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Self-assembly meets additive manufacturing: Bridging the gap between nanoscale arrangement of matter and macroscale fabrication 自组装与增材制造:弥合物质纳米级排列与宏观制造之间的差距
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2022.100013
Antonella Sola, Adrian Trinchi, Anita J. Hill

New methods are emerging to combine the self-assembly of matter and additive manufacturing, so that new devices and constructs can simultaneously harness the unique molecular and nanostructural features afforded by self-assembly and the macroscale design freedom of additive manufacturing. The aim of this review is to analyse the body of literature and explore the crossover area where boundaries dissolve and self-assembly meets additive manufacturing (SAMAM). As a preliminary framework for this new area of research, the different experimental approaches to SAMAM can be grouped in three main categories, whereby SAMAM can be based on local interactions between molecules or nanoparticles, on 3D-printing induced forces, or on externally applied force fields. SAMAM offers numerous opportunities, such as the design of new printable materials, the ability to surpass conventional trade-offs in materials properties, the control of structural features across different length scales, process intensification and improved eco-sustainability. However, most research so far has been focused on polymer-based materials, and additional effort is needed to understand how SAMAM can be leveraged in metal- and ceramic-based additive manufacturing. On account of the weak inter-layer bonding often reported along the growth direction, it would also be interesting to explore whether SAMAM could effectively remediate undesidered anisotropic effects in additively manufactured parts.

将物质的自组装和增材制造相结合的新方法正在出现,因此新的设备和结构可以同时利用自组装提供的独特分子和纳米结构特征以及增材制造的宏观设计自由。这篇综述的目的是分析大量文献,探索边界溶解和自组装与增材制造(SAMAM)相遇的交叉区域。作为这一新研究领域的初步框架,SAMAM的不同实验方法可以分为三大类,其中SAMAM可以基于分子或纳米颗粒之间的局部相互作用、3D打印诱导的力或外部施加的力场。SAMAM提供了许多机会,如设计新的可打印材料、超越材料性能传统权衡的能力、控制不同长度尺度的结构特征、工艺强化和提高生态可持续性。然而,到目前为止,大多数研究都集中在聚合物基材料上,还需要更多的努力来了解SAMAM如何在金属和陶瓷基增材制造中发挥作用。由于通常报道的沿生长方向的弱层间结合,探索SAMAM是否可以有效地补救额外制造的零件中不需要考虑的各向异性效应也将是一件有趣的事情。
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引用次数: 9
Various manufacturing methods and ideal properties of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications 用于组织工程应用的支架的各种制造方法和理想性能
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2022.100011
Laldinthari Suamte , Akriti Tirkey , Jugal Barman , Punuri Jayasekhar Babu

The precision in the design and manufacturing of scaffolds with ideal properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical and surface characteristics is very crucial for applications in tissue engineering. Furthermore, these techniques should be able to translate manufactured scaffolds from bench to potential applications. Numerous fabrication technologies have been employed to design ideal three-dimensional scaffolds with controlled nano-to-micro-structures to achieve the final biological response. This review highlights the ideal parameters (biological, mechanical and biodegradability) of scaffolds for different biomedical and tissue engineering applications. It discusses in detail about the various designing methods developed and used for the fabrication of scaffolds, namely solvent casting/particle leaching, freeze drying, thermal induced phase separation (TIPS), gas foaming (GF), powder foaming, sol-gel, electrospinning, stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), binder jetting technique, inkjet printing, laser-assisted bioprinting, direct cell writing and metal based additive manufacturing with a focus on their benefits, limitations and applicability in tissue engineering.

具有生物相容性、生物降解性、机械和表面特性等理想性能的支架的设计和制造精度对组织工程的应用至关重要。此外,这些技术应该能够将制造的支架从工作台转化为潜在的应用。已经采用了许多制造技术来设计具有可控纳米到微米结构的理想三维支架,以实现最终的生物反应。这篇综述强调了用于不同生物医学和组织工程应用的支架的理想参数(生物、机械和生物降解性)。详细讨论了开发和用于支架制造的各种设计方法,即溶剂浇铸/颗粒浸出、冷冻干燥、热致相分离(TIPS)、气体发泡(GF)、粉末发泡、溶胶-凝胶、静电纺丝、立体光刻(SLA)、熔融沉积建模(FDM)、选择性激光烧结(SLS)、粘合剂喷射技术,喷墨打印、激光辅助生物打印、直接细胞书写和金属基增材制造,重点介绍它们在组织工程中的优势、局限性和适用性。
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引用次数: 13
High entropy alloy coatings for biomedical applications: A review 生物医学应用的高熵合金涂层:综述
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2022.100009
Azin Rashidy Ahmady , Aryan Ekhlasi , Alireza Nouri , Masoumeh Haghbin Nazarpak , Pan Gong , Atefeh Solouk

Metallic biomaterials are widely used as short and long-term implantable devices by virtue of their outstanding mechanical properties, such as high load-bearing capacity and fatigue resistance. Due to their inherent bioinertness, potential corrosion, and some inferior surface properties, metallic biomaterials generally require coating and surface modification to improve their function and extend their lifespan in the body. High entropy alloys (HEAs) are a novel class of materials that are composed of at least five principal metallic elements with equiatomic or close-to-equiatomic compositions. Some of the unique properties of HEAs for surface modification and coating include excellent corrosion resistance, remarkable wear resistance, high strength/hardness, and strong diffusion resistance. The coating of HEAs on metallic substrates can be achieved through different techniques, including thermal spraying, laser deposition, and vapor deposition. HEAs have become a promising candidate for biomedical applications by combining tailor-made surface topography, excellent biocompatibility, appropriate surface chemistry, and element composition design. The present article is a thorough review of the research on the surface modification and coating of metallic biomaterials using HEAs.

金属生物材料由于其优异的力学性能,如高承载能力和抗疲劳性,被广泛用作短期和长期植入装置。由于其固有的生物惰性、潜在的腐蚀性和一些较差的表面性能,金属生物材料通常需要涂层和表面改性,以改善其功能并延长其在体内的寿命。高熵合金(HEAs)是一类新型材料,由至少五种具有等原子或接近等原子组成的主要金属元素组成。HEAs用于表面改性和涂层的一些独特性能包括优异的耐腐蚀性、显著的耐磨性、高强度/硬度和强扩散性。HEA在金属基底上的涂层可以通过不同的技术实现,包括热喷涂、激光沉积和气相沉积。HEAs结合了量身定制的表面形貌、优异的生物相容性、适当的表面化学和元素组成设计,已成为生物医学应用的一个有前途的候选者。本文综述了近年来利用HEAs对金属生物材料进行表面改性和涂层的研究进展。
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引用次数: 13
Biodegradable metallic suture anchors: A review 可生物降解金属缝合锚:综述
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2022.100005
Alireza Nouri , Anahita Rohani Shirvan , Yuncang Li , Cuie Wen

Suture anchors are widely used for attaching soft tissue to bone due to their ease of insertion, fixation strength, and small size. The past few decades have seen great advances in the materials and designs of suture anchors. They were originally constructed of non-biodegradable metals and polymers, but in recent years there has been a considerable move toward biodegradable polymers. The biodegradable polymer anchors offer advantages such as gradual degradation over time, minimized risk of migration, less complex revision surgery, no need for a removal operation, and improved postsurgical imaging. However, these anchors have lower fixation strength than metal anchors and suffer from adverse local tissue reactions, inflammatory responses, and rapid degradation. Biodegradable metals appear to be ideal candidates for the future of suture anchors. They have high fixation strength and low elastic modulus close to that of bone, which promote osseointegration and allow the design of thinner and lower volume implants. The current article gives an overview of the application and manufacturing of biodegradable metallic suture anchors and summarizes their current concepts and properties in this area of continual development.

缝合锚钉由于其易于插入、固定强度和体积小而被广泛用于将软组织连接到骨上。在过去的几十年里,缝合锚钉的材料和设计取得了巨大进步。它们最初是由不可生物降解的金属和聚合物制成的,但近年来,生物降解聚合物有了相当大的发展。生物可降解聚合物锚固件具有随着时间的推移逐渐降解、迁移风险最小化、翻修手术不那么复杂、无需移除手术以及改进术后成像等优点。然而,这些锚固件的固定强度低于金属锚固件,并且遭受不良的局部组织反应、炎症反应和快速降解。可生物降解金属似乎是未来缝合锚钉的理想候选者。它们具有高固定强度和接近骨骼的低弹性模量,这促进了骨整合,并允许设计更薄、更低体积的植入物。本文概述了可生物降解金属缝合锚的应用和制造,并总结了其在该领域的当前概念和性能。
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引用次数: 7
Removing hazardous additives from elastomer manufacturing 去除弹性体制造中的有害添加剂
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2023.100021
Weijie Yuan , Xiao Su , Jiabin Dai , Sensen Han , Sanjay S. Chelliah , Philip Adu , Grant Schroeder , Andrew Henderson , Qingshi Meng , Hsu-Chiang Kuan , Liqun Zhang , Jun Ma

Elastomers known as rubber are ubiquitous in industrial applications, but they often contain chronic additives, such as zinc oxide, tetramethylthiuram monosulfide (denoted TMTM), and copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CDD) that has a higher melting point than the common vulcanization temperature. These additives are released into the environment either through the wear and tear of tires and the landfilling of waste rubber. It is imperative to identify and adopt safe, cost-effective alternatives to replace zinc oxide and TMTM, both of which have moderate chronicity rating. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) in this study is cured by using sulphur, zinc stearate, and dipentamethylenethiuram hexasulfide (TRA). The curing characteristics and the morphology and mechanical properties of the cured SBR are investigated. Zinc stearate and TRA exhibit a commendable rating of zero in terms of both chronicity and toxicity, making them promising candidates for substituting chronic additives. Adding 0.25 phr of zinc stearate into SBR can significantly enhance the crosslinking density while exhibiting anti-reversion performance, in comparison with a recipe that includes 5 phr of zinc oxide and 8 phr of TMTM. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the zinc oxide (nano) particles are not soluble in SBR, and thus only the particle surface contributes to vulcanization. TRA is “dissolvable” in SBR, making it an ideal replacement for CDD which is insoluble due to its high melting point. Therefore, we strongly advise against the utilization of curing additives with melting points that exceed the vulcanization temperature. This work contributes to the green manufacture of elastomers.

被称为橡胶的弹性体在工业应用中无处不在,但它们通常含有慢性添加剂,如氧化锌、四甲基秋兰姆单硫化物(表示为TMTM)和二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸铜(CDD),其熔点高于常见硫化温度。这些添加剂通过轮胎的磨损和废橡胶的填埋释放到环境中。必须确定并采用安全、成本效益高的替代品来取代氧化锌和TMTM,这两种物质都具有中度慢性评级。本研究采用硫、硬脂酸锌和二五亚甲基六硫醚(TRA)对苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶(SBR)进行固化。研究了固化SBR的固化特性及固化后的SBR的形态和力学性能。硬脂酸锌和TRA在慢性和毒性方面都表现出值得称赞的零评级,这使它们成为替代慢性添加剂的有前途的候选者。与包括5phr氧化锌和8phr TMTM的配方相比,在SBR中添加0.25phr硬脂酸锌可以显著提高交联密度,同时表现出抗逆转性能。透射电子显微镜显示,氧化锌(纳米)颗粒不溶于SBR,因此只有颗粒表面有助于硫化。TRA在SBR中“可溶解”,是CDD的理想替代品,CDD由于其高熔点而不溶。因此,我们强烈建议不要使用熔点超过硫化温度的固化添加剂。这项工作有助于弹性体的绿色制造。
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引用次数: 0
Smart self-healing coatings on biomedical magnesium alloys: A review 生物医学镁合金智能自修复涂层研究进展
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2023.100022
Yanbin Zhao , Jing Bai , Feng Xue , Rongchang Zeng , Guomin Wang , Paul K. Chu , Chenglin Chu

With promising mechanical property and biodegradability, magnesium (Mg) alloys are considered as the potential candidates in biomedical application. Rapid degradation of Mg alloys compromises the mechanical performance and interfacial bioactivity, hindering clinical adoption. Deposition of a surface coating is an effective technique to improve the corrosion protection and bio-efficacy of Mg biomedical implants. Because of the natural degradability and corrosion, the surface is inevitably damaged in the complex physiological environment. Therefore, it is essential to form a self-healing coating that can repair damage to restore the stable mechanical structure and functions of biomedical Mg alloys. This paper reviews the recent advances in coating technology and the related properties including biodegradation behavior, self-repairing activity, biocompatibility, and other biological effects, and the healing mechanism is discussed. Self-healing coatings suitable for Mg alloys include conversion coatings, encapsulation coatings, and multilayered coatings, and their properties in vitro and in vivo are reviewed by focusing on drug-controlled and prolonged release, sterilization, cytocompatibility, osteogenesis, hemocompatibility, and angiogenesis. This review aims at providing guidance for the future research and development of practical healing coatings for biomedical Mg implants.

镁合金具有良好的力学性能和生物降解性,被认为是生物医学应用的潜在候选者。镁合金的快速降解损害了机械性能和界面生物活性,阻碍了临床应用。沉积表面涂层是提高镁生物医用植入物防腐性能和生物效能的有效技术。由于其自然降解性和腐蚀性,在复杂的生理环境中,表面不可避免地会受到损伤。因此,有必要形成一种能够修复损伤的自修复涂层,以恢复生物医学镁合金稳定的机械结构和功能。本文综述了涂层技术的最新进展及其相关性能,包括生物降解行为、自修复活性、生物相容性和其他生物效应,并对其愈合机制进行了讨论。适用于镁合金的自修复涂层包括转化涂层、包封涂层和多层涂层,并从药物控制和缓释、杀菌、细胞相容性、成骨、血液相容性和血管生成等方面综述了它们在体外和体内的性能。这篇综述旨在为未来生物医学镁植入物实用愈合涂层的研究和开发提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanical and corrosion properties of Mg–MgO and Mg–Al2O3 composites fabricated by equal channel angular extrusion method 等通道角挤压法制备的Mg–MgO和Mg–Al2O3复合材料的力学性能和腐蚀性能
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2022.100010
Kaveh Rahmani , Alireza Nouri , Hamed Bakhtiari , Ali Sadooghi , Alireza Ghofrani , Maria P. Nikolova , Farhad Salmani

Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) has shown great potential for the consolidation of powdered materials. In the present article, the mechanical and corrosion properties of Mg–MgO and Mg–Al2O3 composites produced by the ECAE method were studied. Pure magnesium reinforced with 0, 10, 20, and 30 ​vol percentages of MgO and Al2O3 particles were hot consolidated at 600 ​MPa in an ECAE die without prior cold compaction or canning of the powders. Results indicated that the reinforcement content is directly proportional to the hardness, compressive strength, and corrosion resistance of the fabricated composites, while it has an inverse relationship with the relative density. The lowest relative density and the highest corrosion rate were obtained for the Mg+30%MgO composite samples, as opposed to the pure magnesium with the highest relative density and the lowest corrosion rate. Besides, composites reinforced with 30 and 20 ​vol percentages of alumina revealed the highest hardness and the highest compressive strength, which were 55% and 74% higher than that of the pure magnesium sample, respectively. Based on SEM and EDX analyses, it was shown that Mg–Al2O3 samples had finer grain sizes compared to Mg–MgO composites.

等通道角挤压(ECAE)在粉末材料的固结方面显示出巨大的潜力。本文研究了ECAE法制备的Mg–MgO和Mg–Al2O3复合材料的力学性能和腐蚀性能。用0、10、20和30增强的纯镁​MgO和Al2O3颗粒的体积百分比在600​在ECAE模具中的MPa,而无需事先对粉末进行冷压实或罐装。结果表明,补强量与复合材料的硬度、抗压强度和耐腐蚀性成正比,而与相对密度成反比。与具有最高相对密度和最低腐蚀速率的纯镁相比,Mg+30%MgO复合材料样品获得了最低相对密度和最高腐蚀速率。此外,用30和20增强的复合材料​氧化铝的体积百分比显示出最高的硬度和最高的抗压强度,分别比纯镁样品高55%和74%。基于SEM和EDX分析,结果表明,与Mg–MgO复合材料相比,Mg–Al2O3样品具有更细的晶粒尺寸。
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引用次数: 0
Laser surface engineering of Ti–6Al–4V with TiO2/Al2O3 composite powder for improved wear resistance Ti–6Al–4V与TiO2/Al2O3复合粉末的激光表面工程提高耐磨性
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2023.100015
Yitian Zhao , Mingyuan Lu , Zhiqi Fan , Yu Yin , Weikang Lin , Han Huang

Titanium (Ti) alloys are often the materials of choice used in light-weighting strategies in manufacturing. However, their tribological performance needs to be improved. In this work, a laser surface engineering process using titania/alumina (TiO2/Al2O3) composite powders was developed for Ti–6Al–4V alloy to enhance its wear resistance. This process resulted in the formation of a novel AlxOy/TiOxNy/α-Ti composite coating. The AlxOy particles were firmly embedded in the matrix, forming a semi-coherent interface with TiOxNy dendrites, which could strengthen the composite coating. The incorporation of fine Al2O3 particles also improved the laser absorptivity of the starting powders and decreased melt viscosities, leading to the considerable reduction in the porosity and crack density in the coatings. The wear resistance of the coatings made with the composite powders was superior to that made with the pure TiO2 powder.

钛(Ti)合金通常是制造业中用于轻量化策略的首选材料。然而,它们的摩擦学性能需要改进。在本工作中,为提高Ti–6Al–4V合金的耐磨性,开发了一种使用二氧化钛/氧化铝(TiO2/Al2O3)复合粉末的激光表面工程工艺。该工艺形成了一种新型的AlxOy/TiOxNy/α-Ti复合涂层。AlxOy颗粒牢固地嵌入基体中,与TiOxNy枝晶形成半相干界面,可以增强复合涂层。细Al2O3颗粒的加入还提高了起始粉末的激光吸收率并降低了熔体粘度,导致涂层中的孔隙率和裂纹密度显著降低。复合粉末涂层的耐磨性优于纯TiO2粉末涂层。
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引用次数: 0
Contributions of Ti-xTa cold spray composite interface to in-vitro cell growth Ti-xTa冷喷复合界面对体外细胞生长的贡献
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2022.100007
Guang Zeng , Qiushi Deng , Stefan Gulizia , Saden H. Zahiri , Yaping Chen , Chenglong Xu , Qing Cao , Xiao-Bo Chen , Ivan Cole

Surface charge of biomaterials is one of the most influential parameters on regulating the complex processes of cell responses in tissue engineering. This study explores the contributions of xTa (x ​= ​5; 10; 30 in wt%) interface with the Ti as matrix on the in-vitro cell growth when such composites were produced through cold spray additive manufacturing. Preliminary results reveal that formation of intimate contact between deposited Ti and Ta splats provides meaningful differences in work function, results in an estimated surface potential variation around 50 ​mV, that ultimately influence cell growth. Increasing mass fraction of Ta in the chosen cold sprayed Ti-xTa composites was beneficial to initial cell attachment and proliferation upon the surface. Electrochemical response of cold sprayed coatings indirectly proves that Ta may act as anode and Ti performs as cathode in the electrochemical cells with possible surface charge gradient that allow to design and adapt biomaterials surfaces to a specific application. Understanding the mechanism of cell growth upon the surface of cold sprayed Ti-xTa composites will contribute to design of biomaterial surface for promising osseointegrity in biomedical applications.

生物材料的表面电荷是组织工程中调节细胞反应复杂过程的最具影响力的参数之一。本研究探讨了xTa(x​=​5.10;30重量%)与Ti作为基体的界面对体外细胞生长的影响。初步结果表明,沉积的Ti和Ta飞溅物之间紧密接触的形成在功函数上提供了有意义的差异,导致估计的表面电势变化约为50​mV,最终影响细胞生长。在所选择的冷喷涂Ti-xTa复合材料中,增加Ta的质量分数有利于细胞在表面的初始附着和增殖。冷喷涂涂层的电化学响应间接证明,在具有可能的表面电荷梯度的电化学电池中,Ta可以充当阳极,Ti可以充当阴极,这允许设计和调整生物材料表面以适应特定应用。了解冷喷涂Ti-xTa复合材料表面细胞生长的机制将有助于设计生物材料表面,以实现生物医学应用中的骨完整性。
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引用次数: 0
A green and solvent-free method for simultaneously producing graphene nanoplatelets, nanoscrolls, and nanodots and functionalizing their surface for epoxy nanocomposites 一种绿色无溶剂的方法,用于同时生产石墨烯纳米片、纳米颗粒和纳米点,并对其表面进行功能化,用于环氧树脂纳米复合材料
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.smmf.2023.100018
Mohannad Naeem Houshi , Mathias Aakyiir , Sanjay Stephen , Ruoyu Wang , Hsu-Chiang Kuan , Qingshi Meng , Jun Ma

Graphene is an emerging class of multifunctional additives for plastic manufacturing. However, achieving the exfoliation and dispersion of graphene in polymers such as epoxy has been a significant challenge, typically requiring chemical modification or oxidation as well as organic solvents and/or surfactants, because exceptionally high-surface area graphene often stack themselves. Herein we report the preparation, exfoliation, surface modification, and dispersion of graphene nanomaterials in epoxy by a simple ball milling process. The prepared graphene nanomaterials exhibit a range of morphologies, i.e. nanoplatelets, nanoscrolls, and nanodots. These materials demonstrate high electrical conductivity, 1750 ​± ​41 ​S/cm, for a film of ∼6 μm in thickness. Furthermore, as the graphene nanomaterials' surface was functionalized with amine groups for affinity with epoxy, the nanomaterials were found to disperse readily in epoxy. At 0.25 ​vol% of graphene, the epoxy nanocomposite exhibited a 52% increment of fracture toughness and an 11% increment of Young's modulus. Notably, an electrical percolation threshold was observed at 0.52 ​vol% for the nanocomposites.

石墨烯是一类新兴的用于塑料制造的多功能添加剂。然而,实现石墨烯在环氧树脂等聚合物中的剥离和分散一直是一个重大挑战,通常需要化学改性或氧化以及有机溶剂和/或表面活性剂,因为极高的表面积石墨烯通常会自行堆叠。本文报道了石墨烯纳米材料在环氧树脂中的制备、剥离、表面改性和分散。所制备的石墨烯纳米材料表现出一系列形态,即纳米片、纳米颗粒和纳米点。这些材料表现出高导电性,1750​±​41​S/cm,对于厚度为~6μm的薄膜。此外,由于石墨烯纳米材料的表面被胺基官能化,与环氧树脂具有亲和力,因此发现纳米材料易于分散在环氧树脂中。0.25​环氧纳米复合材料的断裂韧性增加了52%,杨氏模量增加了11%。值得注意的是,在0.52处观察到电渗流阈值​纳米复合材料的体积%。
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引用次数: 1
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Smart Materials in Manufacturing
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