Ore and Energy Resource Geology最新文献_第5页

Hyperspectral inversion of rare earth element concentration based on SPA-PLSR model 基于SPA-PLSR模型的稀土元素浓度高光谱反演

Ore and Energy Resource Geology

Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100086

Dan Ke , Wenkai Wang , Huan Mo , Fawang Ye , Wei Chen , Wanming Zhang , Sirui Wang

Quantitative study of the relationship between the hyperspectral characteristics of carbonatite rare earth elements and their chemical concentration is of great significance for detecting carbonatite rare earth resources using remote sensing hyperspectral technology. Due to the high resolution and large number of bands in hyperspectral data, it is crucial to effectively extract characteristic spectral bands with a high correlation with rare earth element concentration for estimating rare earth element concentration based on hyperspectral data.Thirty-three samples of rare earth ore were collected from the Maoniuping rare earth ore district, and indoor hyperspectral measurements were conducted using SVC HR1024I ground-based spectrometer. The Cerium(Ce) element concentration was chemically analyzed by ICP-MS. To improve the accuracy of the spectral inversion model and minimize the interference of stray light, noise, baseline drift, etc., the original spectral data were resampled at intervals of 10 nm first, and then the resampled results were subjected to first-order derivative (FD), Savitzky-Golay smoothing filtering(SG), standard normal variate transformation(SNV), multivariate scattering correction (MSC), and first-order derivative followed by SG filtering(FD_SG) transformations. Based on the successive projection algorithm (SPA), only five to nine selected characteristic bands out of 216 bands ranging from 350 nm to 2500 nm were extracted, reducing the band number by 95.8% to 97.7%, greatly reducing the redundancy of the spectrum. The partial least square regression (PLSR) model constructed based on the characteristic bands selected by SPA and the measured Ce element concentration showed that the determination coefficient(R²) and root mean square error(RMSE) of the modeling set were 0.88 and 363 × 10^–6, respectively, while those of the prediction set were 0.87 and 503 × 10^–6, respectively, indicating good stability and high precision of the model, which can be used as an estimation model for the Ce element concentration in the Maoniuping rare earth ore district.

定量研究碳酸盐岩稀土元素的高光谱特征与其化学浓度之间的关系，对利用遥感高光谱技术探测碳酸盐岩稀土资源具有重要意义。由于高光谱数据分辨率高、波段多，有效提取与稀土元素浓度相关性高的特征光谱波段是基于高光谱数据估算稀土元素浓度的关键。利用SVC HR1024I地基光谱仪采集了毛牛坪稀土矿区33个稀土矿样品，进行了室内高光谱测量。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）分析了样品中铈元素的浓度。为了提高光谱反演模型的精度，减少杂散光、噪声、基线漂移等干扰，首先以10 nm为间隔对原始光谱数据进行重采样，然后对重采样结果进行一阶导数（FD）、Savitzky-Golay平滑滤波（SG）、标准正态变量变换（SNV）、多变量散射校正（MSC）和一阶导数后SG滤波（FD_SG）变换。基于逐次投影算法（SPA），在350 ~ 2500 nm范围内的216个波段中，只提取了5 ~ 9个选定的特征波段，将波段数减少了95.8% ~ 97.7%，大大降低了光谱的冗余度。基于SPA选择的特征波段和实测Ce元素浓度构建的偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）模型表明，建模集的决定系数（R2）和均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.88和363 × 10-6，预测集的决定系数（R2）和均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.87和503 × 10-6，表明模型稳定性好，精度高。可作为毛牛坪稀土矿区Ce元素含量的估算模型。

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引用次数: 0

The Yalguaraz prospect: a porphyry copper-type deposit related to the gondwanic magmatism in the Andes of Argentina Yalguaraz远景：与阿根廷安第斯山脉冈瓦尼岩浆作用有关的斑岩型铜矿床

Ore and Energy Resource Geology

Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100084

María Gabriela Torres , Nora A. Rubinstein , Anabel L.R. Gómez , María Celeste D'Annunzio

The Yalguaraz gondwanic porphyry-type deposit is located at the eastern margin of the Frontal Cordillera in the Andes of Argentina. In this deposit, two alteration-mineralization stages (early and late) were recognized. The early stage is linked to the intrusion of a dacitic porphyry that produced pervasive potassic alteration (biotite - K–feldspar - quartz - andalusite) along with EB, A, and B veins. Mineralization occurs mainly disseminated in the dacitic porphyry and minor in A and B veins and consists of pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and minor molybdenite. The late stage led to pervasive phyllic alteration (sericite + quartz + pyrite ± chlorite ± rutile ± chalcopyrite) along d-type veinlets and subsequent tourmalinization. The presence of hypogenic pyrrhotite and the scarce magnetite could indicate that it would be genetically associated with reducing magmas although the lack of ilmenite series oxides in the precursor magmatic rocks suggest that the reducing character of the mineralizing magmas was acquired during the magma evolution. δ¹⁸O and the Pb isotopic composition of the mineralizing magma confirm continental crust assimilation processes in its genesis whereas whole rock geochemistry suggests the involvement of marine sediment which would support the change in the redox conditions of the magma precursor of the porphyry-type mineralization.

Yalguaraz冈瓦尼斑岩型矿床位于阿根廷安第斯山脉前缘科迪勒拉东部边缘。矿床分早、晚两个蚀变成矿阶段。早期与英质斑岩的侵入有关，该斑岩产生了普遍的钾蚀变（黑云母-钾长石-石英-红柱石）以及EB、a和B脉。成矿主要浸染在英白质斑岩中，少量在A脉和B脉中，由磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿和少量辉钼矿组成。晚期沿d型细脉发生普遍的层状蚀变（绢云母+石英+黄铁矿±绿泥石±金红石±黄铜矿），继而发生电气石化。前体岩浆岩中钛铁矿系列氧化物的缺乏说明成矿岩浆的还原性是在岩浆演化过程中获得的，而低成核磁黄铁矿的存在和磁铁矿的缺乏则表明成矿岩浆的还原性与成因岩浆有关。成矿岩浆的δ18O和Pb同位素组成证实了成矿过程中大陆地壳的同化作用，而岩石整体地球化学特征表明海相沉积的参与，支持了斑岩型成矿岩浆前体氧化还原条件的变化。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization and identification of key process parameters for in-situ leaching of uranium in the Barun uranium deposit, China 巴润铀矿地浸铀关键工艺参数优化与辨识

Ore and Energy Resource Geology

Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100085

Peng Qiao , Yuanqing Fan , Shengqing Xiong , Liangquan Ge , Yixuan Yao , Ruyi Wang , Hao Song , Huijie Yu , Xiaoping Ren , Zengjie Gui

Ascertaining the optimal process parameters for in-situ leaching (ISL) of uranium is crucial for maximizing both uranium leaching rates and enhancing the production efficiency of uranium mining endeavors. Nevertheless, limited research has been conducted on the chemical composition of uranium ore within the Barun uranium deposit, with a notable absence of indoor leaching experiments and in-depth discussions pertaining to the ISL technology for uranium and the identification of optimal leaching parameters tailored to this specific deposit. Therefore, the present study focuses on the analysis of uranium ore from the Barun uranium deposit, utilizing X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and elemental chemical analysis. Furthermore, a series of experiments were conducted, encompassing acid consumption tests, acid concentration determination, and various oxidant leaching tests. The findings reveal that: (1) The uranium ore within the deposit is abundant in minerals that exhibit resistance to acid dissolution, notably quartz and silicates (with SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ contents reaching as high as 77.62 % and 15.65 %), whereas the content of minerals readily soluble under acidic conditions, such as carbonates, iron minerals, and sulfides, is relatively low (with the proportions of total carbon, total iron, and sulfur content being as low as 0.128 %, 0.881 %, and 0.26 %, respectively). The mineralogical attributes of this deposit suggest its suitability for the application of acid ISL. (2) During the acid leaching process of uranium ore, an optimal H₂SO₄ concentration of 5 g/L was observed to yield a superior uranium leaching rate of 78.76 %, accompanied by a reduced sulfuric acid consumption of 115.8 tons per ton of uranium extracted. Notably, the pH of the leaching solution remained largely unaffected by the oxidant utilized. Under the influence of 1.5 g/L of 30 % H₂O₂, the uranium leaching rate achieved its maximum value of 90.27 %, significantly outperforming other oxidant conditions. (3) The acid leaching methodology is a viable option for the ISL of uranium from the Barun deposit. It is advisable to employ a concentration of 5 g/L H₂SO₄ while maintaining the pH of the leaching solution below 2 for optimal performance. In response to the anticipated decrease in uranium concentration during the intermediate and later stages of the leaching process, the strategic addition of 1.5 g/L of 30 % H₂O₂ is recommended to facilitate the oxidative dissolution of tetravalent uranium minerals, thereby enhancing the overall leaching efficiency. This study offers significant insights and valuable references for future research on ISL of uranium in the Barun uranium deposit, as well as in other sandstone-hosted uranium deposits that possess comparable mineralogical characteristics.

确定铀矿原地浸出的最佳工艺参数，对提高铀矿开采的浸出率和生产效率至关重要。然而，对Barun铀矿床内铀矿石的化学成分进行了有限的研究，明显缺乏室内浸出实验和关于铀的ISL技术的深入讨论，以及确定适合该特定矿床的最佳浸出参数。因此，本研究的重点是利用x射线荧光光谱（XRF）和元素化学分析对Barun铀矿床的铀矿石进行分析。此外，还进行了一系列实验，包括酸消耗试验、酸浓度测定和各种氧化剂浸出试验。研究结果显示：(1)矿床内铀矿石中耐酸溶矿物丰富，以石英和硅酸盐为主（SiO2和Al2O3含量分别高达77.62%和15.65%），而酸性易溶矿物碳酸盐、铁矿物和硫化物含量相对较低（总碳、总铁和总硫含量分别低至0.128%、0.881%和0.26%）。该矿床的矿物学特征表明其适合于酸性ISL的应用。(2)在铀矿石酸浸过程中，H2SO4最佳浓度为5 g/L时，铀浸出率可达78.76%，每提取1吨铀可减少硫酸用量115.8 t。值得注意的是，浸出液的pH值在很大程度上不受所用氧化剂的影响。在30% H2O2浓度为1.5 g/L的条件下，铀浸出率达到最大值90.27%，明显优于其他氧化条件。(3)酸浸法是Barun矿床铀的ISL的可行选择。建议使用浓度为5 g/L的H2SO4，同时将浸出液的pH值保持在2以下，以获得最佳性能。针对浸出中后期铀浓度下降的预期，建议策略添加1.5 g/L 30% H2O2，促进四价铀矿物氧化溶解，从而提高整体浸出效率。该研究为今后研究巴润铀矿床的铀的ISL提供了重要的见解和有价值的参考，同时也为其他具有类似矿物学特征的砂岩型铀矿床的ISL提供了参考。

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引用次数: 0

Source rock appraisal of Taqrifat Shale-Mallegh formation and the origin of crude oils of Cyrenaica region, NE Libya 利比亚东北部昔兰尼加地区Taqrifat页岩- mallegh组烃源岩评价及原油来源

Ore and Energy Resource Geology

Pub Date : 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100083

Fares F. Fares, Farag M. El Oshebi

<div><div>The Cyrenaica consists of two main tectonic provinces that influence the area: the Cyrenaica Platform in the south and the Al Jabal Al Akhdar Uplift and Fold Belt in the north, and it is considered one of the smallest basins in Libya. The goal of this work is to attempt to correlate the geochemical characteristics of the source rocks with the samples of crude oils and infer their organic matter richness, thermal maturation, and depositional environment. The following four wells yielded samples of fifty-nine cutting samples of source rocks: nearly fifteen cutting samples from each well, Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152, whereas Taqrifat Shale in wells T1-41 and A1-46. Four crude oil samples were examined and subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) in this work: one sample of oil from each well, the Daryanah Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152, and the Antenlat Formation in wells A1-46 and T1-41. Rock-Eval pyrolysis and GC–MS were utilized with these materials to determine the specific type of organic matter, thermal maturation, and depositional environment. The relationship between TOC and S<sub>2</sub> showed the Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152 and Taqrifat Shale in well A1-46 had poor to fair organic matter, while the TOC of Taqrifat Shale in well T1-41 had good to excellent organic matter contents. TOC vs. S<sub>1</sub>+S<sub>2</sub> revealed the source rock of the Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152, and the source rock of the Taqrifat Shale Formation in well A1-46 was revealed as non-potential hydrocarbon, while the source rock of the Taqrifat Shale in well T1-41 showed potential hydrocarbon. TOC and S<sub>2</sub> were used to identify the kerogen types, the Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152 and Taqrifat Shale in well A1-46, represented by two types of kerogen (III and IV), while Taqrifat Shale in well T1-41 is represented by three types of kerogen (II/III, III, and IV). The ratio of CPI vs. Pr/Ph and Pr/Ph vs. C<sub>31</sub> 22S/(22S+22R) revealed that the oil samples from the Antenlat Formation in wells A1-46 and T1-41 and the oil sample from the Daryanah Formation in well B1-NC152 were deposited in a marine environment under oxidizing conditions, whereas the oil sample from the Daryanah Formation in well A1-NC120 was deposited in a marine environment under an anoxic condition. Based on the plot of Ph/n-C<sub>18</sub> vs. Pr/n-C<sub>17</sub> for the origin of organic matter in oil samples, the organic matter from the oil sample of the Daryanah Formation in well A1-NC120 was derived from algal marine type, and the oil samples from the Daryanah Formation in well B1-NC152 and the oil samples from the Antenlat Formation in wells T1-41 and A1-46 were derived from mixed organic matter (marine type and terrestrial type). According to organic matter type and thermal maturity level for the source rock samples and oil sample results, the source rock of the M

昔兰尼加由影响该地区的两个主要构造省组成：南部的昔兰尼加台地和北部的Al Jabal Al Akhdar隆起和褶皱带，它被认为是利比亚最小的盆地之一。本工作的目的是试图将烃源岩的地球化学特征与原油样品联系起来，推断其有机质丰度、热成熟度和沉积环境。接下来的4口井采集了59个烃源岩切割样品：A1-NC120井和B1-NC152井的Mallegh组每口井采集了近15个切割样品，而T1-41井和A1-46井采集了Taqrifat页岩。本研究采用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术对4个原油样品进行了检测，分别取自A1-NC120井和B1-NC152井的Daryanah地层以及A1-46井和T1-41井的Antenlat地层。通过岩石热解和气相色谱-质谱分析，确定了有机质的具体类型、热成熟度和沉积环境。TOC与S2的关系表明，A1-NC120井和B1-NC152井Mallegh组与A1-46井Taqrifat页岩有机质含量差至一般，而T1-41井Taqrifat页岩TOC有机质含量好至优异。TOC对比S1+S2显示A1-NC120井和B1-NC152井Mallegh组烃源岩为非潜在烃源岩，A1-46井塔里法特页岩烃源岩为潜在烃源岩，而T1-41井塔里法特页岩烃源岩为潜在烃源岩。TOC和S2被用来确定干酪根类型,Mallegh形成井A1-NC120 B1-NC152和Taqrifat页岩A1-46,由两种类型的干酪根(III和IV),而Taqrifat页岩T1-41是由三种类型的干酪根(II / III,三世,CPI / Pr/Ph、Pr/Ph / C31 22S/(22S+22R)比值表明A1-46、T1-41井Antenlat组油样与B1-NC152井Daryanah组油样为氧化沉积海相环境，而A1-NC120井Daryanah组油样为缺氧沉积海相环境。根据油样有机质来源Ph/n-C18与Pr/n-C17比值图，A1-NC120井达里亚纳组油样有机质来源为海藻海相型，B1-NC152井达里亚纳组油样、T1-41井和A1-46井Antenlat组油样为海相型和陆相型混合有机质来源。根据烃源岩样品有机质类型、热成熟度和油样结果，将B1-NC152井Mallegh组烃源岩与B1-NC152井Daryanah组油样（储层岩）进行了匹配对比；T1-41、A1-46井塔里法特页岩烃源岩与T1-41、A1-46井antenlatat组（储层岩）油样匹配较好，而A1-NC120井Mallegh组烃源岩与A1-NC120井Daryanah组（储层岩）油样不匹配，有机质来源存在差异。

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引用次数: 0

Trace element composition and significance of quartz and stibnite in the Woxi Au - Sb - W deposit, Hunan 湖南沃溪金锑矿床石英、辉锑矿微量元素组成及意义

Ore and Energy Resource Geology

Pub Date : 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100082

Jiankang Zhang, Yulong Yang, Qiang Wang, Huimin Zhang, Feilin Zhu

We present new mineralogical and chemical data on quartz and stibnite from the Woxi Au-Sb-W deposit in western Hunan. The aim is to elucidate the substitution mechanisms of trace elements and to estimate the ore-forming temperatures within the Woxi deposit. Furthermore, we explore the potential of using trace element compositions in quartz to differentiate between various types of mineral deposits. Based on field investigation and petrographic observation, the mineralization process of the Woxi deposit can be divided into three distinct stages: an early quartz-scheelite stage, a main quartz-sulfide-native gold stage, and a late quartz-carbonate stage. LA-ICP-MS analysis of quartz from different mineralization stages reveals distinct substitution mechanisms for trace elements. In the early-stage quartz, the primary substitution mechanism is (Al³⁺, As³⁺) + (Li⁺, Na⁺) → Si⁴⁺. In the main stage, the substitution mechanism is 2(Sb³⁺, As³⁺) + (Ba²⁺) → 2Si⁴⁺. For the late-stage quartz, the substitution follows the pattern 2(As³⁺, Sb³⁺) + (Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺) → 2Si⁴⁺. Stibnite occurs exclusively during the second stage, with Cu and Pb enrichment in stibnite facilitated by the substitution mechanism of Cu²⁺ + Pb²⁺ → Sb³⁺. The incorporation of As into stibnite is attributed to a substitution equation of Sb³⁺ ↔ As³⁺. Quartz crystallization temperatures inferred from Ti thermometry suggest that quartz crystallization temperatures across different stages to be relatively similar. The temperature obtained through the titanium-in-quartz thermometer likely reflects the crystallization temperature of quartz. Since quartz crystallizes at relatively higher temperatures, the calculated temperature is higher than that indicated by fluid inclusion thermometry. Additionally, by compiling geochemical data from nine different types of Au, Sb, and W deposits and conducting plotting analysis, it was observed that orogenic deposits exhibit relatively balanced Ti, Al, and Ge concentrations, with a relative enrichment of Ge. Epithermal deposits show higher Ti concentrations but lower Al and Ge, with most data points concentrated in the high Ti range. In contrast, porphyry deposits are characterized by higher Al content and lower Ti and Ge. The ternary discrimination diagram of Ti, Al, and Ge effectively distinguishes the quartz characteristics of orogenic, epithermal, and porphyry-type deposits.

本文报道了湘西沃溪金银钨矿床石英和辉锑矿的新的矿物学和化学资料。目的是阐明沃溪矿床内微量元素的取代机制，估算成矿温度。此外，我们还探讨了利用石英中微量元素组成来区分不同类型矿床的潜力。根据野外调查和岩石学观察，将沃溪矿床的成矿过程划分为早期石英白钨矿阶段、主石英硫化物原生金阶段和晚期石英碳酸盐阶段3个阶段。不同矿化阶段石英的LA-ICP-MS分析揭示了不同的微量元素取代机制。在早期石英中，主要的取代机制是（Al³+,As³+）+ (Li +, Na +)→Si +。在主阶段，取代机理为2(Sb³+,As³+)+ （Ba²+）→2Si⁴+。对于后期石英，取代遵循模式2(As³+,Sb³+)+ （Ba²+,Sr²+）→2Si⁴+。辉锑矿只在第二阶段发生，Cu 2 + Pb 2 +→Sb 3 +的取代机制促进了辉锑矿中Cu和Pb的富集。As在辉锑矿中的掺入可归因于Sb³⁺↔As³⁺的替代方程。石英结晶温度由钛测温推断，表明不同阶段的石英结晶温度相对相似。石英钛温度计测得的温度很可能反映了石英的结晶温度。由于石英在相对较高的温度下结晶，因此计算温度高于流体包裹体测温所显示的温度。此外，通过对9个不同类型Au、Sb、W矿床的地球化学数据进行整理和绘图分析，发现造山带矿床Ti、Al、Ge含量相对平衡，Ge相对富集。浅成热液中Ti含量较高，而Al和Ge含量较低，大部分数据点集中在高Ti范围内。斑岩矿床具有Al含量高、Ti、Ge含量低的特点。Ti、Al、Ge三元鉴别图有效区分了造山岩型、浅成热液型和斑岩型矿床的石英特征。

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引用次数: 0

Age, depositional environment, and hydrocarbon potential of the Bonalea strata in the northern Douala basin, SW Cameroon: An integrated organic and mineralogical approach 喀麦隆西南部Douala盆地北部Bonalea地层的年龄、沉积环境和油气潜力：有机和矿物学综合方法

Ore and Energy Resource Geology

Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100080

André Mbabi Bitchong , Glwadys Ngo Mandeng , Serge P. Koah Na Lebogo , Serge Alberto Bitjong , Soukaina Obad , Cecile Olive Mbesse , Simon Ngos III , Thierry Adatte

This study uses the lithofacies analysis, palynology and palynofacies, as well as bulk organic geochemical by Rock-Eval analysis, and mineralogical analysis to date and assess the hydrocarbon potential, maturity, and depositional environment characteristics of the strata from the Bonalea area in the northern part of the Douala sub-basin. The sediments are palynomorph-poor silts/sandstones, with key palynomorph species (e.g., Longapertites sp., Cyathidites sp., Laevigatosporites sp., Echitriporites trianguliformis, Retitriporites sp., Monocolpopollenites sp. and Psilatriletes sp.) indicative of the Paleocene-Eocene N'kapa Formation. These materials exhibit weak to moderate compaction and are distinguished by the predominance of detrital minerals such as quartz, kaolinite, smectite, and illite, as well as the initial phase of chloritization of illite and weak thermal alteration index (TAI) values, indicating the thermal immaturity of the deposits. The present-day high total organic carbon (TOC) contents (3.79–13.20 %), associated with high hydrogen index (HI: 594–796 mg HC/g TOC), S1 (1.91–24.23 mg HC/g rock) and production index (PI: 0.07–0.24) values, as well as low Tmax values and the existence of significant S1 peaks and asymmetric S2 peaks, reveal natural contamination of these deposits by migrated oils. These oils impregnate the rocks, resulting in stains with jellified aspect that may be misinterpreted as amorphous organic matter (AOM), leading to incorrect interpretations. Based on the combination of silty-sandy characters of the deposits, relative abundance of phytoclasts and presence of Botryococcus braunii, the paleodepositional environment appears to be a proximal continental shelf environment in which deposition would have occurred following the channel-bank collapse under well-oxygenated conditions, with slumped bank materials transitioning from landslip masses to sediment-gravity flows. Therefore, the Bonalea deposits, which are affected by the movement of oils from external sources and have the potential to be a full reservoir, could be a promising option for future petroleum exploration in the Douala sub-basin.

通过岩相分析、孢粉学和孢粉相分析，以及岩石- eval分析的整体有机地球化学和矿物学分析，对杜阿拉次盆地北部Bonalea地区地层的含烃潜力、成熟度和沉积环境特征进行了测年和评价。沉积物为低孢型粉砂质/砂岩，孢型主要物种为Longapertites sp.、Cyathidites sp.、Laevigatosporites sp.、Echitriporites trianguliformis、Retitriporites sp.、Monocolpopollenites sp.和Psilatriletes sp.，代表古新世-始新世N’kapa组。这些物质表现为弱至中等压实作用，以石英、高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石等碎屑矿物为主，伊利石的绿泥石化初始阶段和弱热蚀变指数（TAI）值为特征，表明矿床热不成熟。总有机碳（TOC）含量（3.79 ~ 13.20%）高，氢指数（HI: 594 ~ 796 mg HC/g TOC）、S1 （1.91 ~ 24.23 mg HC/g rock）和生产指数（PI: 0.07 ~ 0.24）值高，Tmax值低，S1峰明显，S2峰不对称，表明该矿床受运移油的自然污染。这些油浸渍在岩石中，形成具有凝胶状外观的污渍，可能被误解为无定形有机物（AOM），导致错误的解释。根据沉积物的粉砂质特征、植物碎屑的相对丰度和布朗杆菌的存在，古沉积环境似乎是近陆架环境，在良好的氧合条件下，沉积可能发生在河道-河岸崩塌之后，崩塌的河岸物质从滑坡体过渡到沉积物重力流。因此，Bonalea矿床受外部来源的石油运动的影响，有可能成为一个完整的储层，可能是未来Douala次盆地石油勘探的一个有希望的选择。

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引用次数: 0

Geochemical properties and mineralization of thorium 钍的地球化学性质与矿化

Ore and Energy Resource Geology

Pub Date : 2024-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100081

Jie Li , Tianhui Bai , Wenxuan Hu , Meiyun Wang , Lei Liao , Zhifeng Xun , Zexin Wang , Hao Song

Thorium, a naturally occurring radioactive element, is widely distributed across diverse geological environments. As a typical lithophilic element, thorium exhibits strong affinity towards oxygen, readily integrating into silicate melts, primarily concentrating in the lithosphere. During the magmatic phase, thorium's geochemical behavior is akin to that of U, Ce, and Zr, and as an incompatible element, it remains in the residual melts of the latter stages of magmatic evolution. Thorium is enriched in acidic, pegmatitic, and alkaline rocks, leading to the formation of thorium-bearing phosphate minerals such as monazite. Alkaline carbonatitic fluids are capable of enriching rare earth elements and thorium, closely associating thorium deposits with igneous carbonatites. In surface processes, thorium's geochemical properties are relatively inert, allowing it to be preserved within the stable lattice of thorium-bearing minerals and form placer deposits. Globally, thorium resources are primarily found in carbonatite rocks, placer, and vein deposits, with monazite being one of the main sources. According to a report jointly published by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Energy Agency, the global thorium resources currently exceed 6.3 million tons, predominantly distributed in countries like India, Brazil, Australia, and the United States. The mineralization period of thorium is mainly concentrated in the Precambrian and Mesozoic, followed by the Paleozoic and Cenozoic. In China, thorium resources are relatively abundant, mostly associated with rare earth element deposits, yet their utilization rate remains low due to factors such as sorting technology. Thorium is a vital raw material in the space technology industry and a significant future nuclear fuel; thus, rational development and strategic protection of thorium resources should be strengthened, along with appropriate strategic reserves.

钍是一种天然存在的放射性元素，广泛分布在不同的地质环境中。钍是一种典型的亲石元素，对氧具有很强的亲和力，容易与硅酸盐熔体结合，主要集中在岩石圈中。在岩浆阶段，钍的地球化学行为与U、Ce、Zr相似，是一种不相容元素，存在于岩浆演化后期的残余熔体中。钍在酸性、伟晶岩和碱性岩石中富集，从而形成含钍的磷矿物，如独居石。碱性碳酸岩流体富集稀土元素和钍，将钍矿床与火成岩碳酸岩紧密联系在一起。在地表过程中，钍的地球化学性质相对惰性，使其能够保存在含钍矿物的稳定晶格中并形成砂矿。在全球范围内，钍资源主要存在于碳酸盐岩、砂矿和脉状矿床中，其中独居石是主要来源之一。根据国际原子能机构和核能机构联合发布的一份报告，目前全球钍资源超过630万吨，主要分布在印度、巴西、澳大利亚和美国等国家。钍的成矿期主要集中在前寒武纪和中生代，其次是古生代和新生代。在中国，钍资源相对丰富，多与稀土元素矿床有关，但受分选技术等因素的影响，利用率较低。钍是空间技术工业的重要原料，也是未来重要的核燃料；因此，应加强钍资源的合理开发和战略保护，并建立适当的战略储备。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the genesis of carbonate cements in tight and non-tight sandstone reservoirs in Fukang Sag 阜康凹陷致密与非致密砂岩储层碳酸盐胶结物成因研究

Ore and Energy Resource Geology

Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100079

Li Na , Wang Zi'ang , Liu Gang , Wang Guozhi , Huang Sheng , Liu Jinlong , Jing Yang , Chen Haixia

Carbonate cements characterization and reservoir genesis mechanism are the key geological issues constraining the current deep oil and gas exploration. The relationship between carbonate cementation and oil and gas filling time can affect reservoir reserves. In this paper, the tight and non-tight sandstone reservoirs of the Middle Jurassic in Fukang Sag of Junggar Basin are taken as the research object. The petrology, sedimentary microfacies, diagenesis, porosity and carbonate cements of tight and non-tight reservoirs are compared by means of casting thin sections, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and carbon and oxygen isotopes. The research shows that the tight reservoirs and non-tight reservoirs of deep sandstone in Fukang sag are similar in rock type and sedimentary microfacies, they are all feldspar lithic sandstone. The reservoirs are mainly developed in underwater distributary channels and estuary sand dams. There are obvious differences in the strength of compaction and pore types. Although they all contain carbonate cements, their genesis and formation time are obviously different. The results show that the carbonate cements in the non-tight sandstone reservoirs of the Toutunhe Formation are mainly of Microbial sulfate reduction (BSR) origin, which are formed in the process of reservoir failure. The formation of carbonate mineral cements in tight sandstone reservoirs of the Badaowan Formation and Sangonghe Formation is mainly related to the decarboxylation of organic acids, which are mainly formed in the process of hydrocarbon accumulation. The research in this paper can provide theoretical guidance for exploration and development in the future of the 4th Block of central Junggar Basin and similar research areas.

碳酸盐胶结物表征及成藏机理是制约当前深部油气勘探的关键地质问题。碳酸盐岩胶结作用与油气充填时间的关系影响储层储量。本文以准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷中侏罗统致密和非致密砂岩储层为研究对象。采用浇铸薄片、扫描电镜（SEM）和碳氧同位素等方法，对致密储层和非致密储层的岩石学、沉积微相、成岩作用、孔隙度和碳酸盐胶结物进行了比较。研究表明，阜康凹陷深部砂岩致密储层与非致密储层在岩石类型和沉积微相上相似，均为长石岩屑砂岩。储层主要发育在水下分流河道和河口沙坝中。压实强度和孔隙类型存在明显差异。虽然均含有碳酸盐胶结物，但其成因和形成时间明显不同。结果表明，头屯河组非致密砂岩储层中的碳酸盐胶结物主要为微生物硫酸盐还原物（BSR）成因，是在储层破坏过程中形成的。八道湾组和三工河组致密砂岩储层碳酸盐矿物胶结物的形成主要与有机酸的脱羧作用有关，主要是在油气成藏过程中形成的。本文的研究可为准噶尔盆地中部四区块及类似研究区今后的勘探开发提供理论指导。

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引用次数: 0

Production indication curve of fracture-cave units in carbonate reservoirs 碳酸盐岩储集层缝洞单元生产指示曲线

Ore and Energy Resource Geology

Pub Date : 2024-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100078

Yuanyuan Tian , Changhui Yan , Hong Cheng , Jing Xue , Xindan Zhou

Determining the production performance of fracture-cave carbonate reservoirs is difficult because of the heterogeneous properties of these reservoirs and various production performance levels. Also, data series such as formation pressure and conductivity of fractures are hard to obtain. Thus, common methods, such as the IPR (inflow performance relationship) and water flooding curves, are often ineffective for analyzing of carbonate reservoirs. We propose a new method to analyze the production performance of fracture-cave carbonate reservoirs based on a fracture-cave model delineated by well log and seismic interpretation data, referred to as, the production indication curve. In essence, the production indication curve represents the relationship between flowing bottomhole pressure and accumulated liquid rate, and recoverable reserves can be estimated via the equation of the production indication curve. And it was validated by experiment method which revealed that recoverable reserves calculated by production indication equation was credible. With the production indication curve, recoverable reserve of typical well was estimated, and the results revealed that the proposed production indication curve technique is a dependable method for the characterization of the production performance of fracture-cave carbonate reservoirs.

由于缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的非均质性和不同的生产动态水平，给确定缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的生产动态带来了困难。此外，地层压力和裂缝导流能力等一系列数据也很难获得。因此，通常的方法，如流入动态关系（IPR）和水驱曲线，往往是无效的分析碳酸盐岩储层。本文提出了一种新的缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层生产动态分析方法，即利用测井和地震解释资料圈定的缝洞模型，即生产指示曲线。生产指示曲线本质上代表了井底流动压力与累积液量的关系，通过生产指示曲线方程可以估算出可采储量。并通过实验方法进行了验证，表明利用产量指示方程计算的可采储量是可信的。利用生产指示曲线对典型井的可采储量进行了估计，结果表明，所提出的生产指示曲线技术是缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层生产动态表征的可靠方法。

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引用次数: 0

Geochemical assessment and transfer of potential effects of metallic trace elements around abandoned mining sites in Kettara region (Morocco) 摩洛哥Kettara地区废弃矿区周围金属微量元素潜在影响的地球化学评价与转移

Ore and Energy Resource Geology

Pub Date : 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100076

Lahcen Zouhri , Khalid El Amari , Mohamed Hibti , Abdelfattah Benkaddour , Adel Zghibi

The degradation of environmental quality due to pollution is a pressing concern worldwide, particularly in areas that have been abandoned after mining activities. One significant aspect of this degradation is the contamination of soil and water resources by Metallic Trace Elements (MTE). These elements, originating from mining operations, pose serious environmental and human health risks, necessitating urgent attention and remediation efforts. Understanding the characteristics and extent of MTE contamination in abandoned mining areas is crucial for effective environmental management and sustainable development. In this context, this study aims to investigate the patterns, distribution, and impacts of MTE contamination in soil and water resources within Kettara abandoned mining areas (Morocco), offering insights into potential mitigation strategies and policy interventions to address this critical environmental issue. Stream and groundwater samples were collected in the Kettara region where the abandoned tailings constitute with Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), the principal source of this contamination. Stream samples were collected in 2018 at fourteen points near sixteen hydrogeological wells and situated at different distance from the pollution source.

This study addresses an environmental concern, focusing on the dispersion of MTE such as Arsenic, Zinc, and Nickel in both streams and groundwater. Through geochemical analysis, it is revealed that Arsenic is particularly prevalent, with higher concentrations detected in streams, especially those proximate to mining waste sites. The main sampling water near the abandoned mine shows several anomalies (As, Ni and Zn). The higher As concentration in the stream samples E1 and E2 with 179.55 and 96.63 ppm and near the mine wastes. The concentration of As is also higer in the water samples especially in the hydrogeological well P21 and P2 with 9.665 and 7.798 ppm.

The presence of MTE in groundwater is linked to various factors, including the direction of flow (vertical or lateral) from soil to groundwater and the hydraulic conditions (presence of the drainage axis that is materialized by the convergence of the groundwater flow from the upstream to the downstream, generally from the hydrogeological wells P1 to P23). The hydraulic relationship between streams and groundwater, hydrogeological properties such as aquifer porpermeability (vertical scale 2.5 × 10^–14 to 1.31 × 10^–12 m/s and horizontal scale 9 × 10^–14 to 0.37 × 10^–9 m/s) and transmissivity (about 10⁻² m²/s), and the configuration of the piezometric geometry (including the presence of drainage axes and divisional boundaries within the Ketarra groundwater) are factors that contribute to the mobility and distribution of MTE within the water resources of the Kettara basin.

由于污染造成的环境质量退化是全世界的一个紧迫问题，特别是在采矿活动后被遗弃的地区。这种退化的一个重要方面是金属微量元素（MTE）对土壤和水资源的污染。这些因素源于采矿作业，构成严重的环境和人类健康风险，需要紧急关注和补救努力。了解废弃矿区MTE污染的特征和程度对有效的环境管理和可持续发展至关重要。在此背景下，本研究旨在调查凯塔拉废弃矿区（摩洛哥）土壤和水资源中MTE污染的模式、分布和影响，为解决这一关键环境问题的潜在缓解战略和政策干预提供见解。在Kettara地区收集了河流和地下水样本，该地区的废弃尾矿构成酸性矿山排水（AMD），这是这种污染的主要来源。2018年，在距离污染源不同距离的16口水文地质井附近的14个点采集了溪流样本。本研究解决了一个环境问题，重点关注MTE如砷、锌和镍在溪流和地下水中的分散。通过地球化学分析发现，砷在河流中特别普遍，特别是在靠近采矿废物场的河流中检测到较高的浓度。废矿附近主采样水出现As、Ni、Zn等异常。E1和E2的砷浓度较高，分别为179.55和96.63 ppm，靠近矿山废弃物。水样中砷的浓度也较高，特别是水文地质井P21和P2的砷浓度分别为9.665和7.798 ppm。地下水中MTE的存在与各种因素有关，包括从土壤到地下水的流动方向（垂直或横向）和水力条件（地下水从上游流向下游的汇合所体现的排水轴的存在，通常是从水文地质井P1到P23）。河流与地下水的水力关系、含水层孔隙度（垂直尺度2.5 × 10 - 14 ~ 1.31 × 10 - 12 m/s，水平尺度9 × 10 - 14 ~ 0.37 × 10 - 9 m/s）和透光率（约10−2 m2/s）等水文地质性质；以及测压几何结构（包括克塔拉地下水中存在的排水轴和分区边界）是影响克塔拉盆地水资源中MTE的流动性和分布的因素。

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引用次数: 0