Smart Materials in Manufacturing最新文献

{"title":"Physico-mechanical evaluation of benzoyl peroxide-treated water hyacinth reinforced polyvinyl alcohol composites and DFT studies of the reaction of the monomer of cellulose","authors":"Kaniz Fatema ,&nbsp;Taslima Akter ,&nbsp;Shabiba Parvin Shandhi ,&nbsp;Md Khabir Uddin Sarkar ,&nbsp;Mohammad Amirul Hoque ,&nbsp;Mohammad Shahriar Bashar ,&nbsp;Shahin Sultana","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing interest in natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites is driven by their sustainability and enhanced mechanical properties. In Bangladesh, the unchecked proliferation of water hyacinth has become a significant environmental issue, altering the pH and salinity of aquatic ecosystems. This study explores the potential of untreated and chemically treated water hyacinth fibers as reinforcement in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites. The untreated water hyacinth (UWH) was subjected to alkali treatment to produce mercerized water hyacinth (MWH), then oxidation to produce oxidized water hyacinth (OWH). The structural modifications of UWH, MWH, and OWH were confirmed through ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Composites were fabricated by embedding UWH and OWH fibers into PVA at varying concentrations (0.50, 1.00, 2.5, and 5.0 wt%) via compression molding. Composites with 1 % OWH exhibited the best performance, showing a 127 % increase in tensile strength, 162 % increase in elongation, and 28 % reduction in water absorption compared to UWH-PVA and pure PVA. The improved performance of OWH-PVA composites is attributed to enhanced fiber–matrix adhesion. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed thermal stability, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations supported the chemical modifications observed experimentally. These results highlight the potential of water hyacinth fibers as a sustainable reinforcement material for PVA-based composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonplanar rotary 3D printing framework for sustainable thin-walled structures manufacturing","authors":"Hesam Soleimanzadeh,&nbsp;Moslem Mohammadi,&nbsp;Bernard Rolfe,&nbsp;Ali Zolfagharian","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rotary 3D printing offers an effective approach for fabricating cylindrical and curved-surface geometries without conventional supports, yet existing rotary slicing strategies remain unstandardized and difficult to reproduce across diverse platforms. This work introduces a unified, open-source rotary 3D printing framework integrating three complementary slicing pipelines, ranging from CAD-driven visual scripting to a fully automated Python–based user interface workflow. The framework incorporates a volume-preserving unwrapping formulation and a calibrated flow-ratio compensation factor that significantly improves extrusion continuity and seam-line closure. Multi-material dissolvable raft support strategies are implemented to enhance mandrel tolerance control, adhesion tuning, and sustainable detachment. The framework is validated through comprehensive quantitative experiments. Optical 3D metrology and roughness measurements demonstrate uniform radial and circumferential surface quality across cylindrical and auxetic structures. Annular-ring tests verify the effectiveness of correction in eliminating seam gaps. Scanning electron microscopy and optical cross-section imaging confirm interlayer fidelity and void-free dual-material bonding. Comparative studies further show notable reductions in material consumption and energy usage relative to planar printing with dense supports. Demonstrations across auxetic lattices, re-entrant structures, chiral shells, spiral geometries, and thin-walled cylinders highlight the robustness and versatility of the approach. Overall, this work establishes a general-purpose and open-source rotary manufacturing framework compatible with commercial 3D printers and suitable for programmable and 4D printing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OpenTM: An open-source, single-GPU, large-scale thermal microstructure design framework","authors":"Yuchen Quan ,&nbsp;Xiaoya Zhai ,&nbsp;Xiao-Ming Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal microstructures are engineered to manipulate heat flow. We present OpenTM, an open-source GPU-based framework for designing periodic 3D high-resolution thermal microstructures via inverse optimization of target conductivity. To ensure numerical stability without incurring large memory overheads, we employ an adaptive volume-fraction strategy within the Optimality Criteria (OC) method. Practical demonstrations at a resolution of <span><math><mrow><mn>512</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>512</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>512</mn></mrow></math></span> achieve runtimes under 12 s per iteration on an NVIDIA Tesla P40 GPU, with a peak memory footprint of 10.78 GB. Our open-source, high-performance implementation is publicly available at <span><span>https://github.com/quanyuchen2000/OPENTM</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> and is easily installed via Anaconda. A Python interface ensures accessibility for non-C/C++ users. This work highlights the potential of OpenTM as a powerful tool for the rapid structural optimization of thermal microstructures, fostering deeper exploration of their exotic heat-management capabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving excellent dispersion properties, interfacial strengthening and substantial biofunctionality in biodegradable HA@GO/Zn matrix composites via the combination of hetero-agglomeration method and in situ growth strategy","authors":"Zixuan Li ,&nbsp;Yingjian Lin ,&nbsp;Xiao Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Hao Han ,&nbsp;Wei Gao ,&nbsp;Chunyong Liang ,&nbsp;Xiaohao Sun ,&nbsp;Debao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, biodegradable zinc (Zn) matrix composites attracted extensive attention due to their moderate degradation period, good biocompatibility and substantial biofunctionality. Nevertheless, poor dispersion properties and poor interfacial strength deteriorate the comprehensive performance of the Zn matrix biocomposites. Herein, a novel approach, namely the combination of hetero-agglomeration method and in situ growth strategy (CHMGS), was developed to simultaneously ameliorate the dispersion and interfacial properties in biodegradable Zn-based composites. The CHMGS process utilizes GO as an “bridge” to connect the bioactive reinforcement with the Zn matrix. In other word, based on the principle of electrostatic neutralization, GO “bridge” was uniformly dispersed into the Zn powder. Then, bioactive hydroxyapatite (HA) uniformly and firmly decorated on the GO “bridge” via a in situ solvothermal reaction. Eventually, uniform dispersion of HA and enhancing the interfacial strength was achieved in HA@GO/Zn biocomposites after spark plasma sintering (SPS). As a result, after the introduction of HA@GO, the yield strength (YS) increased by up to 16.1 %, and the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) increased by 22.1 %. The potential difference between HA and matrix elevates the degradation rate (0.221 mm y⁻¹ for [email protected]/Zn) and promotes Ca-P deposition. In vitro, 25 % and 50 % extracts from the composites show no cytotoxicity to MC3T3-E1 cells. Transcriptomics reveal the composites promote mineral absorption and osteoblast differentiation by upregulating genes (Mt, Prkcg, Lox, etc.), accelerating bone regeneration. Above all, [email protected]/Zn biocomposites possessing excellent dispersion properties, improved mechanical performance, up-regulated degradation rate and multiple biofunctionality should be useful for biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser powder bed fusion of biodegradable metallic implants: current status, challenges, and future perspectives","authors":"Fang Deng ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Xiwen He ,&nbsp;Hejin Yang ,&nbsp;Guihua Wu ,&nbsp;Yinjin Shao ,&nbsp;Xuehua Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodegradable metals (BMs), encompassing magnesium (Mg)-, zinc (Zn)-, and iron (Fe)-based alloys, represent a revolutionary advancement in biomedical implants. Among them, Mg-based alloys are distinguished by their bone-mimetic elastic modulus, which helps mitigate stress shielding, and their bioactive Mg²⁺ ions that promote osteogenesis. Zn-based alloys provide an intermediate degradation rate, avoiding the rapid corrosion of Mg and the prolonged presence of Fe, while Fe-based alloys are valued for their superior mechanical strength, making them suitable for load-bearing applications. These materials eliminate the need for secondary removal surgeries, minimize stress shielding, and support tissue regeneration. However, conventional manufacturing methods struggle to produce patient-specific implants with complex geometries. Additive manufacturing (AM), particularly laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), enables the fabrication of customized, porous implants with high dimensional accuracy and refined microstructures. The rapid cooling inherent to LPBF enhances mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and degradation control. Nevertheless, key challenges remain, such as optimizing process parameters to minimize defects, ensuring consistent degradation behavior, and matching mechanical performance with tissue healing timelines. This review systematically outlines recent advances in the AM-fabricated BMs, covering material development, powder preparation, parameter optimization, post-processing, and defect mitigation. It critically assesses their mechanical properties, degradation behavior, and biocompatibility. Finally, the review highlights persistent challenges and suggests future research directions to advance clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic improvement of strength and elongation in laser-melting-deposited 18Ni300/316 heterostructured dual-phase steel by heat treatment","authors":"Tong Yang ,&nbsp;Haoye Zeng ,&nbsp;Zhen Liu ,&nbsp;Pinghu Chen ,&nbsp;Chao Yang ,&nbsp;Changjun Qiu ,&nbsp;Paul K. Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>18Ni300 maraging steel has an ultra-high strength above 2000 MPa after aging, but the elongation is compromised. Herein, a heterogeneous lamellar structure and solution-aging heat treatment are designed to overcome the trade-off between strength and elongation. Laser melting deposition using a synchronous feeder is employed to fabricate the heterostructured materials (HSM), and the powder delivery rates are optimized to prepare high-quality materials. The ultimate tensile strength and total elongation of the 18Ni300 maraging steel are improved to 1051 MPa and 10.4 %, respectively. The hetero-structure composed of a sandwiched layer of the 316L soft phase in the 18Ni300 hard phase exhibits high strength and elongation due to hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) strengthening, which obtain the trade-off between strength (reduction of 6.7 %) and elongation (increase of 62.3 %) when the austenitic layer thickness is optimized. Solution-aging treatment is performed to adjust the microstructure, including Ni-(Mo, Ti) nano-precipitates, second-phase diffusion, and refined grains relative to as-fabricated sample. The excellent tensile characteristics stem collectively from a synergistic strengthening effect of HDI strengthening, nanoscale precipitation, refined grains, grain boundaries, and dislocations. The HSM have the advantage of restraining sudden fracture, and the results reveal an innovative strategy to improve the properties of bearings and engineering materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing corrosion resistance of additively manufactured magnesium alloys via in-situ reaction-driven dual mechanisms","authors":"Wenjing Yang ,&nbsp;Quanyi Tong ,&nbsp;Guochao Wu ,&nbsp;Youwen Yang ,&nbsp;Fang Deng ,&nbsp;Xiong Shuai ,&nbsp;Chongxian He ,&nbsp;Cijun Shuai","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mg and its alloys hold significant promise as biomedical materials, but their orthopedic applications are limited by inadequate corrosion resistance. This study proposed a dual-effect corrosion inhibition strategy mediated by in-situ reaction. Specifically, CaO nanoparticles were incorporated into ZK60 via laser powder bed fusion to function as reactive peritectic, reacting with the Mg melt to form MgO and Mg₂Ca phases. Upon degradation initiation, MgO undergoes rapid hydrolysis to generate a protective Mg(OH)₂ layer that provides immediate barrier protection. Concurrently, the Mg₂Ca phases act as sacrificial anode within galvanic couples relative to the α-matrix grains. These phases preferentially degrade to deliver cathodic protection to Mg grains while producing Ca-enriched products that densify the corrosion layer, thereby retarding overall degradation. Volta potential measurements confirmed the sacrificial anode function of Mg₂Ca, exhibiting approximately 130 mV more negative potential than the α-Mg matrix. Electrochemical testing demonstrated that CaO incorporation significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance of ZK60 alloy throughout both initial and prolonged exposure periods. Mott-Schottky analysis revealed that the ZK60-CaO displayed characteristic n-type semiconductor behavior with reduced carrier concentration (approximately 1.29 × 10²² cm⁻³) than ZK60 alloy, indicative of a denser, more protective corrosion product film versus ZK60. After immersion for 24 h, the corrosion rate of ZK60-CaO alloy was decreased from 1.54 mm/y to 0.35 mm/y, confirming that the CaO-formed passive layer effectively retarded the alloy degradation. This synergistic dual-effect strategy offers a promising approach to improve corrosion resistance and extend the functional lifespan of Mg-based implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additive manufacturing of functional high-performance polymers for energy storage, conversion, and insulation systems","authors":"Long Chanraksmey ,&nbsp;Bingying Nie ,&nbsp;Wei Zhao ,&nbsp;Kunyapat Thummavichai ,&nbsp;Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Binling Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy-related systems require materials that not only withstand harsh operating conditions, including extreme temperatures, corrosive environments, mechanical stresses, and radiation, but also can be manufactured into complex geometries (e.g. porous networks, patterned membranes, and architected 3D lattices etc.) and integrated structures to deliver specific functionalities such as insulation, separation, membrane operation, energy storage, or shielding. Traditional methods like molding and machining often struggle to create intricate multifunctional components such as porous scaffolds, interdigitated electrodes and layered membranes. In contrast, advances in additive manufacturing (AM) have transformed the production of energy-related components by enabling greater design freedom, rapid prototyping, and the fabrication of customized, high-performance parts with reduced material waste. Among the different classes of AM, high-performance polymers (HPPs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their outstanding thermal, mechanical, and chemical resilience. These, including Polyamide (PA), Polyetherimide (PEI), Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS), Polysulfone (PSU), Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and Polyimide (PI), are particularly suited for AM in demanding energy applications. This review summarizes recent advances in the AM of HPPs for electrochemical and thermal energy storage, hydrogen production and storage, oil and gas systems, and radiation shielding. It also examines how structural design and composite reinforcement enhance performance, and outlines current challenges and future research directions to advance AM technologies for energy-related applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene-functionalized biomaterials for bone and neural tissue engineering: bridging physicomechanical properties to multifunctionality bioapplications","authors":"Zi-Rui Luo ,&nbsp;Tianyi Zeng ,&nbsp;Chao-Chun Zhao ,&nbsp;Kangling Xie ,&nbsp;Ying Cai ,&nbsp;Dengfeng Yin ,&nbsp;Andrej Atrens ,&nbsp;Ming-Chun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advancements in graphene-functionalized (GNF) biomaterials have opened unprecedented avenues for bone and neural tissue regeneration. This review highlights the current advances in GNF biomaterials for bone and neural tissue regeneration in terms of their physicochemical and biological properties, and introduces the major categories of GNF biomaterials (ceramic/polymer/metal composites) and their physicochemical properties and applications in bone and neural tissue engineering. Also explored are the critical issues, challenges, and prospects in developing GNF biomaterials for bone and neural tissue engineering application. While existing reviews predominantly focus on graphene's general biomedical applications, this review uniquely addresses the dual-tissue regenerative potential of GNF biomaterials, emphasizing their synergistic physicomechanical properties and multifunctionality as well as translational challenges. First, we systematically analyze how GNF biomaterials overcome the distinct limitations of bone and neural repair: (i) For bone regeneration, GNF composites enhance mechanical strength, osteoconductivity, and antibacterial activity, while enabling photothermal tumor ablation in post-resection defects; (ii) For neural repair, GNF platforms promote electrical signal transduction, axonal guidance, and blood-brain barrier penetration, offering solutions for neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic injuries. Crucially, this review highlights three innovative dimensions: (1) Functional integration: GNF biomaterials uniquely combine antimicrobial properties, stem cell differentiation guidance, and drug delivery into a single platform, addressing infection risks, cellular microenvironment modulation, and targeted therapy simultaneously; (2) Emerging composites: Beyond conventional scaffolds, we explore cutting-edge applications such as flexible neural electrodes, degradable GNF-metal implants, and conductive hydrogels; (3) Clinical barriers: A critical discussion on long-term biocompatibility, industrial-scale synthesis, and toxicity mechanisms bridges the gap between laboratory innovation and clinical adoption. By synthesizing cross-disciplinary insights and proposing standardized evaluation frameworks, this review not only maps the current landscape but also charts a roadmap for developing clinically viable GNF-based therapies, which underscores the need for mechanistic studies on cellular interactions and large-scale safety assessments to accelerate the transition from experimental models to regenerative medicine breakthroughs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Insights into advances in additive manufacturing across materials systems","authors":"Pan Wang ,&nbsp;Antonella Sola ,&nbsp;Cuie Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}