Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100071
{"title":"Corrigendum for previously published articles","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100088
Genchuang Li , Khurram Munir
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) is extensively utilized in bridge engineering and aerospace due to their high specific strength-to-stiffness ratio. However, challenges in connecting composite materials with metals restrict their broader application. To address the limitations of existing composite tube connection mechanisms, this study proposes a novel mechanism of composite tube connection utilizing NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) to apply a preload force. The proposed connection mechanism consisted of three components: an internal steel tube, a composite tube, and an external tube made of NiTi SMA. Preload was applied to the composite tube through the shape memory effect of unidirectional NiTi alloy, which enhanced interfacial friction and improved load-bearing capacity. This study presents a systematic investigation of preload and load-bearing capacity of this connection mechanism. Additionally, a finite element model (FEM) was developed in computational multiphysics solutions (COMSOL) to analyze the preload distribution at the chamfer of the NiTi SMA tube. The proposed technique shows favorable mechanical properties of joint assembly which were tested by uniaxial compression tests, and therefore, it can be extensively applied in the engineering field.
{"title":"Novel fiber-reinforced polymer tube connection mechanism utilizing NiTi shape memory alloy","authors":"Genchuang Li , Khurram Munir","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) is extensively utilized in bridge engineering and aerospace due to their high specific strength-to-stiffness ratio. However, challenges in connecting composite materials with metals restrict their broader application. To address the limitations of existing composite tube connection mechanisms, this study proposes a novel mechanism of composite tube connection utilizing NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) to apply a preload force. The proposed connection mechanism consisted of three components: an internal steel tube, a composite tube, and an external tube made of NiTi SMA. Preload was applied to the composite tube through the shape memory effect of unidirectional NiTi alloy, which enhanced interfacial friction and improved load-bearing capacity. This study presents a systematic investigation of preload and load-bearing capacity of this connection mechanism. Additionally, a finite element model (FEM) was developed in computational multiphysics solutions (COMSOL) to analyze the preload distribution at the chamfer of the NiTi SMA tube. The proposed technique shows favorable mechanical properties of joint assembly which were tested by uniaxial compression tests, and therefore, it can be extensively applied in the engineering field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100100
Umut Bakhbergen , Madina Moldabayeva , Murat Demiral , Qingshi Meng , Sherif Araby
Acid-based anodizing treatment for metals is a traditional approach to improve the interfacial strength in adhesive joints. However, this raises handling risk and environmental concerns due to the use of hazardous/toxic chemicals in addition to the high expenses. This study proposes and systematically examines a cost-effective and green KCl/DMF anodizing process as an alternative surface treatment for aluminium (Al) alloy (Al2024-T3). A full factorial design of experiments was employed to quantify the influence of electrolyte concentration (0.05–0.1M), voltage (8–12 V) and time (5–15 min) on the surface characteristics of Al substrates. The treated Al sheets were adhesively bonded using polyurethane (PU) in the form of single lap joints. The formation of a porous oxide layer led to high surface roughness and surface free energy which facilitated strong mechanical interlocking at Al-PU interface. Consequently, the lap shear strength and fracture energy of Al-PU joints exhibited 3.5 and 67-fold increments after anodizing, respectively. Statistical analysis including main effects, Pareto chart and ANOVA identified time and concentration as dominant factors for both surface characteristics and strength. Strong interfacial bonding between KCl/DMF-anodized Al and PU was observed by SEM fracture analysis, shifting the failure mode to fully cohesive. In addition, finite element (FE) model was developed to investigate the role of surface texture in Al-PU adhesive joint behaviour. The FE models confirmed that optimized surface texture is needed in order to achieve the maximum lap joint strength. This study establishes KCl/DMF anodizing process as a novel, cost-effective, acid-free and readily compatible with the existing industry for adhesively joining polymer-metal composites.
{"title":"Green and cost-effective anodizing approach for enhanced aluminium-polyurethane adhesive joints","authors":"Umut Bakhbergen , Madina Moldabayeva , Murat Demiral , Qingshi Meng , Sherif Araby","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acid-based anodizing treatment for metals is a traditional approach to improve the interfacial strength in adhesive joints. However, this raises handling risk and environmental concerns due to the use of hazardous/toxic chemicals in addition to the high expenses. This study proposes and systematically examines a cost-effective and green KCl/DMF anodizing process as an alternative surface treatment for aluminium (Al) alloy (Al2024-T3). A full factorial design of experiments was employed to quantify the influence of electrolyte concentration (0.05–0.1M), voltage (8–12 V) and time (5–15 min) on the surface characteristics of Al substrates. The treated Al sheets were adhesively bonded using polyurethane (PU) in the form of single lap joints. The formation of a porous oxide layer led to high surface roughness and surface free energy which facilitated strong mechanical interlocking at Al-PU interface. Consequently, the lap shear strength and fracture energy of Al-PU joints exhibited 3.5 and 67-fold increments after anodizing, respectively. Statistical analysis including main effects, Pareto chart and ANOVA identified time and concentration as dominant factors for both surface characteristics and strength. Strong interfacial bonding between KCl/DMF-anodized Al and PU was observed by SEM fracture analysis, shifting the failure mode to fully cohesive. In addition, finite element (FE) model was developed to investigate the role of surface texture in Al-PU adhesive joint behaviour. The FE models confirmed that optimized surface texture is needed in order to achieve the maximum lap joint strength. This study establishes KCl/DMF anodizing process as a novel, cost-effective, acid-free and readily compatible with the existing industry for adhesively joining polymer-metal composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100072
Xiao Su , Seung Ho Lee , Yangzhe Hou , Nikki Stanford , Qingshi Meng , Hsu-Chiang Kuan , Xianhu Liu , Jun Ma
The exceptional mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of graphene and its derivative have established their vital role in developing novel polymer nanocomposites. However, it is a great challenge to achieve uniform dispersion of graphene and strong interfacial bonding within polymer matrices, especially by industry-compatible methods such as melt compounding. Different to traditional solvent-based modification methods, our mechanochemical approach involves the surface modification of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) with a long-chain surfactant – Jeffamine M2070. The process is scalable, environmentally friendly and solvent-free. GNPs, ball-milled GNPs (BMGNPs) and M2070-modified GNPs (MmGNPs) were respectively incorporated into a polycarbonate matrix using twin-screw extrusion, to produce three groups of nanocomposites. GNPs exhibited aggregation due to unideal compatibility with the matrix, whereas BMGNPs showed reduced aggregation owing to mechanical exfoliation. MmGNPs demonstrated the best compatibility with polycarbonate and thus exhibited the most uniform dispersion and significant improvements in mechanical performance, e.g., 16.9 % in tensile strength and 36.4 % in Young's modulus. Despite the defects caused by the mechanochemical modification, MmGNPs in the matrix resulted in an increment of 50 % in thermal conductivity, reaching 0.32 W m−1 K−1 in comparison with ∼0.18 W m−1 K−1 for polycarbonate. This study highlights the importance of surface modification by mechanochemical processing techniques in enhancing the exfoliation and dispersion of graphene and thus the properties of thermoplastics.
石墨烯及其衍生物具有优异的机械、电学和热性能，在开发新型聚合物纳米复合材料中发挥着重要作用。然而，实现石墨烯的均匀分散和聚合物基体内的强界面键合是一个巨大的挑战，特别是通过工业兼容的方法，如熔融复合。与传统的基于溶剂的改性方法不同，我们的机械化学方法涉及使用长链表面活性剂- Jeffamine M2070对石墨烯纳米片（GNPs）进行表面改性。该工艺可扩展，环保，无溶剂。采用双螺杆挤出技术将GNPs、球磨GNPs （BMGNPs）和m2070改性GNPs （MmGNPs）分别掺入聚碳酸酯基体中，制备了三组纳米复合材料。GNPs由于与基质相容性不理想而表现出聚集性，而BMGNPs由于机械剥落而表现出聚集性降低。MmGNPs表现出与聚碳酸酯的最佳相容性，因此表现出最均匀的分散和显著的力学性能改善，例如抗拉强度提高16.9%，杨氏模量提高36.4%。尽管存在机械化学修饰导致的缺陷，基质中的MmGNPs导致导热系数增加50%，达到0.32 W m−1 K−1，而聚碳酸酯的导热系数为0.18 W m−1 K−1。本研究强调了机械化学处理技术在增强石墨烯的剥离和分散以及热塑性塑料性能方面的表面改性的重要性。
{"title":"Mechanochemically modified graphene nanoplatelets for high-performance polycarbonate composites","authors":"Xiao Su , Seung Ho Lee , Yangzhe Hou , Nikki Stanford , Qingshi Meng , Hsu-Chiang Kuan , Xianhu Liu , Jun Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The exceptional mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of graphene and its derivative have established their vital role in developing novel polymer nanocomposites. However, it is a great challenge to achieve uniform dispersion of graphene and strong interfacial bonding within polymer matrices, especially by industry-compatible methods such as melt compounding. Different to traditional solvent-based modification methods, our mechanochemical approach involves the surface modification of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) with a long-chain surfactant – Jeffamine M2070. The process is scalable, environmentally friendly and solvent-free. GNPs, ball-milled GNPs (BMGNPs) and M2070-modified GNPs (MmGNPs) were respectively incorporated into a polycarbonate matrix using twin-screw extrusion, to produce three groups of nanocomposites. GNPs exhibited aggregation due to unideal compatibility with the matrix, whereas BMGNPs showed reduced aggregation owing to mechanical exfoliation. MmGNPs demonstrated the best compatibility with polycarbonate and thus exhibited the most uniform dispersion and significant improvements in mechanical performance, e.g., 16.9 % in tensile strength and 36.4 % in Young's modulus. Despite the defects caused by the mechanochemical modification, MmGNPs in the matrix resulted in an increment of 50 % in thermal conductivity, reaching 0.32 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> in comparison with ∼0.18 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> for polycarbonate. This study highlights the importance of surface modification by mechanochemical processing techniques in enhancing the exfoliation and dispersion of graphene and thus the properties of thermoplastics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100084
Nilesh S. Gaikwad, Dhiraj D. Deshmukh, Sachin P. Kakade
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) matrix composites are prominent defensive armor materials owing to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio and design flexibility. High-strength fibers such as aramid, carbon, or glass embedded in a polymer matrix exhibit excellent impact resistance and energy absorption, which significantly improves ballistic protection. Research by the Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) on FRP's and stealth technologies has helped the Indian military create and use high-performance materials. FRP's are often utilized in the motor and construction sectors, but they may be expanded to a high degree of skeletal uses, such as bullet-resistant and robust devices. The ballistic impact mechanism is directly correlated to the material, fabrication process, strengthening mechanism, thickness, applied projectile parameters, and density. The proposed in-depth review examines the production processes and use of novel ballistic protection materials in bulletproof vests and body armor in the military. It also offers some suggestions for materials that would be good choices for future, all-encompassing body armor.
{"title":"Fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites for improved defence armor - A comprehensive review","authors":"Nilesh S. Gaikwad, Dhiraj D. Deshmukh, Sachin P. Kakade","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) matrix composites are prominent defensive armor materials owing to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio and design flexibility. High-strength fibers such as aramid, carbon, or glass embedded in a polymer matrix exhibit excellent impact resistance and energy absorption, which significantly improves ballistic protection. Research by the Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) on FRP's and stealth technologies has helped the Indian military create and use high-performance materials. FRP's are often utilized in the motor and construction sectors, but they may be expanded to a high degree of skeletal uses, such as bullet-resistant and robust devices. The ballistic impact mechanism is directly correlated to the material, fabrication process, strengthening mechanism, thickness, applied projectile parameters, and density. The proposed in-depth review examines the production processes and use of novel ballistic protection materials in bulletproof vests and body armor in the military. It also offers some suggestions for materials that would be good choices for future, all-encompassing body armor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100101
Dongfang Chen , Jie Xin , Ming Yin , Man Xu , Jiahao Chen , Qiangsheng Dong , Yi Shao , Cheng Wang , Chenglin Chu , Feng Xue , Youwen Yang , Ryan Giordmaina , Joseph Buhagiar , Jing Bai
Magnesium-based scaffolds have emerged as promising candidates for bone tissue engineering due to their biodegradability, mechanical compatibility, and osteoconductive property. However, their clinical translation hinges on addressing critical challenges in production, surface treatment, and evaluation. This article presents a systematically synthesized review of recent advancements and future directions across these domains. The findings show that current production methods, including melt processing, powder metallurgy, physical drilling, and additive manufacturing, offer distinct advantages in tailoring pore architecture but face difficulties in harmonizing the structural complexities, mechanical properties, degradation behaviors, and biological responses of scaffolds. Emerging hybrid preparation techniques have the potential to combine the principles and strengths of the aforementioned methods. Surface treatments using conventional coatings are affected by stress concentration effects and hydrogen bubble retention, which cause delamination and interfacial debonding. Surface engineering must prioritize self-healing and reconfigurable coatings that dynamically adapt to microenvironmental cues and thereby stabilize protective films. Traditional assessments fail to capture multiscale interplays, whereas organ-on-a-chip systems and spatially resolved local techniques offer transformative solutions. Advancements in hybrid preparations, self-healing coatings, and multiscale evaluation techniques can overcome the inherent complexities of porous architectures and thus position Mg-based scaffolds as next-generation solutions for orthopedic applications.
{"title":"A critical review of magnesium-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: Properties, production methods, surface treatments, and multiscale evaluation techniques","authors":"Dongfang Chen , Jie Xin , Ming Yin , Man Xu , Jiahao Chen , Qiangsheng Dong , Yi Shao , Cheng Wang , Chenglin Chu , Feng Xue , Youwen Yang , Ryan Giordmaina , Joseph Buhagiar , Jing Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnesium-based scaffolds have emerged as promising candidates for bone tissue engineering due to their biodegradability, mechanical compatibility, and osteoconductive property. However, their clinical translation hinges on addressing critical challenges in production, surface treatment, and evaluation. This article presents a systematically synthesized review of recent advancements and future directions across these domains. The findings show that current production methods, including melt processing, powder metallurgy, physical drilling, and additive manufacturing, offer distinct advantages in tailoring pore architecture but face difficulties in harmonizing the structural complexities, mechanical properties, degradation behaviors, and biological responses of scaffolds. Emerging hybrid preparation techniques have the potential to combine the principles and strengths of the aforementioned methods. Surface treatments using conventional coatings are affected by stress concentration effects and hydrogen bubble retention, which cause delamination and interfacial debonding. Surface engineering must prioritize self-healing and reconfigurable coatings that dynamically adapt to microenvironmental cues and thereby stabilize protective films. Traditional assessments fail to capture multiscale interplays, whereas organ-on-a-chip systems and spatially resolved local techniques offer transformative solutions. Advancements in hybrid preparations, self-healing coatings, and multiscale evaluation techniques can overcome the inherent complexities of porous architectures and thus position Mg-based scaffolds as next-generation solutions for orthopedic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2024.100070
D.L. Belgin Paul , Ayyappan Susila Praveen , Arun Arjunan
The quest for optimal bone tissue engineering materials has led to extensive research on tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramics, specifically the β-TCP phase, due to its superior biocompatibility and bioresorbability. Ensuring the structural fidelity and accuracy in creating porous architecture is very crucial for β-TCP scaffolds. In this regard, this study explores the critical role of 3D printing parameters such as pressure, nozzle diameter, print speed, and solid loading in determining the dimensional accuracy of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds fabricated through direct ink writing (DIW). Experiments were conducted on a custom-built DIW system based on a four-factor, three-level L9 Taguchi design. The influence of these parameters on dimensional accuracy was evaluated using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Optimal process conditions to print β-TCP were revealed as 3 bar pressure, 0.6 mm nozzle diameter, 5 mm/s print speed, and 55 vol% solid loading, yielding minimal dimensional error. ANOVA results highlighted nozzle diameter and pressure as significant factors, followed by solid loading and print speed. Validation experiments under these optimal conditions achieved a dimensional error of just 1.52 %. Additionally, the scaffold printed under optimal conditions demonstrated a compressive strength of 2.64 MPa.
{"title":"Parametric optimisation for 3D printing β-tricalcium phosphate tissue engineering scaffolds using direct ink writing","authors":"D.L. Belgin Paul , Ayyappan Susila Praveen , Arun Arjunan","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2024.100070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2024.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quest for optimal bone tissue engineering materials has led to extensive research on tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramics, specifically the β-TCP phase, due to its superior biocompatibility and bioresorbability. Ensuring the structural fidelity and accuracy in creating porous architecture is very crucial for β-TCP scaffolds. In this regard, this study explores the critical role of 3D printing parameters such as pressure, nozzle diameter, print speed, and solid loading in determining the dimensional accuracy of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds fabricated through direct ink writing (DIW). Experiments were conducted on a custom-built DIW system based on a four-factor, three-level L<sub>9</sub> Taguchi design. The influence of these parameters on dimensional accuracy was evaluated using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Optimal process conditions to print β-TCP were revealed as 3 bar pressure, 0.6 mm nozzle diameter, 5 mm/s print speed, and 55 vol% solid loading, yielding minimal dimensional error. ANOVA results highlighted nozzle diameter and pressure as significant factors, followed by solid loading and print speed. Validation experiments under these optimal conditions achieved a dimensional error of just 1.52 %. Additionally, the scaffold printed under optimal conditions demonstrated a compressive strength of 2.64 MPa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2024.100069
Wei Juene Chong , Paul Wright , Dejana Pejak Simunec , Srinivasan Jayashree , Winston Liew , Chad Heazlewood , Adrian Trinchi , Ilias (Louis) Kyratzis , Yuncang Li , Shirley Shen , Antonella Sola , Cuie Wen
The addition of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofillers to 3D printable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments for material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing (fused filament fabrication, FFF, a.k.a. fused deposition modelling, FDM) has the potential to enable the fabrication of biomedical devices with embedded antibacterial functionality. This work investigates the biological properties, mainly the biodegradability, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxicity of 3D printed PLA-ZnO nanocomposites containing between 1 wt% to 5 wt% of either untreated or silane-treated filler. This study demonstrated that the concentration and surface properties of the filler control the matrix degradation rate, which directly influences the release rate of ZnO and Zn2+, which in turn governs the antibacterial properties of the nanocomposites. All nanocomposites showed excellent antibacterial properties (> 99% reduction in bacteria) against both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) strains. Potential cytotoxic effects against human immune THP-1 cells were only evident at the highest filler loading (5 wt%), whereas nanocomposites with < 5 wt% filler loading were non-cytotoxic after 7 days of exposure. The 3D printed PLA-ZnO nanocomposites produced in this study show potential for use in clinical settings, with nanocomposites having filler loadings of < 2 wt% being the most appropriate candidates due to their excellent antibacterial properties while showing comparable biocompatibility to pristine PLA.
{"title":"A comprehensive study on the biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties of additively manufactured PLA-ZnO nanocomposites","authors":"Wei Juene Chong , Paul Wright , Dejana Pejak Simunec , Srinivasan Jayashree , Winston Liew , Chad Heazlewood , Adrian Trinchi , Ilias (Louis) Kyratzis , Yuncang Li , Shirley Shen , Antonella Sola , Cuie Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2024.100069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2024.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The addition of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofillers to 3D printable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments for material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing (fused filament fabrication, FFF, a.k.a. fused deposition modelling, FDM) has the potential to enable the fabrication of biomedical devices with embedded antibacterial functionality. This work investigates the biological properties, mainly the biodegradability, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxicity of 3D printed PLA-ZnO nanocomposites containing between 1 wt% to 5 wt% of either untreated or silane-treated filler. This study demonstrated that the concentration and surface properties of the filler control the matrix degradation rate, which directly influences the release rate of ZnO and Zn<sup>2+</sup>, which in turn governs the antibacterial properties of the nanocomposites. All nanocomposites showed excellent antibacterial properties (> 99% reduction in bacteria) against both gram-positive (<em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>) and gram-negative (<em>Escherichia coli</em>) strains. Potential cytotoxic effects against human immune THP-1 cells were only evident at the highest filler loading (5 wt%), whereas nanocomposites with < 5 wt% filler loading were non-cytotoxic after 7 days of exposure. The 3D printed PLA-ZnO nanocomposites produced in this study show potential for use in clinical settings, with nanocomposites having filler loadings of < 2 wt% being the most appropriate candidates due to their excellent antibacterial properties while showing comparable biocompatibility to pristine PLA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-17DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2024.100059
Nabeel Ahmed Siddiqui , Muhammad Muzamil , Tariq Jamil , Ghulam Hussain
The layer-by-layer production idea known as Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is suggested as a viable substitute for conventional subtractive methods because of its ability to produce massive metallic components with a moderate degree of geometric complexity. This technology has garnered attention recently because of its advantages over traditional Additive Manufacturing (AM) procedures, namely its low cost and high deposition rates. This review investigated various electric arc heat inputs and energy sources for the material depositing processes of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), cold metal transfer (CMT), plasma arc welding (PAW)-based wire arc additive manufacturing systems. This is achieved through the application of a thorough methodology for comprehending the primary process factors and their impact on the final component qualities. In the present review, the macro-microstructure and mechanical behavior were examined with respect to various energy sources and electric arc heat inputs. This review also examines the input elements related to heat on the wire arc additive manufacturing process. It is necessary to describe the factors influencing these features in order to determine the best wire arc additive manufacturing technique in terms of heat input. The principal aim of the review is to investigate the correlation between heat input and the mechanical, microstructural, and macrostructural features of parts deposited using wire arc additive manufacturing technology. The heat input, which is thoroughly examined in this study, is crucial to the stability of the wire arc additive manufacturing process and affects the mechanical characteristics and microstructural development of the parts during the manufacturing process. The review addresses a wide range of materials, including aluminium alloys, copper alloys, steel alloys, nickel alloys, iron alloys, titanium alloys, magnesium alloys, and smart materials, with a focus on their microstructure, macrostructure, and mechanical properties, providing significant insights into their application across many industries.
{"title":"Heat sources in wire arc additive manufacturing and their impact on macro-microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties – An overview","authors":"Nabeel Ahmed Siddiqui , Muhammad Muzamil , Tariq Jamil , Ghulam Hussain","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2024.100059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2024.100059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The layer-by-layer production idea known as Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is suggested as a viable substitute for conventional subtractive methods because of its ability to produce massive metallic components with a moderate degree of geometric complexity. This technology has garnered attention recently because of its advantages over traditional Additive Manufacturing (AM) procedures, namely its low cost and high deposition rates. This review investigated various electric arc heat inputs and energy sources for the material depositing processes of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), cold metal transfer (CMT), plasma arc welding (PAW)-based wire arc additive manufacturing systems. This is achieved through the application of a thorough methodology for comprehending the primary process factors and their impact on the final component qualities. In the present review, the macro-microstructure and mechanical behavior were examined with respect to various energy sources and electric arc heat inputs. This review also examines the input elements related to heat on the wire arc additive manufacturing process. It is necessary to describe the factors influencing these features in order to determine the best wire arc additive manufacturing technique in terms of heat input. The principal aim of the review is to investigate the correlation between heat input and the mechanical, microstructural, and macrostructural features of parts deposited using wire arc additive manufacturing technology. The heat input, which is thoroughly examined in this study, is crucial to the stability of the wire arc additive manufacturing process and affects the mechanical characteristics and microstructural development of the parts during the manufacturing process. The review addresses a wide range of materials, including aluminium alloys, copper alloys, steel alloys, nickel alloys, iron alloys, titanium alloys, magnesium alloys, and smart materials, with a focus on their microstructure, macrostructure, and mechanical properties, providing significant insights into their application across many industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In situ formation mechanism of steam Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (Mg–Al–CO3-LDH) coatings on AZ31 and AM30 alloys was compared in presence of NaOH aqueous solution. The microstructure and elemental composition of the obtained coatings were analyzed using SEM, EDS, XRD and FTIR. The corrosion resistance of the coated samples was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and salt spray test. The results indicated that the addition of NaOH significantly influenced the morphology as well as the thickness of the prepared LDH coating. The effect of different Al–Mn phase contents of AZ31 and AM30 alloy on the growth mechanism of the LDH coatings was discussed. The addition of 0.01 M NaOH promoted the growth of the LDH coating on AZ31 and AM30 alloys. The AM30-NaOH-0.01 sample possessed the most compact and uniform surfaces as well as the maximum thickness. The corrosion current density of the samples was reduced by three orders of magnitude compared to their substrates. It was revealed that the addition of a moderate amount of NaOH in the steam would raise the pH level, which would benefit the dissolution of the aluminum phase and promote the growth of LDH coating.
{"title":"Corrosion resistance of in situ steam LDH coating on AZ31 and AM30 Alloys: Influence of NaOH and Al–Mn phase","authors":"Yan-Jie Zhao, Fen Zhang, Lan-Yue Cui, Shuo-Qi Li, Cheng-Bao Liu, Rong-Chang Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2024.100045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smmf.2024.100045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In situ formation mechanism of steam Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (Mg–Al–CO<sub>3</sub>-LDH) coatings on AZ31 and AM30 alloys was compared in presence of NaOH aqueous solution. The microstructure and elemental composition of the obtained coatings were analyzed using SEM, EDS, XRD and FTIR. The corrosion resistance of the coated samples was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and salt spray test. The results indicated that the addition of NaOH significantly influenced the morphology as well as the thickness of the prepared LDH coating. The effect of different Al–Mn phase contents of AZ31 and AM30 alloy on the growth mechanism of the LDH coatings was discussed. The addition of 0.01 M NaOH promoted the growth of the LDH coating on AZ31 and AM30 alloys. The AM30-NaOH-0.01 sample possessed the most compact and uniform surfaces as well as the maximum thickness. The corrosion current density of the samples was reduced by three orders of magnitude compared to their substrates. It was revealed that the addition of a moderate amount of NaOH in the steam would raise the pH level, which would benefit the dissolution of the aluminum phase and promote the growth of LDH coating.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772810224000023/pdfft?md5=cf431b9eb02842687c2b33c83bdb7e22&pid=1-s2.0-S2772810224000023-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139434338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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