Smart Materials in Manufacturing最新文献_第2页

In vitro degradation, biocompatibility and anti-tumor activity of nano-scaled carboplatin-montmorillonite composite coating on magnesium alloy biliary stent in a novel simulated bile solution 纳米卡铂-蒙脱土复合涂层在新型模拟胆汁溶液中的体外降解、生物相容性和抗肿瘤活性

Smart Materials in Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100120

Kai-Ning Yang , Hao Chen , Wen-Xin Sun , Lan-Yue Cui , Yu-Hong Zou , Rong-Chang Zeng

Biliary stenting serves as a primary approach to the palliative treatment of malignant biliary tumors, effectively addressing the critical issue of biliary obstruction. However, biodegradable stents are still plagued by the challenge of restenosis caused by rapid tumor growth. Herein, a montmorillonite (MMT) coating was selected to load anti-tumor drug carboplatin (CBP) on biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloy AZ31 to mitigate its degradation rate, biocompatibility and anti-tumor ability. Based on the Small model, a bile salt-phospholipid-cholesterol-NaCl quaternary solution was designed and carried out as the media of hydrogen evolution, electrochemical and immersion tests to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the biliary stent. The results showed that the CBP-MMT coating possessed a nano-scale microstructure with smooth and compact surface, and a thickness of 18.3 μm and a binding force of 0.25 N between CBP-MMT coating and its Mg substrate. The corrosion rate has decreased from 1.317 mm·year⁻¹ (AZ31 alloy) to 0.149 mm·year⁻¹ (CBP-MMT coating), indicating an improved corrosion resistance. The loading amount of CBP in the CBP-MMT coating is 22.26 mg·g⁻¹, sustained a release duration for 120 h. In addition, after co-culture with RBE cells (Human Cholangiocarcinoma Cell) in vitro, the CBP-MMT coating displayed an effective anti-tumor ability with a cell activity of 5.75 %. Therefore, the CBP-MMT coating prepared in this study not only improves the corrosion resistance of the stent, but also endows the stent with effective anti-tumor effects, providing a theoretical basis for the applied research on the biliary tract.

胆道支架置入术是胆道恶性肿瘤姑息治疗的主要途径，有效解决了胆道梗阻的关键问题。然而，可生物降解支架仍然受到肿瘤快速生长引起的再狭窄的挑战。本文选择蒙脱土（MMT）涂层将抗肿瘤药物卡铂（CBP）负载在可生物降解的镁合金AZ31上，以降低其降解率、生物相容性和抗肿瘤能力。基于Small模型，设计了胆盐-磷脂-胆固醇- nacl季铵盐溶液作为析氢、电化学和浸泡介质，对胆道支架的耐腐蚀性能进行了评价。结果表明：CBP-MMT涂层表面光滑致密，具有纳米级微观结构，涂层厚度为18.3 μm，与Mg基体结合力为0.25 N；腐蚀速率从1.317 mm·year - 1 （AZ31合金）降低到0.149 mm·year - 1 （CBP-MMT涂层），耐蚀性提高。CBP在CBP- mmt包被中的负载量为22.26 mg·g−1，持续释放时间为120 h。此外，CBP- mmt包被与RBE细胞（人胆管癌细胞）体外共培养后，CBP- mmt包被显示出有效的抗肿瘤能力，细胞活性为5.75%。因此，本研究制备的CBP-MMT涂层不仅提高了支架的耐腐蚀性，而且使支架具有有效的抗肿瘤作用，为其在胆道上的应用研究提供了理论基础。

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引用次数: 0

Study on mechanical and tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene and graphene oxide reinforced epoxy coatings based on MD simulation 基于MD模拟的聚四氟乙烯和氧化石墨烯增强环氧涂层力学和摩擦学性能研究

Smart Materials in Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100116

Jinxu Hu , Jun Cao , Hulin Li , Yunfeng Chen , Yong Hu , Qiang Zhao , Xiuli Zhang

There are significant differences between the mechanical and tribological data of polymer coatings obtained from molecular dynamics(MD) calculations and those from actual experiments. To reduce the gap between MD calculations and experimental results, five types of EP/PTFE coatings with different GO contents were prepared. The tribological properties of these five coatings were calculated, and real experiments were conducted. By analyzing the microscopic morphological characteristics and mechanical properties of the coatings, the reasons for the differences between MD data and actual experimental results were discussed. An empirical predictive model was innovatively developed. This model incorporates a nonlinear correction term for GO content. The model successfully established a quantitative mapping relationship between the microscopic simulated wear rate and the macroscopic experimental wear rate. The highest error between its predicted values and the experimental data of all samples in this study was only 2.85 %, with a coefficient of determination as high as 0.9978. Blind testing was performed using an independently prepared 3 wt% GO sample, and the prediction error of the model was only 3. 05 %. Compared to simple MD calculations, the quantitative predictive mathematical formula established in this study provides a more accurate research method for coating design and screening.

分子动力学（MD）计算得到的聚合物涂层的力学和摩擦学数据与实际实验结果存在显著差异。为了减小MD计算与实验结果之间的差距，制备了5种不同氧化石墨烯含量的EP/PTFE涂层。对这五种涂层的摩擦学性能进行了计算，并进行了实际试验。通过对涂层微观形貌特征和力学性能的分析，探讨了MD数据与实际实验结果差异的原因。创新性地建立了实证预测模型。该模型引入了氧化石墨烯含量的非线性校正项。该模型成功地建立了微观模拟磨损率与宏观实验磨损率之间的定量映射关系。本研究中所有样本的预测值与实验数据的最高误差仅为2.85%，决定系数高达0.9978。使用独立制备的3 wt%氧化石墨烯样本进行盲测，模型的预测误差仅为3。05%。与简单的MD计算相比，本研究建立的定量预测数学公式为涂层设计和筛选提供了更准确的研究方法。

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引用次数: 0

Size-dependent tribological performance of graphene-reinforced Al matrix composites 石墨烯增强铝基复合材料的尺寸依赖性摩擦学性能

Smart Materials in Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100115

Weiwei Zhou , Zhenxing Zhou , Li-Fu Yi , Mingqi Dong , Zhong-Chun Chen , Naoyuki Nomura

The incorporation of graphene into Al matrix composites has emerged as a promising approach to enhance wear resistance; however, the impact of graphene size on tribological behavior remains inadequately understood. In this study, graphene oxide precursors with three distinct lateral sizes were synthesized and incorporated into an Al matrix via hetero-agglomeration, followed by in situ thermal reduction during spark plasma sintering. This approach enabled the creation of structurally comparable graphene/Al systems, facilitating the isolated evaluation of the lateral size effects. Comprehensive microstructural and tribological analyses revealed that the composite reinforced with medium-sized graphene exhibited the lowest coefficient of friction, narrowest wear track, and most stable worn surface. These improvements are attributed to the formation of continuous and well-bonded graphene networks, which effectively reduce Al abrasion and oxidation. In contrast, small-sized graphene provided insufficient surface coverage, whereas large-sized graphene exhibited stacking and detachment, both of which compromised the tribological performance. Unlike most previous studies that primarily focused on graphene content, this work systematically investigates the role of graphene lateral size. A wear mechanism model was further proposed to describe the size-dependent frictional behavior. Overall, these findings underscore the critical role of the lateral size of graphene as a design parameter for optimizing the tribological performance of next-generation wear-resistant metal matrix composites.

在铝基复合材料中加入石墨烯已成为提高耐磨性的一种很有前途的方法；然而，石墨烯尺寸对摩擦学行为的影响仍然没有得到充分的了解。在这项研究中，合成了三种不同横向尺寸的氧化石墨烯前驱体，并通过异质团聚结合到Al基体中，然后在火花等离子烧结过程中进行原位热还原。这种方法能够创建结构上可比较的石墨烯/铝体系，促进对横向尺寸效应的独立评估。综合微观组织和摩擦学分析表明，中等大小的石墨烯增强复合材料具有最低的摩擦系数、最窄的磨损轨迹和最稳定的磨损表面。这些改进是由于形成了连续和良好结合的石墨烯网络，有效地减少了Al的磨损和氧化。相比之下，小尺寸的石墨烯表面覆盖不足，而大尺寸的石墨烯则表现为堆积和脱离，这两者都会影响摩擦学性能。与之前大多数主要关注石墨烯含量的研究不同，这项工作系统地研究了石墨烯横向尺寸的作用。进一步提出了一个磨损机理模型来描述尺寸相关的摩擦行为。总的来说，这些发现强调了石墨烯横向尺寸作为优化下一代耐磨金属基复合材料摩擦学性能的设计参数的关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Could diamond coatings provide a better osseo-interface for 3D-printed titanium implants? 金刚石涂层能否为3d打印钛植入物提供更好的骨界面？

Smart Materials in Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100096

Marsilea A. Booth , Azadeh Mirabedini , Minh-Dung Truong , Binh Thanh Vu , Peter Sherrell , Alastair Stacey , Alan Jones , Nour Mani , Nhiem Tran , Thanh Dinh Le , Daniel Stavrevski , Amy Gelmi , Brant Gibson , Andrew D. Greentree , Phong A. Tran , Thi Hiep Nguyen , Kate Fox

For an implant to provide a strong solution as a replacement part, it is essential to bind strongly to the bone to which the implant is aligned. While titanium offers good osseointegration and corrosion resistance, it doesn't bond directly with bone due to its surface oxide layer which leaves a gap between the implant and the surrounding bone. In this study we investigate the enhancement of osseointegration in 3D-printed titanium implants using a polycrystalline diamond (PCD) coating. PCD coating aims to improve biocompatibility and bone integration. PCD coating of implants resulted in a microroughened surface (R_a 27 μm vs 23 μm for titanium) with nanofeatures resulting in a hydrophilic surface. In rabbit models, PCD-coated titanium implants showed improved bone response compared to titanium with superior bone in contact with the implant reflected by a 190N push out force (vs titanium at 155N, p < 0.5) needed to remove the implant from the bone. Our findings provide crucial insights into the interactions at the bone-implant interface, suggesting that PCD-coated titanium implants could significantly improve orthopaedic outcomes by promoting better integration and reducing infection risks.

为了使种植体作为替代部分提供强有力的解决方案，必须牢固地与种植体对齐的骨头结合。虽然钛具有良好的骨整合性和耐腐蚀性，但由于其表面氧化层会在植入物和周围骨骼之间留下间隙，因此它不能直接与骨骼结合。在这项研究中，我们研究了使用聚晶金刚石（PCD）涂层增强3d打印钛植入物的骨整合。PCD涂层旨在改善生物相容性和骨整合。PCD涂层导致植入物表面微粗化（Ra为27 μm，而钛为23 μm），具有纳米特征，形成亲水性表面。在兔模型中，与与种植体接触的优质骨相比，pcd涂层钛种植体表现出更好的骨反应，从骨中取出种植体所需的推力为190N（相对于钛在155N， p < 0.5）。我们的研究结果为骨-种植体界面的相互作用提供了重要的见解，表明pcd涂层钛种植体可以通过促进更好的整合和降低感染风险来显着改善矫形效果。

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引用次数: 0

Tailoring the Ti4Ni2OX morphology in NiTi via powder bed fusion-laser beam for excellent shape memory effect 通过粉末床融合激光束在NiTi中裁剪ti4niox的形态，获得优异的形状记忆效果

Smart Materials in Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100104

Bowen Ma , Haizhou Lu , Jiayin Li , Dongxu Chen , Kejia Pan , Dongdong Li , Yuping Zhang

NiTi (Nitinol) produced via powder bed fusion-laser beam (PBF-LB) is often constrained by the uncontrolled non-equilibrium solidification process, which leads to the formation of non-equilibrium solidification microstructures, such as Ti₄Ni₂O_X, that irreversibly affect the alloy's functional properties. To address that challenge, this study introduces a layer-alternating PBF-LB (ALT-PBF-LB) method that enables systematic modulation of hatch spacing (hs) along the build height. ALT-PBF-LB facilitates directional control over the morphology of Ti₄Ni₂O_X, achieving spherical and sub-ellipsoidal types by changing the formation process. Detailed compositional analysis of the melting pool and grains revealed that both peritectic and eutectic reactions contribute to Ti₄Ni₂O_X formation and are directly related to hs. Spherical Ti₄Ni₂O_X forms a coherent interface with the B2 phase, reducing stress concentration and promoting work hardening through an elastic strain field. Conversely, sub-ellipsoidal Ti₄Ni₂O_X forms an incoherent interface, intensifying local stress fields, facilitating dislocation accumulation, and impeding plastic deformation. The combination of spherical and sub-ellipsoidal Ti₄Ni₂O_X achieved through ALT-PBF-LB enhances the shape memory effect to 98.8 % with 5.93 % recover strain. This study explores the relationship between the morphological changes of Ti₄Ni₂O_X induced by hs and the shape memory effect, offering new insights into optimising the shape memory effect of PBF-LB NiTi.

粉末床激光熔合（PBF-LB）制备的NiTi （Nitinol）往往受到不受控制的非平衡凝固过程的约束，导致ti4ni20ox等非平衡凝固组织的形成，对合金的功能性能产生不可逆的影响。为了解决这一挑战，本研究引入了一种分层交替PBF-LB （ALT-PBF-LB）方法，该方法可以沿着构建高度系统地调制舱口间距（hs）。ALT-PBF-LB有助于对ti4niox形貌进行定向控制，通过改变形成过程实现球形和亚椭球型。熔池和晶粒的详细成分分析表明，包晶反应和共晶反应都有助于ti4niox的形成，并与hs直接相关。球状ti4niox与B2相形成共格界面，通过弹性应变场降低应力集中，促进加工硬化。相反，亚椭球态ti4niox形成非共格界面，强化局部应力场，促进位错积累，阻碍塑性变形。通过ALT-PBF-LB获得的球形和亚椭球态ti4niox复合材料的形状记忆效应达到98.8%，恢复应变为5.93%。本研究探讨了hs诱导的ti4niox形态变化与形状记忆效应之间的关系，为优化PBF-LB NiTi的形状记忆效应提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Research status of WC-based cemented carbides with HEA binders: A review HEA粘结剂wc基硬质合金的研究现状

Smart Materials in Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100098

Caihe Fan , Kejun Wu , Yong Liu , Song Ni , Wenting Jiang , Bin Liu , Yuan Chen

With the advancement of industrial technology, the performance limitations of traditional cobalt-based cemented carbides under extreme working conditions such as high temperatures and corrosion have become increasingly prominent. The development of novel high-performance binder phases has emerged as a critical research direction in the field of cemented carbides. High-entropy alloys (HEAs), leveraging their multi-principal-element characteristics and unique effects including high-entropy, lattice distortion, sluggish diffusion, and cocktail effects-offer a novel approach to breakthrough performance enhancements for WC-based cemented carbides. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in WC-HEA cemented carbides, providing an in-depth analysis of the interfacial bonding mechanisms and interaction laws between HEA binder phases and WC hard phases. It explores the influence of microstructural evolution on the mechanical and service performance of the materials and elucidates the mechanistic roles of composition design, sintering processes, and microstructure regulation in performance optimization. Research indicates that rational HEA component design can effectively balance the strength and toughness of cemented carbides while significantly improving their corrosion resistance and high-temperature oxidation resistance. Finally, this paper highlights future research priorities, emphasizing computational-aided material design, the development of novel sintering techniques, and precise multi-scale microstructure control to accelerate the industrial application of WC-HEA cemented carbides.

随着工业技术的进步，传统钴基硬质合金在高温、腐蚀等极端工况下的性能局限性日益突出。开发新型高性能结合相已成为硬质合金领域的一个重要研究方向。高熵合金（HEAs）利用其多主元特性和独特的效应，包括高熵、晶格畸变、缓慢扩散和鸡尾酒效应，为突破wc基硬质合金的性能提供了一种新的方法。本文系统综述了WC-HEA硬质合金的研究进展，深入分析了HEA粘结相与WC硬相的界面结合机理和相互作用规律。探讨了微观组织演变对材料力学性能和使用性能的影响，并阐明了成分设计、烧结工艺和微观组织调节在性能优化中的机理作用。研究表明，合理的HEA组分设计可以有效地平衡硬质合金的强度和韧性，同时显著提高硬质合金的耐蚀性和高温抗氧化性。最后，本文指出了未来的研究重点，强调了计算辅助材料设计，新型烧结技术的发展，以及精确的多尺度微观结构控制，以加速WC-HEA硬质合金的工业应用。

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引用次数: 0

Creation of heavily La-doped SrTiO3 thermoelectric films achieved by freeze-dry pulsated orifice ejection method and laser powder bed fusion 冻干脉冲孔喷射法和激光粉末床熔合制备重la掺杂SrTiO3热电薄膜

Smart Materials in Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100077

Myeonggyun Kang , Zhenxing Zhou , Weiwei Zhou, Naoyuki Nomura

Achieving both fine grain sizes and high doping levels simultaneously holds great promise for improving the dimensionless figure of merit (zT) of oxide thermoelectric materials; however, this remains a global challenge. This study presents a pioneering example of fabricating heavily La-doped SrTiO₃ films by leveraging the unique characteristics of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). A novel freeze-dry pulsated orifice ejection method (FD-POEM) was used to prepare spherical SrTiO₃–La₂O₃ composite powders with a narrow size distribution, homogeneous element distribution, and high laser absorptivity. Owing to the high processing temperature and rapid solidification of the L-PBF process, the La₂O₃ nanoparticles decomposed and dissolved in the lattice of the cubic perovskite SrTiO₃. Consequently, the thermoelectric SrTiO₃ film achieved a high La doping concentration of 36.7 mol% and a nanoscale grain size of approximately 700 nm, surpassing conventional methods. Moreover, the La-doped SrTiO₃ film, approximately 10 μm thick, was closely deposited onto a Mo substrate and exhibited excellent thermal stability at 1073 K, making it well-suited for high-temperature thermoelectric applications.

同时实现细晶粒尺寸和高掺杂水平对改善氧化物热电材料的无因次优值（zT）具有很大的希望；然而，这仍然是一个全球性的挑战。本研究展示了利用激光粉末床熔合（L-PBF）的独特特性制备高la掺杂SrTiO3薄膜的开创性例子。采用冷冻干燥脉冲孔喷射法（FD-POEM）制备了粒径分布窄、元素分布均匀、激光吸收率高的球形SrTiO3-La2O3复合粉体。由于L-PBF工艺的高加工温度和快速凝固，La2O3纳米颗粒分解溶解在立方钙钛矿SrTiO3的晶格中。因此，热电SrTiO3薄膜的La掺杂浓度高达36.7 mol%，纳米级晶粒尺寸约为700 nm，超过了传统的方法。此外，la掺杂的SrTiO3薄膜厚度约为10 μm，紧密沉积在Mo衬底上，并在1073 K下表现出优异的热稳定性，使其非常适合高温热电应用。

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引用次数: 0

Wire-arc directed energy depositing high-ductility Cu-10Fe immiscible alloy with a hierarchical microstructure 电弧定向能沉积高塑性Cu-10Fe非混相合金

Smart Materials in Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100095

Xinglong Di , Siyi Peng , Yueling Guo , Shuijun Ye , Longxi Luo , Bo Yin , Changmeng Liu

In this work, a thin-wall Cu-10Fe (10 wt%) immiscible alloy component is fabricated by wire-arc directed energy deposition (WA-DED), leveraging the high energy absorption of the electric arc for copper alloys and its high deposition rate. Results show that Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS) occurs upon solidification during WA-DED, and a hierarchical microstructure is formed, including micro-sized and nano-sized Fe particles, nano-sized Cu particles, as well as Fe dendrites embedded in the Cu matrix. A slight mechanical property anisotropy is found via tensile testing, and the horizontal specimen has superior strength and ductility. The decent ductility, 37.1 ± 0.9 % in elongation, is achieved with a ductile dimple fracture mode. It is associated with the relatively fine grains, the hierarchical microstructure and the formation of twins. Our pioneering investigation on the microstructure and mechanical property of Cu-10Fe alloy via WA-DED provides an applicable pathway for the efficient fabrication of high-performance Cu-based immiscible alloys.

利用电弧对铜合金的高能量吸收和高沉积速率，利用线弧定向能沉积（WA-DED）技术制备了Cu-10Fe （10 wt%）不混相薄壁合金组件。结果表明：在WA-DED过程中，凝固过程发生了液-液相分离（LLPS），形成了由微、纳米级Fe颗粒、纳米级Cu颗粒以及嵌套在Cu基体中的Fe枝晶组成的分层组织；拉伸试验发现其力学性能有轻微的各向异性，水平试样具有较好的强度和延性。良好的延展性，伸长率为37.1%±0.9%，采用韧性韧窝断裂模式。它与相对细小的晶粒、分层组织和孪晶的形成有关。通过WA-DED对Cu-10Fe合金的显微组织和力学性能进行了开创性的研究，为高效制备高性能cu基非混相合金提供了一条可行的途径。

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引用次数: 0

In-situ thermally activated piezoresistive shape memory deployable structures fabricated via multi-material 4D printing 通过多材料4D打印制造的原位热激活压阻形状记忆可展开结构

Smart Materials in Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100103

Aoun Hussnain , Israr Ud Din , Yasir Mujahid , Kamran A. Khan

Deployable structures that can change shape are critical for applications in the aerospace, biomedical and architectural industries. Existing systems are limited in scalability and practical application because they rely on external sensors or complex assembly. This study presents multifunctional, intelligent shape-recovering deployable structures using multi-material 4D printing, which incorporates shape memory polymers (SMPs) with a glass transition temperature of 55 °C, stiff ABS materials, and conductive EEL filaments enabling in-situ thermal activation and piezoresistive sensing. The process involved creating a multi-material strip and an auxetic structure using fused filament additive manufacturing, embedding nichrome wires for thermal actuation. Material properties, shape memory capacities, and piezoresistive behavior were investigated using mechanical, thermomechanical, and electro-thermomechanical tests. Key outcomes indicate that the strip attained a 41.2 % shape recovery under cantilever beam loading, which further improved to 90 % in hot water in the absence of nichrome wires. Additionally, the auxetic structure exhibited up to 72.27 % shape recovery during three compression cycles, facilitated by EEL for real-time strain monitoring. A fractional change in resistance of up to 57 % and 76.3 % were recorded during the bending and shape fixity phases of strip and auxetic structure, respectively. Future endeavors will concentrate on refining material compositions and structural designs to improve recovery ratios and scalability for actual applications.

可以改变形状的可展开结构对于航空航天、生物医学和建筑行业的应用至关重要。现有的系统由于依赖外部传感器或复杂的装配，在可扩展性和实际应用方面受到限制。该研究采用多材料4D打印技术，展示了多功能、智能形状恢复可展开结构，该结构结合了形状记忆聚合物（SMPs），玻璃化转变温度为55°C，刚性ABS材料和导电EEL长丝，可实现原位热激活和压阻传感。该工艺包括使用熔丝增材制造制造多材料带和auxetic结构，嵌入镍铬合金线用于热驱动。材料性能，形状记忆能力和压阻行为进行了研究，使用机械，热机械和电热机械测试。关键结果表明，在悬臂梁加载下，带材的形状恢复率达到41.2%，在没有镍铬合金丝的情况下，在热水中进一步提高到90%。此外，在三次压缩循环中，失活结构的形状恢复率高达72.27%，这有助于进行实时应变监测。在带材弯曲和形状固定阶段，电阻的变化分别高达57%和76.3%。未来的努力将集中在改进材料成分和结构设计上，以提高实际应用的回收率和可扩展性。

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引用次数: 0

Gcs-Unet: A lightweight attention network for coaxial melt pool monitoring in laser powder bed fusion Gcs-Unet：用于激光粉末床熔化过程中同轴熔池监测的轻量级关注网络

Smart Materials in Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100094

Wei Wei , Yi Li , Haixin Wu , Xiuming Li , Yuhui Zhang , Hang Ren , Yu Long , Yunfei Huang

In laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), coaxial melt pool monitoring methods based on spontaneous radiation often miss low-radiation regions such as the trailing edge, resulting in incomplete information. Additionally, traditional image processing techniques like threshold segmentation lack robustness under complex backgrounds caused by auxiliary lighting, limiting their effectiveness for real-time applications. To address these challenges, a new coaxial melt pool monitoring system was developed, providing clearer and more comprehensive images that capture both geometry and texture. Building on this foundation, an attention-enhanced deep learning network, Gcs-Unet, was proposed to enable robust semantic segmentation under complex conditions. The proposed model achieved an inference time of 6.75 ms while maintaining high performance (99.5 % accuracy, 87.6 % Dice, 86.2 % mIoU) and reducing parameters by 42.91 %, meeting real-time deployment requirements. Furthermore, it was found that scanning speed significantly influences melt pool behavior, with a 33 % speed increase resulting in a 37.45 % rise in the variation of the high-temperature zone's center. These results provide strong support for process optimization and melt pool analysis in L-PBF.

在激光粉末床熔合（L-PBF）中，基于自发辐射的同轴熔池监测方法往往会遗漏低辐射区域，如尾缘，导致信息不完整。此外，传统的图像处理技术如阈值分割在辅助照明引起的复杂背景下缺乏鲁棒性，限制了其在实时应用中的有效性。为了应对这些挑战，开发了一种新的同轴熔池监测系统，提供更清晰、更全面的图像，同时捕捉几何和纹理。在此基础上，提出了一种注意力增强深度学习网络Gcs-Unet，以实现复杂条件下的鲁棒语义分割。该模型在保持高性能（准确率99.5%,Dice 87.6%, mIoU 86.2%）的同时，实现了6.75 ms的推理时间，并减少了42.91%的参数，满足了实时部署要求。此外，还发现扫描速度对熔池行为有显著影响，速度增加33%导致高温区中心变化增加37.45%。这些结果为L-PBF工艺优化和熔池分析提供了有力的支持。

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