Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100083
Fares F. Fares, Farag M. El Oshebi
<div><div>The Cyrenaica consists of two main tectonic provinces that influence the area: the Cyrenaica Platform in the south and the Al Jabal Al Akhdar Uplift and Fold Belt in the north, and it is considered one of the smallest basins in Libya. The goal of this work is to attempt to correlate the geochemical characteristics of the source rocks with the samples of crude oils and infer their organic matter richness, thermal maturation, and depositional environment. The following four wells yielded samples of fifty-nine cutting samples of source rocks: nearly fifteen cutting samples from each well, Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152, whereas Taqrifat Shale in wells T1-41 and A1-46. Four crude oil samples were examined and subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) in this work: one sample of oil from each well, the Daryanah Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152, and the Antenlat Formation in wells A1-46 and T1-41. Rock-Eval pyrolysis and GC–MS were utilized with these materials to determine the specific type of organic matter, thermal maturation, and depositional environment. The relationship between TOC and S<sub>2</sub> showed the Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152 and Taqrifat Shale in well A1-46 had poor to fair organic matter, while the TOC of Taqrifat Shale in well T1-41 had good to excellent organic matter contents. TOC vs. S<sub>1</sub>+S<sub>2</sub> revealed the source rock of the Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152, and the source rock of the Taqrifat Shale Formation in well A1-46 was revealed as non-potential hydrocarbon, while the source rock of the Taqrifat Shale in well T1-41 showed potential hydrocarbon. TOC and S<sub>2</sub> were used to identify the kerogen types, the Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152 and Taqrifat Shale in well A1-46, represented by two types of kerogen (III and IV), while Taqrifat Shale in well T1-41 is represented by three types of kerogen (II/III, III, and IV). The ratio of CPI vs. Pr/Ph and Pr/Ph vs. C<sub>31</sub> 22S/(22S+22R) revealed that the oil samples from the Antenlat Formation in wells A1-46 and T1-41 and the oil sample from the Daryanah Formation in well B1-NC152 were deposited in a marine environment under oxidizing conditions, whereas the oil sample from the Daryanah Formation in well A1-NC120 was deposited in a marine environment under an anoxic condition. Based on the plot of Ph/n-C<sub>18</sub> vs. Pr/n-C<sub>17</sub> for the origin of organic matter in oil samples, the organic matter from the oil sample of the Daryanah Formation in well A1-NC120 was derived from algal marine type, and the oil samples from the Daryanah Formation in well B1-NC152 and the oil samples from the Antenlat Formation in wells T1-41 and A1-46 were derived from mixed organic matter (marine type and terrestrial type). According to organic matter type and thermal maturity level for the source rock samples and oil sample results, the source rock of the M
{"title":"Source rock appraisal of Taqrifat Shale-Mallegh formation and the origin of crude oils of Cyrenaica region, NE Libya","authors":"Fares F. Fares, Farag M. El Oshebi","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Cyrenaica consists of two main tectonic provinces that influence the area: the Cyrenaica Platform in the south and the Al Jabal Al Akhdar Uplift and Fold Belt in the north, and it is considered one of the smallest basins in Libya. The goal of this work is to attempt to correlate the geochemical characteristics of the source rocks with the samples of crude oils and infer their organic matter richness, thermal maturation, and depositional environment. The following four wells yielded samples of fifty-nine cutting samples of source rocks: nearly fifteen cutting samples from each well, Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152, whereas Taqrifat Shale in wells T1-41 and A1-46. Four crude oil samples were examined and subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) in this work: one sample of oil from each well, the Daryanah Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152, and the Antenlat Formation in wells A1-46 and T1-41. Rock-Eval pyrolysis and GC–MS were utilized with these materials to determine the specific type of organic matter, thermal maturation, and depositional environment. The relationship between TOC and S<sub>2</sub> showed the Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152 and Taqrifat Shale in well A1-46 had poor to fair organic matter, while the TOC of Taqrifat Shale in well T1-41 had good to excellent organic matter contents. TOC vs. S<sub>1</sub>+S<sub>2</sub> revealed the source rock of the Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152, and the source rock of the Taqrifat Shale Formation in well A1-46 was revealed as non-potential hydrocarbon, while the source rock of the Taqrifat Shale in well T1-41 showed potential hydrocarbon. TOC and S<sub>2</sub> were used to identify the kerogen types, the Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152 and Taqrifat Shale in well A1-46, represented by two types of kerogen (III and IV), while Taqrifat Shale in well T1-41 is represented by three types of kerogen (II/III, III, and IV). The ratio of CPI vs. Pr/Ph and Pr/Ph vs. C<sub>31</sub> 22S/(22S+22R) revealed that the oil samples from the Antenlat Formation in wells A1-46 and T1-41 and the oil sample from the Daryanah Formation in well B1-NC152 were deposited in a marine environment under oxidizing conditions, whereas the oil sample from the Daryanah Formation in well A1-NC120 was deposited in a marine environment under an anoxic condition. Based on the plot of Ph/n-C<sub>18</sub> vs. Pr/n-C<sub>17</sub> for the origin of organic matter in oil samples, the organic matter from the oil sample of the Daryanah Formation in well A1-NC120 was derived from algal marine type, and the oil samples from the Daryanah Formation in well B1-NC152 and the oil samples from the Antenlat Formation in wells T1-41 and A1-46 were derived from mixed organic matter (marine type and terrestrial type). According to organic matter type and thermal maturity level for the source rock samples and oil sample results, the source rock of the M","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100083"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143092039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present new mineralogical and chemical data on quartz and stibnite from the Woxi Au-Sb-W deposit in western Hunan. The aim is to elucidate the substitution mechanisms of trace elements and to estimate the ore-forming temperatures within the Woxi deposit. Furthermore, we explore the potential of using trace element compositions in quartz to differentiate between various types of mineral deposits. Based on field investigation and petrographic observation, the mineralization process of the Woxi deposit can be divided into three distinct stages: an early quartz-scheelite stage, a main quartz-sulfide-native gold stage, and a late quartz-carbonate stage. LA-ICP-MS analysis of quartz from different mineralization stages reveals distinct substitution mechanisms for trace elements. In the early-stage quartz, the primary substitution mechanism is (Al³⁺, As³⁺) + (Li⁺, Na⁺) → Si⁴⁺. In the main stage, the substitution mechanism is 2(Sb³⁺, As³⁺) + (Ba²⁺) → 2Si⁴⁺. For the late-stage quartz, the substitution follows the pattern 2(As³⁺, Sb³⁺) + (Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺) → 2Si⁴⁺. Stibnite occurs exclusively during the second stage, with Cu and Pb enrichment in stibnite facilitated by the substitution mechanism of Cu²⁺ + Pb²⁺ → Sb³⁺. The incorporation of As into stibnite is attributed to a substitution equation of Sb³⁺ ↔ As³⁺. Quartz crystallization temperatures inferred from Ti thermometry suggest that quartz crystallization temperatures across different stages to be relatively similar. The temperature obtained through the titanium-in-quartz thermometer likely reflects the crystallization temperature of quartz. Since quartz crystallizes at relatively higher temperatures, the calculated temperature is higher than that indicated by fluid inclusion thermometry. Additionally, by compiling geochemical data from nine different types of Au, Sb, and W deposits and conducting plotting analysis, it was observed that orogenic deposits exhibit relatively balanced Ti, Al, and Ge concentrations, with a relative enrichment of Ge. Epithermal deposits show higher Ti concentrations but lower Al and Ge, with most data points concentrated in the high Ti range. In contrast, porphyry deposits are characterized by higher Al content and lower Ti and Ge. The ternary discrimination diagram of Ti, Al, and Ge effectively distinguishes the quartz characteristics of orogenic, epithermal, and porphyry-type deposits.
{"title":"Trace element composition and significance of quartz and stibnite in the Woxi Au - Sb - W deposit, Hunan","authors":"Jiankang Zhang, Yulong Yang, Qiang Wang, Huimin Zhang, Feilin Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present new mineralogical and chemical data on quartz and stibnite from the Woxi Au-Sb-W deposit in western Hunan. The aim is to elucidate the substitution mechanisms of trace elements and to estimate the ore-forming temperatures within the Woxi deposit. Furthermore, we explore the potential of using trace element compositions in quartz to differentiate between various types of mineral deposits. Based on field investigation and petrographic observation, the mineralization process of the Woxi deposit can be divided into three distinct stages: an early quartz-scheelite stage, a main quartz-sulfide-native gold stage, and a late quartz-carbonate stage. LA-ICP-MS analysis of quartz from different mineralization stages reveals distinct substitution mechanisms for trace elements. In the early-stage quartz, the primary substitution mechanism is (Al³⁺, As³⁺) + (Li⁺, Na⁺) → Si⁴⁺. In the main stage, the substitution mechanism is 2(Sb³⁺, As³⁺) + (Ba²⁺) → 2Si⁴⁺. For the late-stage quartz, the substitution follows the pattern 2(As³⁺, Sb³⁺) + (Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺) → 2Si⁴⁺. Stibnite occurs exclusively during the second stage, with Cu and Pb enrichment in stibnite facilitated by the substitution mechanism of Cu²⁺ + Pb²⁺ → Sb³⁺. The incorporation of As into stibnite is attributed to a substitution equation of Sb³⁺ ↔ As³⁺. Quartz crystallization temperatures inferred from Ti thermometry suggest that quartz crystallization temperatures across different stages to be relatively similar. The temperature obtained through the titanium-in-quartz thermometer likely reflects the crystallization temperature of quartz. Since quartz crystallizes at relatively higher temperatures, the calculated temperature is higher than that indicated by fluid inclusion thermometry. Additionally, by compiling geochemical data from nine different types of Au, Sb, and W deposits and conducting plotting analysis, it was observed that orogenic deposits exhibit relatively balanced Ti, Al, and Ge concentrations, with a relative enrichment of Ge. Epithermal deposits show higher Ti concentrations but lower Al and Ge, with most data points concentrated in the high Ti range. In contrast, porphyry deposits are characterized by higher Al content and lower Ti and Ge. The ternary discrimination diagram of Ti, Al, and Ge effectively distinguishes the quartz characteristics of orogenic, epithermal, and porphyry-type deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100082"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143092038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100080
André Mbabi Bitchong , Glwadys Ngo Mandeng , Serge P. Koah Na Lebogo , Serge Alberto Bitjong , Soukaina Obad , Cecile Olive Mbesse , Simon Ngos III , Thierry Adatte
This study uses the lithofacies analysis, palynology and palynofacies, as well as bulk organic geochemical by Rock-Eval analysis, and mineralogical analysis to date and assess the hydrocarbon potential, maturity, and depositional environment characteristics of the strata from the Bonalea area in the northern part of the Douala sub-basin. The sediments are palynomorph-poor silts/sandstones, with key palynomorph species (e.g., Longapertites sp., Cyathidites sp., Laevigatosporites sp., Echitriporites trianguliformis, Retitriporites sp., Monocolpopollenites sp. and Psilatriletes sp.) indicative of the Paleocene-Eocene N'kapa Formation. These materials exhibit weak to moderate compaction and are distinguished by the predominance of detrital minerals such as quartz, kaolinite, smectite, and illite, as well as the initial phase of chloritization of illite and weak thermal alteration index (TAI) values, indicating the thermal immaturity of the deposits. The present-day high total organic carbon (TOC) contents (3.79–13.20 %), associated with high hydrogen index (HI: 594–796 mg HC/g TOC), S1 (1.91–24.23 mg HC/g rock) and production index (PI: 0.07–0.24) values, as well as low Tmax values and the existence of significant S1 peaks and asymmetric S2 peaks, reveal natural contamination of these deposits by migrated oils. These oils impregnate the rocks, resulting in stains with jellified aspect that may be misinterpreted as amorphous organic matter (AOM), leading to incorrect interpretations. Based on the combination of silty-sandy characters of the deposits, relative abundance of phytoclasts and presence of Botryococcus braunii, the paleodepositional environment appears to be a proximal continental shelf environment in which deposition would have occurred following the channel-bank collapse under well-oxygenated conditions, with slumped bank materials transitioning from landslip masses to sediment-gravity flows. Therefore, the Bonalea deposits, which are affected by the movement of oils from external sources and have the potential to be a full reservoir, could be a promising option for future petroleum exploration in the Douala sub-basin.
{"title":"Age, depositional environment, and hydrocarbon potential of the Bonalea strata in the northern Douala basin, SW Cameroon: An integrated organic and mineralogical approach","authors":"André Mbabi Bitchong , Glwadys Ngo Mandeng , Serge P. Koah Na Lebogo , Serge Alberto Bitjong , Soukaina Obad , Cecile Olive Mbesse , Simon Ngos III , Thierry Adatte","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study uses the lithofacies analysis, palynology and palynofacies, as well as bulk organic geochemical by Rock-Eval analysis, and mineralogical analysis to date and assess the hydrocarbon potential, maturity, and depositional environment characteristics of the strata from the Bonalea area in the northern part of the Douala sub-basin. The sediments are palynomorph-poor silts/sandstones, with key palynomorph species (e.g., <em>Longapertites</em> sp., <em>Cyathidites</em> sp., <em>Laevigatosporites</em> sp., <em>Echitriporites trianguliformis, Retitriporites</em> sp., <em>Monocolpopollenites</em> sp. and <em>Psilatriletes</em> sp.) indicative of the Paleocene-Eocene N'kapa Formation. These materials exhibit weak to moderate compaction and are distinguished by the predominance of detrital minerals such as quartz, kaolinite, smectite, and illite, as well as the initial phase of chloritization of illite and weak thermal alteration index (TAI) values, indicating the thermal immaturity of the deposits. The present-day high total organic carbon (TOC) contents (3.79–13.20 %), associated with high hydrogen index (HI: 594–796 mg HC/g TOC), S1 (1.91–24.23 mg HC/g rock) and production index (PI: 0.07–0.24) values, as well as low Tmax values and the existence of significant S1 peaks and asymmetric S2 peaks, reveal natural contamination of these deposits by migrated oils. These oils impregnate the rocks, resulting in stains with jellified aspect that may be misinterpreted as amorphous organic matter (AOM), leading to incorrect interpretations. Based on the combination of silty-sandy characters of the deposits, relative abundance of phytoclasts and presence of <em>Botryococcus braunii</em>, the paleodepositional environment appears to be a proximal continental shelf environment in which deposition would have occurred following the channel-bank collapse under well-oxygenated conditions, with slumped bank materials transitioning from landslip masses to sediment-gravity flows. Therefore, the Bonalea deposits, which are affected by the movement of oils from external sources and have the potential to be a full reservoir, could be a promising option for future petroleum exploration in the Douala sub-basin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100080"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100081
Jie Li , Tianhui Bai , Wenxuan Hu , Meiyun Wang , Lei Liao , Zhifeng Xun , Zexin Wang , Hao Song
Thorium, a naturally occurring radioactive element, is widely distributed across diverse geological environments. As a typical lithophilic element, thorium exhibits strong affinity towards oxygen, readily integrating into silicate melts, primarily concentrating in the lithosphere. During the magmatic phase, thorium's geochemical behavior is akin to that of U, Ce, and Zr, and as an incompatible element, it remains in the residual melts of the latter stages of magmatic evolution. Thorium is enriched in acidic, pegmatitic, and alkaline rocks, leading to the formation of thorium-bearing phosphate minerals such as monazite. Alkaline carbonatitic fluids are capable of enriching rare earth elements and thorium, closely associating thorium deposits with igneous carbonatites. In surface processes, thorium's geochemical properties are relatively inert, allowing it to be preserved within the stable lattice of thorium-bearing minerals and form placer deposits. Globally, thorium resources are primarily found in carbonatite rocks, placer, and vein deposits, with monazite being one of the main sources. According to a report jointly published by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Energy Agency, the global thorium resources currently exceed 6.3 million tons, predominantly distributed in countries like India, Brazil, Australia, and the United States. The mineralization period of thorium is mainly concentrated in the Precambrian and Mesozoic, followed by the Paleozoic and Cenozoic. In China, thorium resources are relatively abundant, mostly associated with rare earth element deposits, yet their utilization rate remains low due to factors such as sorting technology. Thorium is a vital raw material in the space technology industry and a significant future nuclear fuel; thus, rational development and strategic protection of thorium resources should be strengthened, along with appropriate strategic reserves.
{"title":"Geochemical properties and mineralization of thorium","authors":"Jie Li , Tianhui Bai , Wenxuan Hu , Meiyun Wang , Lei Liao , Zhifeng Xun , Zexin Wang , Hao Song","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thorium, a naturally occurring radioactive element, is widely distributed across diverse geological environments. As a typical lithophilic element, thorium exhibits strong affinity towards oxygen, readily integrating into silicate melts, primarily concentrating in the lithosphere. During the magmatic phase, thorium's geochemical behavior is akin to that of U, Ce, and Zr, and as an incompatible element, it remains in the residual melts of the latter stages of magmatic evolution. Thorium is enriched in acidic, pegmatitic, and alkaline rocks, leading to the formation of thorium-bearing phosphate minerals such as monazite. Alkaline carbonatitic fluids are capable of enriching rare earth elements and thorium, closely associating thorium deposits with igneous carbonatites. In surface processes, thorium's geochemical properties are relatively inert, allowing it to be preserved within the stable lattice of thorium-bearing minerals and form placer deposits. Globally, thorium resources are primarily found in carbonatite rocks, placer, and vein deposits, with monazite being one of the main sources. According to a report jointly published by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Energy Agency, the global thorium resources currently exceed 6.3 million tons, predominantly distributed in countries like India, Brazil, Australia, and the United States. The mineralization period of thorium is mainly concentrated in the Precambrian and Mesozoic, followed by the Paleozoic and Cenozoic. In China, thorium resources are relatively abundant, mostly associated with rare earth element deposits, yet their utilization rate remains low due to factors such as sorting technology. Thorium is a vital raw material in the space technology industry and a significant future nuclear fuel; thus, rational development and strategic protection of thorium resources should be strengthened, along with appropriate strategic reserves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143092026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-28DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100079
Li Na , Wang Zi'ang , Liu Gang , Wang Guozhi , Huang Sheng , Liu Jinlong , Jing Yang , Chen Haixia
Carbonate cements characterization and reservoir genesis mechanism are the key geological issues constraining the current deep oil and gas exploration. The relationship between carbonate cementation and oil and gas filling time can affect reservoir reserves. In this paper, the tight and non-tight sandstone reservoirs of the Middle Jurassic in Fukang Sag of Junggar Basin are taken as the research object. The petrology, sedimentary microfacies, diagenesis, porosity and carbonate cements of tight and non-tight reservoirs are compared by means of casting thin sections, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and carbon and oxygen isotopes. The research shows that the tight reservoirs and non-tight reservoirs of deep sandstone in Fukang sag are similar in rock type and sedimentary microfacies, they are all feldspar lithic sandstone. The reservoirs are mainly developed in underwater distributary channels and estuary sand dams. There are obvious differences in the strength of compaction and pore types. Although they all contain carbonate cements, their genesis and formation time are obviously different. The results show that the carbonate cements in the non-tight sandstone reservoirs of the Toutunhe Formation are mainly of Microbial sulfate reduction (BSR) origin, which are formed in the process of reservoir failure. The formation of carbonate mineral cements in tight sandstone reservoirs of the Badaowan Formation and Sangonghe Formation is mainly related to the decarboxylation of organic acids, which are mainly formed in the process of hydrocarbon accumulation. The research in this paper can provide theoretical guidance for exploration and development in the future of the 4th Block of central Junggar Basin and similar research areas.
{"title":"Study on the genesis of carbonate cements in tight and non-tight sandstone reservoirs in Fukang Sag","authors":"Li Na , Wang Zi'ang , Liu Gang , Wang Guozhi , Huang Sheng , Liu Jinlong , Jing Yang , Chen Haixia","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonate cements characterization and reservoir genesis mechanism are the key geological issues constraining the current deep oil and gas exploration. The relationship between carbonate cementation and oil and gas filling time can affect reservoir reserves. In this paper, the tight and non-tight sandstone reservoirs of the Middle Jurassic in Fukang Sag of Junggar Basin are taken as the research object. The petrology, sedimentary microfacies, diagenesis, porosity and carbonate cements of tight and non-tight reservoirs are compared by means of casting thin sections, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and carbon and oxygen isotopes. The research shows that the tight reservoirs and non-tight reservoirs of deep sandstone in Fukang sag are similar in rock type and sedimentary microfacies, they are all feldspar lithic sandstone. The reservoirs are mainly developed in underwater distributary channels and estuary sand dams. There are obvious differences in the strength of compaction and pore types. Although they all contain carbonate cements, their genesis and formation time are obviously different. The results show that the carbonate cements in the non-tight sandstone reservoirs of the Toutunhe Formation are mainly of Microbial sulfate reduction (BSR) origin, which are formed in the process of reservoir failure. The formation of carbonate mineral cements in tight sandstone reservoirs of the Badaowan Formation and Sangonghe Formation is mainly related to the decarboxylation of organic acids, which are mainly formed in the process of hydrocarbon accumulation. The research in this paper can provide theoretical guidance for exploration and development in the future of the 4th Block of central Junggar Basin and similar research areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100079"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100078
Yuanyuan Tian , Changhui Yan , Hong Cheng , Jing Xue , Xindan Zhou
Determining the production performance of fracture-cave carbonate reservoirs is difficult because of the heterogeneous properties of these reservoirs and various production performance levels. Also, data series such as formation pressure and conductivity of fractures are hard to obtain. Thus, common methods, such as the IPR (inflow performance relationship) and water flooding curves, are often ineffective for analyzing of carbonate reservoirs. We propose a new method to analyze the production performance of fracture-cave carbonate reservoirs based on a fracture-cave model delineated by well log and seismic interpretation data, referred to as, the production indication curve. In essence, the production indication curve represents the relationship between flowing bottomhole pressure and accumulated liquid rate, and recoverable reserves can be estimated via the equation of the production indication curve. And it was validated by experiment method which revealed that recoverable reserves calculated by production indication equation was credible. With the production indication curve, recoverable reserve of typical well was estimated, and the results revealed that the proposed production indication curve technique is a dependable method for the characterization of the production performance of fracture-cave carbonate reservoirs.
{"title":"Production indication curve of fracture-cave units in carbonate reservoirs","authors":"Yuanyuan Tian , Changhui Yan , Hong Cheng , Jing Xue , Xindan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Determining the production performance of fracture-cave carbonate reservoirs is difficult because of the heterogeneous properties of these reservoirs and various production performance levels. Also, data series such as formation pressure and conductivity of fractures are hard to obtain. Thus, common methods, such as the IPR (inflow performance relationship) and water flooding curves, are often ineffective for analyzing of carbonate reservoirs. We propose a new method to analyze the production performance of fracture-cave carbonate reservoirs based on a fracture-cave model delineated by well log and seismic interpretation data, referred to as, the production indication curve. In essence, the production indication curve represents the relationship between flowing bottomhole pressure and accumulated liquid rate, and recoverable reserves can be estimated via the equation of the production indication curve. And it was validated by experiment method which revealed that recoverable reserves calculated by production indication equation was credible. With the production indication curve, recoverable reserve of typical well was estimated, and the results revealed that the proposed production indication curve technique is a dependable method for the characterization of the production performance of fracture-cave carbonate reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100078"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The degradation of environmental quality due to pollution is a pressing concern worldwide, particularly in areas that have been abandoned after mining activities. One significant aspect of this degradation is the contamination of soil and water resources by Metallic Trace Elements (MTE). These elements, originating from mining operations, pose serious environmental and human health risks, necessitating urgent attention and remediation efforts. Understanding the characteristics and extent of MTE contamination in abandoned mining areas is crucial for effective environmental management and sustainable development. In this context, this study aims to investigate the patterns, distribution, and impacts of MTE contamination in soil and water resources within Kettara abandoned mining areas (Morocco), offering insights into potential mitigation strategies and policy interventions to address this critical environmental issue. Stream and groundwater samples were collected in the Kettara region where the abandoned tailings constitute with Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), the principal source of this contamination. Stream samples were collected in 2018 at fourteen points near sixteen hydrogeological wells and situated at different distance from the pollution source.
This study addresses an environmental concern, focusing on the dispersion of MTE such as Arsenic, Zinc, and Nickel in both streams and groundwater. Through geochemical analysis, it is revealed that Arsenic is particularly prevalent, with higher concentrations detected in streams, especially those proximate to mining waste sites. The main sampling water near the abandoned mine shows several anomalies (As, Ni and Zn). The higher As concentration in the stream samples E1 and E2 with 179.55 and 96.63 ppm and near the mine wastes. The concentration of As is also higer in the water samples especially in the hydrogeological well P21 and P2 with 9.665 and 7.798 ppm.
The presence of MTE in groundwater is linked to various factors, including the direction of flow (vertical or lateral) from soil to groundwater and the hydraulic conditions (presence of the drainage axis that is materialized by the convergence of the groundwater flow from the upstream to the downstream, generally from the hydrogeological wells P1 to P23). The hydraulic relationship between streams and groundwater, hydrogeological properties such as aquifer porpermeability (vertical scale 2.5 × 10–14 to 1.31 × 10–12 m/s and horizontal scale 9 × 10–14 to 0.37 × 10–9 m/s) and transmissivity (about 10−2 m2/s), and the configuration of the piezometric geometry (including the presence of drainage axes and divisional boundaries within the Ketarra groundwater) are factors that contribute to the mobility and distribution of MTE within the water resources of the Kettara basin.
{"title":"Geochemical assessment and transfer of potential effects of metallic trace elements around abandoned mining sites in Kettara region (Morocco)","authors":"Lahcen Zouhri , Khalid El Amari , Mohamed Hibti , Abdelfattah Benkaddour , Adel Zghibi","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The degradation of environmental quality due to pollution is a pressing concern worldwide, particularly in areas that have been abandoned after mining activities. One significant aspect of this degradation is the contamination of soil and water resources by Metallic Trace Elements (MTE). These elements, originating from mining operations, pose serious environmental and human health risks, necessitating urgent attention and remediation efforts. Understanding the characteristics and extent of MTE contamination in abandoned mining areas is crucial for effective environmental management and sustainable development. In this context, this study aims to investigate the patterns, distribution, and impacts of MTE contamination in soil and water resources within Kettara abandoned mining areas (Morocco), offering insights into potential mitigation strategies and policy interventions to address this critical environmental issue. Stream and groundwater samples were collected in the Kettara region where the abandoned tailings constitute with Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), the principal source of this contamination. Stream samples were collected in 2018 at fourteen points near sixteen hydrogeological wells and situated at different distance from the pollution source.</div><div>This study addresses an environmental concern, focusing on the dispersion of MTE such as Arsenic, Zinc, and Nickel in both streams and groundwater. Through geochemical analysis, it is revealed that Arsenic is particularly prevalent, with higher concentrations detected in streams, especially those proximate to mining waste sites. The main sampling water near the abandoned mine shows several anomalies (As, Ni and Zn). The higher As concentration in the stream samples E1 and E2 with 179.55 and 96.63 ppm and near the mine wastes. The concentration of As is also higer in the water samples especially in the hydrogeological well P21 and P2 with 9.665 and 7.798 ppm.</div><div>The presence of MTE in groundwater is linked to various factors, including the direction of flow (vertical or lateral) from soil to groundwater and the hydraulic conditions (presence of the drainage axis that is materialized by the convergence of the groundwater flow from the upstream to the downstream, generally from the hydrogeological wells P1 to P23). The hydraulic relationship between streams and groundwater, hydrogeological properties such as aquifer porpermeability (vertical scale 2.5 × 10<sup>–14</sup> to 1.31 × 10<sup>–12</sup> m/s and horizontal scale 9 × 10<sup>–14</sup> to 0.37 × 10<sup>–9</sup> m/s) and transmissivity (about 10<sup>−2</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s), and the configuration of the piezometric geometry (including the presence of drainage axes and divisional boundaries within the Ketarra groundwater) are factors that contribute to the mobility and distribution of MTE within the water resources of the Kettara basin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143092025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100075
Wenneng Zhao , Mingshi Feng , Yanyu Gao , Ying Fu , Wanbin Meng , Siyuan Fan , Yi Lan , Bing Zhang
Several methods, such as field-emission environmental scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption, high-pressure mercury injection tests, focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM), and high-magnification and large-scale quantitative analytical methods involving argon ion polishing-FE-SEM, have been carried out on lacustrine fine-grained mixed sedimentary reservoirs of the upper fourth-lower third members of the Shahejie Formation in the Jiyang Depression, with the aim of clarifying their microstructural characteristics. Five types of reservoir spaces of fine-grained mixed sedimentary reservoirs were recognized in this study, including intergranular, dissolution, intercrystalline and intracrystalline pores, and fractures. The favorable reservoir spaces are pores with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 300 nm, which are dominated by intergranular pores, grain edge seams, and dissolution pores. The high-pressure mercury injection curves can be divided into three types. Types I and II, with good pore structures, occur mainly in mudstone and dolomite facies, whereas type III, with poor pore structures, is present in limestone facies. The low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption showed that the adsorption volume of dolomite facies is the highest, and the pore morphologies are plate-like. The adsorption amount of mudstone facies is higher than limestone facies, and the pore morphologies are dominated by ink bottle-shaped and parallel plate-like. FIB-SEM analyses reveal that the samples display moderate connectivity. These findings suggest that the different types of lithologic reservoirs of fine-grained mixed sedimentary rocks in the Jiyang Depression have different microstructures, with the argillaceous dolomite, calcareous mudstone, calciferous mudstone, and argillaceous limestone changing gradually from good to poor.
{"title":"Comprehensive characterization of micro-pore structures in different lithologies of the lacustrine fine-grained mixed sedimentary reservoir of the Shahejie Formation in the Jiyang Depression","authors":"Wenneng Zhao , Mingshi Feng , Yanyu Gao , Ying Fu , Wanbin Meng , Siyuan Fan , Yi Lan , Bing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several methods, such as field-emission environmental scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption, high-pressure mercury injection tests, focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM), and high-magnification and large-scale quantitative analytical methods involving argon ion polishing-FE-SEM, have been carried out on lacustrine fine-grained mixed sedimentary reservoirs of the upper fourth-lower third members of the Shahejie Formation in the Jiyang Depression, with the aim of clarifying their microstructural characteristics. Five types of reservoir spaces of fine-grained mixed sedimentary reservoirs were recognized in this study, including intergranular, dissolution, intercrystalline and intracrystalline pores, and fractures. The favorable reservoir spaces are pores with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 300 nm, which are dominated by intergranular pores, grain edge seams, and dissolution pores. The high-pressure mercury injection curves can be divided into three types. Types I and II, with good pore structures, occur mainly in mudstone and dolomite facies, whereas type III, with poor pore structures, is present in limestone facies. The low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption showed that the adsorption volume of dolomite facies is the highest, and the pore morphologies are plate-like. The adsorption amount of mudstone facies is higher than limestone facies, and the pore morphologies are dominated by ink bottle-shaped and parallel plate-like. FIB-SEM analyses reveal that the samples display moderate connectivity. These findings suggest that the different types of lithologic reservoirs of fine-grained mixed sedimentary rocks in the Jiyang Depression have different microstructures, with the argillaceous dolomite, calcareous mudstone, calciferous mudstone, and argillaceous limestone changing gradually from good to poor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2023.100037
Precision in uncovering the seismic source mechanism and conducting a thorough monitoring of deformation characteristics resulting from surface rupture is of paramount importance for geological comprehension, disaster management, and emergency response. This study employs both ascending and descending orbit Sentinel-1 data to capture the horizontal and vertical deformation traits of the Ms6.9 earthquake in Menyuan, Qinghai, on January 8, 2022, consequently exposing its seismogenic structure. The research outcomes suggest: the Menyuan earthquake generated an elliptical deformation zone measuring 30 × 20 km, with the maximum line-of-sight seismic displacement reaching 6.8 cm. And then, the vertical deformation field exhibited a range between -0.28 m and 0.42 m, while the horizontal deformation field ranged from -0.89 m to 0.94 m. This indicates that the earthquake's deformation is primarily oriented in the east-west direction. The left plate exhibited an upward trend with a NWW orientation, while the right plate displayed a downward trend with a SEE orientation, suggesting that the Menyuan earthquake can be classified as a "NWW-SEE" type. Furthermore, the seismic epicenter of this earthquake was predominantly concentrated in the western segment of the Lenglongling Fault. Two powerful earthquakes sequentially struck along this fault zone, intensifying the imperative for seismic geological research in the region. Additionally, this instance can serve as a benchmark for monitoring deformations and elucidating the seismic source mechanism in earthquakes with comparable seismogenic structures.
{"title":"Extract and analysis of surface deformation caused by Mengyuan earthquake in Qinghai using ascending and descending tracks D-InSAR technology","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2023.100037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2023.100037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>Precision in uncovering the seismic source mechanism and conducting a thorough monitoring of deformation characteristics resulting from surface rupture is of paramount importance for geological comprehension, disaster management, and emergency response. This study employs both ascending and descending orbit Sentinel-1 data to capture the horizontal and vertical deformation traits of the Ms6.9 earthquake in Menyuan, Qinghai, on January 8, 2022, consequently exposing its seismogenic structure. The research outcomes suggest: the Menyuan earthquake generated an elliptical deformation zone measuring 30 × 20 km, with the maximum line-of-sight seismic displacement reaching 6.8 cm. And then, the vertical deformation field exhibited a range between -0.28 m and 0.42 m, while the horizontal deformation field ranged from -0.89 m to 0.94 m. This indicates that the earthquake's deformation is primarily oriented in the east-west direction. The left plate exhibited an upward trend with a NWW orientation, while the right plate displayed a downward trend with a SEE orientation, suggesting that the Menyuan earthquake can be classified as a \"NWW-SEE\" type. Furthermore, the seismic </span>epicenter of this earthquake was predominantly concentrated in the western segment of the Lenglongling Fault. Two powerful earthquakes sequentially struck along this fault zone, intensifying the imperative for seismic geological research in the region. Additionally, this instance can serve as a benchmark for monitoring deformations and elucidating the seismic source mechanism in earthquakes with comparable seismogenic structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100037"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138987100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2023.100036
<div><div>The Mesoarchean Westrand Group (2932 – 2923 Ma) constitutes the lower portion of the Witwatersrand Supergroup. Compared to the overlying Central Rand Group which is well known for its world-class conglomerate-hosted gold-uranium deposits, the economic potential of palaeoplacers in the Westrand Group has not been fully explored. This study aims to assess the uranium potential of the Promise Reefs in the Westrand Group. Field exposures of the Promise Reefs and boreholes drilled down-dip from the surface outcrops were investigated in the Westrand area. Three reef zones were recognized consisting of well-mineralized, matrix-to clast-supported, small pebble conglomerates with associated medium- to coarse-grained quartzite.</div><div><span><span>Radioactive minerals found in the conglomerates comprise leucoxene, brannerite, carbon nodules, </span>monazite, </span>allanite<span>, thorite, and uraninite.</span></div><div>Analyses of U and Th from borehole samples reported mean values of 120 ppm for U and 60 ppm for Th. Maximum U and Th concentrations are 630 ppm and 125 ppm, respectively. The highest U/Th ratio was 17.4 with a mean value of 2. The conglomerates from surface outcrops have maximum U and Th concentrations of 111 ppm and 140 ppm, respectively, with a mean U value of 19.5 ppm and a mean Th value of 26.6 ppm, and a mean U/Th ratio of 0.6. Comparison of the data shows that surface outcrops generally report lower U concentrations than their unweathered equivalents.</div><div><span>Also, U assays by γ-spectrometry and INAA of the same samples from surface outcrops yielded inconsistent results. As U exploration by field γ-spectrometry relies on the existence of </span><sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U equilibrium and because of the U depletion in the surface samples, further investigations using α-spectrometry and Pb-isotope analyses were employed.</div><div>The results obtained from α-spectrometry point to complex U redistribution processes in the surface conglomerate with several stages of uranium loss and/or gain. The bulk of the U was removed during an early stage of surface exposure and supergene alteration, probably more than 1.4 Ma ago.</div><div>The estimation of the original pre-weathering U concentration in the surface conglomerates is based on the measured Pb-isotope ratios <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb, <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb, and <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb and the Pb and Th concentrations. The data were inserted into U-Th-Pb age equations which were reformulated and solved for the U concentrations. To test the method, for a suite of borehole samples the same treatment was applied. The calculated fresh-rock U tenor indicates the occurrence of supergene uranium losses which are of the same magnitude as the U losses caused by experimental leaching of fresh conglomerate samples. The high amount of radiogenic Pb found in the surface samples points to severe uranium losses earlier than 100 Ma ago.</div><div>The
{"title":"Uranium distribution in the promise reefs of the Mesoarchean Westrand Group, Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2023.100036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2023.100036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Mesoarchean Westrand Group (2932 – 2923 Ma) constitutes the lower portion of the Witwatersrand Supergroup. Compared to the overlying Central Rand Group which is well known for its world-class conglomerate-hosted gold-uranium deposits, the economic potential of palaeoplacers in the Westrand Group has not been fully explored. This study aims to assess the uranium potential of the Promise Reefs in the Westrand Group. Field exposures of the Promise Reefs and boreholes drilled down-dip from the surface outcrops were investigated in the Westrand area. Three reef zones were recognized consisting of well-mineralized, matrix-to clast-supported, small pebble conglomerates with associated medium- to coarse-grained quartzite.</div><div><span><span>Radioactive minerals found in the conglomerates comprise leucoxene, brannerite, carbon nodules, </span>monazite, </span>allanite<span>, thorite, and uraninite.</span></div><div>Analyses of U and Th from borehole samples reported mean values of 120 ppm for U and 60 ppm for Th. Maximum U and Th concentrations are 630 ppm and 125 ppm, respectively. The highest U/Th ratio was 17.4 with a mean value of 2. The conglomerates from surface outcrops have maximum U and Th concentrations of 111 ppm and 140 ppm, respectively, with a mean U value of 19.5 ppm and a mean Th value of 26.6 ppm, and a mean U/Th ratio of 0.6. Comparison of the data shows that surface outcrops generally report lower U concentrations than their unweathered equivalents.</div><div><span>Also, U assays by γ-spectrometry and INAA of the same samples from surface outcrops yielded inconsistent results. As U exploration by field γ-spectrometry relies on the existence of </span><sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U equilibrium and because of the U depletion in the surface samples, further investigations using α-spectrometry and Pb-isotope analyses were employed.</div><div>The results obtained from α-spectrometry point to complex U redistribution processes in the surface conglomerate with several stages of uranium loss and/or gain. The bulk of the U was removed during an early stage of surface exposure and supergene alteration, probably more than 1.4 Ma ago.</div><div>The estimation of the original pre-weathering U concentration in the surface conglomerates is based on the measured Pb-isotope ratios <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb, <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb, and <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb and the Pb and Th concentrations. The data were inserted into U-Th-Pb age equations which were reformulated and solved for the U concentrations. To test the method, for a suite of borehole samples the same treatment was applied. The calculated fresh-rock U tenor indicates the occurrence of supergene uranium losses which are of the same magnitude as the U losses caused by experimental leaching of fresh conglomerate samples. The high amount of radiogenic Pb found in the surface samples points to severe uranium losses earlier than 100 Ma ago.</div><div>The","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100036"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138992767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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