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Paper-based materials made from cellulose have been sought after as a sustainable and inexpensive packaging option. However, the porous structure and high hydrophilicity of paper-based materials result in inadequate water and oil repellency, as well as a limited water vapor barrier. In this work, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were prepared using a high-speed homogenizer, and subsequently coated on base paper along with cationic starch to enhance its multi-barrier performance to facilitate the packaging application. The LNPs obtained through such a facile process formed stable colloidal dispersion in water, which exhibited excellent interfacial compatibility with cationic starch. During the coating process, a highly adhesive emulsion consisting of cationic starch and LNPs were coated on the surface of base paper, imparting good hydrophobic properties to the paper. The resulting paper material exhibited good water resistance (Cobb value of 37.5 g m⁻²), high oil resistance (Kit rating 9) and tensile strength (48.93 MPa). The reduction in water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) exceeds sixfold. This study provides a new avenue for the application of lignin in high-barrier, fluorine-free, water-and oil-resistant packaging materials.

Novel substrates consisted of different fresh agro-industrial residues, their corresponding and commercial spent mushroom substrates (i.e. SMS deriving from laboratory-scale experiments and SMS deriving from industrial-scale experiments by Green Zin S.A. - SMS GZ) and Pleurotus waste (PW; stipes/mishappen mushrooms) were used in blends for a new cultivation cycle of Pleurotus ostreatus and P. eryngii mushrooms in bags. Their impact on the biochemical properties (intra-cellular polysaccharides - IPSs, protein, lipid, total phenolic compounds - TPCs, individual carbohydrates composition of the IPSs) in the first- and second-flush whole mushrooms, pilei and stipes, as well as the fatty acids composition, the antioxidant activity (in the first-flush mushroom parts) and glucan content of stipes were examined. Both species produced satisfactory IPSs quantities in all substrates (28.69–46.38 %, w/w) and significant protein amounts (18.37–26.80 %, w/w). The further SMS addition (80 %, w/w instead of 40 %, w/w) in the cultivation substrates affected positively the mushroom IPSs values, whereas the highest protein content was detected in mushroom's parts cultivated on substrates consisted of fresh agro-industrial residues. Mushroom's lipid content was affected differently by the various substrate combinations, with SMS presence resulting in mushrooms with a lower fat content than those produced in substrates with PW addition. Fresh substrates with PW and those with coffee residue were the most favorable for TPCs production. Regarding production flushes, the nutritional value of mushrooms was comparable between them, only a slight increase in TPCs of second-flush carposomes was detected. Glucose was the predominant monosaccharide of the produced IPSs, combined with a significant production of total and β- glucans. SMSs and PW addition had a positive impact on antioxidant activity, too. A higher quantity of lipids, TPCs and significant antioxidant activity were detected in all Pleurotus pilei than stipes, whereas the latter were richer in IPSs. Both pilei and stipes had a significant protein amount. Hence, the data obtained by this study support the positive effect of different types of SMS and mushroom waste on P. ostreatus and P. eryngii nutritional value.