kit. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Results \u0000Fifty-four Aeromonas caviae/Aeromonas hydrophila strains were identified by biochemical tests. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that there were 49 Aeromonas caviae strains, four Aeromonas hydrophila strains and one Aeromonas taiwanensis strain. The positive rates of alt, lip, ompA1, fla, act, aerA and hlyA genes were 100.00%, 100.00%, 79.59%, 14.29%, 2.04%, 2.04% and 2.04%, respectively. None of the isolates carried ast or ahp gene. A total of four virulence gene combination patterns were detected, and the predominant pattern was alt/lip/ompA1 (32/49). Antibiotic resistance rates of the Aeromonas caviae strains to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim/sulfamet hoxoazole and aztreonam were 79.59%, 14.29%, 10.20%, 6.12%, 4.08%, 4.08% and 2.04%, respectively. All strains were susceptible to piparacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, tigacycline and nitrofurantoin. Two multidrug-resistant strains were detected. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Conclusions \u0000Aeromonas caviae/Aeromonas hydrophila can be effectively identified by the housekeeping genes gyrB and rpoD, and the closely related Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas taiwanensis strains can be identified by rpoD. All Aeromonas caviae strains carried two or more virulence genes and one strain isolated from environment was positive for seven virulence genes. Aeromonas caviae strains were generally resistant to penicillin, which was mainly relate to the production of β-lactamase. No strain was resistant to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines or furans. Multidrug-resistant strains were observed in food and drinking water. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Aeromonas caviae; Aeromonas hydrophila; Phylogenetic analysis; gyrB gene; rpoD gene; Virulence gene; Antibiotic resistance","PeriodicalId":10089,"journal":{"name":"Chinese journal of microbiology and immunology","volume":"40 1","pages":"91-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46509983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-31DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.0254-5101.2020.01.011
Shujuan Pan, Q. Fan, Juan Guo
Objective To study the synergistic and additive effects of commonly used antibiotics on multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli and to establish a database of combined pharmacodynamics in vitro. Methods Seven antibiotics including fosfomycin (PHOS), levofloxacin (LEV), ceftazidime (CAZ), compound sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP), cefoperazone/sulbactam (SCF) and imipenem (IMP) were selected and grouped into 21 drug pairs. Based on the results of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) test and modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM), a total of 172 strains of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli were divided into four groups: 20 strains of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (group A), 50 strains of pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (group B), 62 strains of ESBLs-producing Enterobacter (group C) and 40 strains of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (group D). Chessboard dilution method was used to detect the in vitro combined efficacy of 21 drug pairs on drug-resistant bacteria from the four groups. Whonet 5.6 was used for statistical analysis. Results All 172 strains were single drug resistant to the seven antibiotics. Results of the combined drug efficacy test showed that no antagonism was found in the four groups. In group A, ten drug pairs, especially the combination of PHOS+ LEV (30%, 6/20), had synergistic effects and 14 showed partial synergistic effects, but no additive effect was detected. Synergistic effects, partial synergistic effects and additive effects were respectively achieved by 12, ten and three drug pairs in group B. The LEV+ SMZ combination had synergistic effects against 56% (28/50) of the strains, which was the highest among all combinations. There were 14, 17 and 16 drug pairs showing synergistic effects, partial synergistic effects and additive effects in group C, respectively, and the strongest synergistic effects were achieved by the IMP+ LEV combination (30.6%, 19/62). There were 12, 14 and 13 drug pairs having synergistic effects, partial synergistic effects and additive effects in group D, respectively, and the strongest synergistic effects were achieved by the IMP+ LEV combination (20%, 8/40). Conclusions The combined use of quinolones, carbapenems, sulfonamides and PHOS could have good synergistic effects against multi-drug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Monitoring the in vitro combined efficacy before treatment would improve the accuracy of antibiotic use and is of great clinical value. Key words: Multi-drug resistance; Antibiotics; Gram-negative bacilli; Combined drug efficacy; Synergistic effect; Additive effect
{"title":"Establishment of a database of in vitro combined drug efficacy against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli","authors":"Shujuan Pan, Q. Fan, Juan Guo","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.0254-5101.2020.01.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.0254-5101.2020.01.011","url":null,"abstract":"Objective \u0000To study the synergistic and additive effects of commonly used antibiotics on multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli and to establish a database of combined pharmacodynamics in vitro. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Methods \u0000Seven antibiotics including fosfomycin (PHOS), levofloxacin (LEV), ceftazidime (CAZ), compound sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP), cefoperazone/sulbactam (SCF) and imipenem (IMP) were selected and grouped into 21 drug pairs. Based on the results of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) test and modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM), a total of 172 strains of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli were divided into four groups: 20 strains of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (group A), 50 strains of pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (group B), 62 strains of ESBLs-producing Enterobacter (group C) and 40 strains of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (group D). Chessboard dilution method was used to detect the in vitro combined efficacy of 21 drug pairs on drug-resistant bacteria from the four groups. Whonet 5.6 was used for statistical analysis. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Results \u0000All 172 strains were single drug resistant to the seven antibiotics. Results of the combined drug efficacy test showed that no antagonism was found in the four groups. In group A, ten drug pairs, especially the combination of PHOS+ LEV (30%, 6/20), had synergistic effects and 14 showed partial synergistic effects, but no additive effect was detected. Synergistic effects, partial synergistic effects and additive effects were respectively achieved by 12, ten and three drug pairs in group B. The LEV+ SMZ combination had synergistic effects against 56% (28/50) of the strains, which was the highest among all combinations. There were 14, 17 and 16 drug pairs showing synergistic effects, partial synergistic effects and additive effects in group C, respectively, and the strongest synergistic effects were achieved by the IMP+ LEV combination (30.6%, 19/62). There were 12, 14 and 13 drug pairs having synergistic effects, partial synergistic effects and additive effects in group D, respectively, and the strongest synergistic effects were achieved by the IMP+ LEV combination (20%, 8/40). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Conclusions \u0000The combined use of quinolones, carbapenems, sulfonamides and PHOS could have good synergistic effects against multi-drug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Monitoring the in vitro combined efficacy before treatment would improve the accuracy of antibiotic use and is of great clinical value. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Multi-drug resistance; Antibiotics; Gram-negative bacilli; Combined drug efficacy; Synergistic effect; Additive effect","PeriodicalId":10089,"journal":{"name":"Chinese journal of microbiology and immunology","volume":"40 1","pages":"60-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44185647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：