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Academic Freedom: A Road Map for Chairs 学术自由:椅子的路线图
Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/dch.70006
Jacqueline Pfeffer Merrill
<p>In early 2025, the chair of the history department at the US Naval Academy resigned in the face of the academy superintendent's demand that he revoke the acceptance of a paper to be presented at a symposium on naval history (Quinn <span>2025</span>). The superintendent's demand was widely seen as bending to Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth's priorities; the department chair refused to comply. The chair's principled stand made national headlines.</p><p>In 2022, the chair of the art department at Hamline University initially supported an instructor's academic freedom to set curriculum after a student complained about an art instructor's display of a painting of the prophet Mohammed, although she did suggest the instructor apologize for the unintended offense (American Association of University Professors <span>2023</span>). Under pressure from upper administrators to resolve the complaint, the department chair revoked her stated intention to renew the instructor's contract. That move was widely interpreted as a punishment of the instructor, and it sparked national controversy that ended with the resignation of the school's president and damage to the school's reputation.</p><p>As these two stories illustrate, department chairs can make pivotal decisions during academic freedom controversies. Whether it is a student reporting a professor for what the student perceives as harmful classroom speech, a faculty member's inflammatory social media post drawing the attention of state legislators, or a directive from upper administrators that violates academic freedom principles, it is at the department chair level where many policies are implemented and conflicts are first adjudicated. A chair's actions can resolve an academic freedom controversy or set it spinning out of control.</p><p>As someone who leads a program on campus free expression and academic freedom, I've followed academic freedom controversies and spoken with those involved. I've seen up close that department chairs are often in a tough spot when it comes to academic freedom. As a chair, you must uphold institutional policies you did not craft in situations without clear-cut answers. If you challenge senior administrators, you risk your department losing out on resources controlled by those administrators. You are also responsible for sustaining a departmental culture of free inquiry and discourse. New chairs rarely receive training on or support in managing these responsibilities.</p><p>To help fill the gap, here's a playbook for your next academic freedom controversy. Although these controversies can play out in as little as a few days or over many months, they have three key phases: your reception of the initial complaint or query; laying the groundwork for your response; and the resolution of the complaint, whether that is at the department level or higher up.</p><p>Your initial response to these challenges should be calm and confident. Keep your reply to these two messages: You're takin
2025年初,美国海军学院历史系系主任辞职,因为学院院长要求他撤销接受一篇将在海军历史研讨会上发表的论文(Quinn 2025)。人们普遍认为,校长的要求是屈从于国防部长皮特·海格塞斯(Pete Hegseth)的优先考虑;系主任拒绝服从。主席的原则立场成为全国的头条新闻。2022年,哈姆林大学(Hamline University)的艺术系系主任最初支持一名教师设置课程的学术自由,因为一名学生抱怨一名艺术教师展示了一幅先知穆罕默德(prophet Mohammed)的画,尽管她确实建议该教师为无意的冒犯道歉(美国大学教授协会2023年)。在高层管理人员要求解决投诉的压力下,系主任撤销了她声明的续签教员合同的意图。这一举动被广泛解读为对这名教师的惩罚,并引发了全国性的争议,最终导致该校校长辞职,并损害了该校的声誉。正如这两个故事所说明的那样,在学术自由争议中,系主任可以做出关键的决定。无论是学生举报教授在课堂上发表了自己认为有害的言论,还是教师在社交媒体上发表的煽动性帖子引起了州议员的注意,还是高层管理人员的指令违反了学术自由原则,许多政策都是在系主任层面实施的,冲突也首先在系主任层面得到裁决。主席的行动可以解决学术自由争议,也可以使其失控。作为一个校园言论自由和学术自由项目的负责人,我一直关注学术自由争议,并与相关人士交谈。我近距离地看到,当涉及到学术自由时,系主任往往处于困境。作为主席,在没有明确答案的情况下,你必须坚持自己制定的制度政策。如果您挑战高级管理员,您的部门可能会失去由这些管理员控制的资源。你还负责维持一个自由探究和讨论的部门文化。新主席很少接受管理这些职责的培训或支持。为了帮助填补这一空白,这里有一个剧本,为你的下一个学术自由争议。尽管这些争议可能会在短短几天或几个月内发生,但它们有三个关键阶段:您收到最初的投诉或查询;为你的回应奠定基础;以及投诉的解决,无论是在部门层面还是更高层面。你对这些挑战的最初反应应该是冷静和自信的。你的回复要遵循这两条信息:你认真对待对方和他们的担忧,你不能当场承诺任何特定的解决方案。“告诉我更多”或“这听起来很重要,所以我要做笔记”传达出你正在认真关注对方和他们所关心的问题。“我需要听听每个人的意见”和“我要问问其他人的看法”会让你在听到其他方面的说法之前就做出承诺。如果最初的抱怨是通过电子邮件发出的,不要急于回复,而是邀请他们与你交谈,通过电话或亲自交谈。在谈话结束时,再次表明你认真对待这件事,表明投诉人下次可能会收到你的消息:“我应该很快就能和别人谈谈了;周四之前,我会让你知道我的下一步计划,或者至少给你一个更新的时间框架。”谈话另一端的人可能会向你施压,要求你采取行动,所以要做好抵抗的准备:“这件事很重要,所以我需要时间和每个人商量,确保我们考虑到了方方面面。”一旦你听完了抱怨者的话,退后一步,问三个问题。涉及到什么原则?主席不需要是学术自由原则方面的专家,但现在一些背景阅读可以让你对最近的辩论有更深入的了解。斯坦利·费什的《学术自由的版本》(2014)是这些主题的简短入门;基思·惠廷顿的《你不能教这个》(2024)讨论了公立大学课堂上的教师学术自由。汉克·赖克曼最新更新的《理解学术自由》(2025)探讨了在多种背景下学术自由面临的挑战。是什么制度政策和法律规定了这种情况?主席是大学的官员,他们必须牢记保护学术自由的法律和大学政策。主席不仅应该避免与法律和政策发生冲突,而且政策可以帮助确保决策背后是政策,而不是主席的反复无常。 留出一两个小时的时间来查找和阅读学校的政策:不仅是教师手册、学术自由政策,还有关于重大事件、社交媒体使用、示威以及区分个人与大学交流的政策。如果你在一所公立大学,安德鲁·莫尔斯的《第一修正案和包容性校园》(2018)提供了实用的指导。谁必须参与解决这个问题?列出直接参与冲突的人员和其他能够将其置于背景下的人员,以及根据政策必须通知或以其他方式参与的人员。即使没有要求,也要考虑包括你的院长;他们可能会有很好的建议,并且会很感激你的提醒。在你明白了学术自由问题中涉及的原则、政策、法律和人员之后,你就会意识到你还需要哪些额外的信息,以及下一步该采取什么措施。这里还有一些需要记住的要点。下一步可能是什么都不做。例如,你可能会收到关于教授在私人社交媒体账户上发布的帖子的投诉。这篇文章几乎肯定是受保护的言论;后续行动可能只是提醒其他人——无论是原告还是其他想要展开调查的管理者——学术自由原则保护令人反感的言论。善良、公平、透明、迅速。既然你只听到了一方的说法,那就问一些能让你接受其他说法的问题。体谅那些可能因为被询问而生气和焦虑的人。当学生提出对教授的担忧时,应该鼓励学生与教授见面,看看是否可以在谈话中解决问题。这既赋予了学生权力,又避免了让教师感到自己受到怀疑。如果需要进行调查,请向所有各方保证,在你的权力范围内,调查将是迅速和透明的。处理不当的调查破坏了教学。最有可能引起学生抱怨的文本和主题是那些关于种族、性别和性别的主题,而这些主题对学生来说可能是最重要的。我从一些教师那里听说,在他们看来,受到不公平的调查后,他们的回应是从教学大纲中删除具有挑战性的文本和主题。这是一个悲剧性的结果。如果大学要教育学生了解我们国家最棘手和最有争议的问题,我们必须区分学生的不适和学生的安全。要透明,但要谨慎。当我与那些卷入校园争议的人交谈时,他们中没有一个人一开始认为他们正在处理的只是一场当地的混乱。为了减少误解,要亲自开会,避免电子邮件交流,因为如果电子邮件被泄露给那些决定(错误地)使用你的话来表达某个特定观点的政党或新闻机构,电子邮件可能会成为武器。如果你使用电子邮件,把它当作一种可以被校园里的任何人、《高等教育纪事报》的订阅者和州立法机构的教育委员会阅读的交流方式。培养支持学术自由和公开探究的院系文化。2013年,佛罗里达大西洋大学的一位教授要求学生“跺”一张写着“耶稣”的纸(Jaschik 2013)。这位教授的课堂选择是否受到学术自由的保护?是。明智的教育学?否。你可以通过组织研讨会,利用独立学院委员会的报告《校园自由表达:教师的新路线图》(学术领袖校园自由表达工作组2024)中的教学和学习资源中心和桌面练习,培养一种强调有争议话题的课堂讨论和尊重学术自由规范的部门文化。Erwin Chemerinsky和Howard Gillman的《校园言论自由》(2017)为培养开放探究的包容性文化提供了额外的实用建议。因为系主任是教员和更高级的管理人员之间、教员同事之间、学生和教授之间的中间人,他们往往是学术自由争议的第一反应者。大多数学术自由问题不会成为全国性的头条新闻,这通常是因为主席做出了正确的决定。按照剧本行事可以帮助你应对学术自由问题和争议。本文基于第81届美国学术院长会议的研讨会,该会议于2025年2月19日至21日在亚利桑那州凤凰城举行。杰奎琳·普费弗·梅里尔(Jacqueline Pfeffer Merrill)是独立学院委员会公民学习和自由表达项目的高级主管。邮箱:[Email protected]
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Ten Strategies for Preserving Faculty Morale During Institutional Transition 机构转型中保持教师士气的十大策略
Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/dch.70004
Elizabeth Davis-Berg, Jeanne Petrolle
<p>The precarity of the higher education sector endangers faculty morale. Declining enrollments, shrinking budgets, institutional reorganizations, attacks on diversity initiatives, and threats to free speech require knowledge workers to summon extraordinary resilience, endurance, adaptability, and creativity. Academic leaders need a repertoire of strategies for building and preserving faculty morale. This article shares ten strategies for morale-building, including collaborative grant writing and open educational resource building. Collaborative productivity mitigates faculty distress by reducing isolation and supporting the social and emotional energy necessary for successful adaptation to the increased stress of uncertainty.</p><p>Like many institutions, Columbia College Chicago, a four-year private arts and communications school in Chicago's south loop, faces numerous challenges to faculty vitality. As a Hispanic-serving institution in an urban environment, our institution, like many others, finds the current administration's hostility toward diversity initiatives and undocumented or recently documented students acutely challenging. Even before these latest threats to institutional vitality, the now proverbial demographic cliff, along with postpandemic reassessment of the value of college degrees, has resulted in lower enrollments and, therefore, declining travel budgets, fewer course releases, larger class sizes, and job uncertainty.</p><p>When I (Jeanne) unexpectedly stepped into an interim chair position in this context, the English department at my institution had been struggling for years to adjust to budgetary austerities. To complicate matters, our dean and provost had called for us to consider moving from a two-course first-year writing sequence to a core curriculum with just one required writing course—a shocking request for English department faculty. I wanted to shift what felt like reflex opposition and general unhappiness. What might make people feel excited and collaborative again? My answer: money that we control.</p><p>I worked with my first-year writing colleagues, librarians, development folks, and a biologist to apply for a US Department of Education grant to fund the creation of an open-access online writing textbook. Faculty were paid to write and build this textbook together (<i>Authoring Culture: The Foundations of Twenty-First Century Writing</i>). Getting paid and adding another peer reviewed publication to their vita made faculty readier to reimagine the first-year writing curriculum. Working with colleagues outside our department connected English faculty more deeply to other parts of the college community. We all worked closely with colleagues we barely knew before, which made us less lonely. We forged closer ties between adjunct faculty and tenured faculty—both groups of faculty worked on the book and both groups of faculty became eligible for travel funds to talk about the textbook. The next year, using the same m
高等教育部门的不稳定危及教师的士气。入学人数下降、预算缩减、机构重组、多样性倡议受到攻击以及言论自由受到威胁,都要求知识工作者具备非凡的韧性、忍耐力、适应能力和创造力。学术领袖需要一整套策略来建立和保持教员的士气。本文分享了十种建立士气的策略,包括合作拨款的撰写和开放教育资源的建设。通过减少孤立和支持成功适应不确定性增加的压力所必需的社会和情感能量,协作生产力减轻了教师的痛苦。像许多机构一样,芝加哥哥伦比亚学院(Columbia College Chicago)是一所位于芝加哥南部环线的四年制私立艺术和传播学院,它在师资活力方面面临着许多挑战。作为一个在城市环境中为西班牙裔服务的机构,我们的机构和许多其他机构一样,发现当前政府对多样性倡议和无证或最近有证学生的敌意极具挑战性。甚至在这些对机构活力的最新威胁之前,现在众所周知的人口悬崖,以及大流行后对大学学位价值的重新评估,已经导致入学率下降,因此,旅行预算下降,课程减少,班级规模扩大,就业不确定性增加。当我(珍妮)意外地在这种背景下担任临时主席时,我所在学院的英语系多年来一直在努力适应预算紧缩。更复杂的是,我们的院长和教务长要求我们考虑从第一年的两门写作课程改为核心课程,只有一门必修的写作课程——这对英语系教员来说是一个令人震惊的要求。我想要改变那种感觉像是反射性的对立和普遍的不快乐。什么能让人们再次感到兴奋和合作?我的回答是:我们控制的钱。我与一年级的写作同事、图书管理员、开发人员和一位生物学家一起申请了美国教育部的拨款,以资助创建一个开放获取的在线写作教科书。教师们受雇共同编写这本教材(《创作文化:二十一世纪写作的基础》)。获得报酬并在他们的简历中添加另一篇同行评议的出版物,使教师们更愿意重新构想第一年的写作课程。与系外同事的合作将英语教师与学院社区的其他部分更深入地联系起来。我们都与以前几乎不认识的同事密切合作,这让我们不那么孤独。我们在兼职教员和终身教员之间建立了更紧密的联系——两组教员都参与了这本书的编写,两组教员都有资格获得旅行基金来讨论这本教科书。第二年,使用相同的模型和类似的项目设计,我们的机构获得了一笔拨款来编写一本数学教科书。长期以来,学生们一直抱怨数学必修课程的课本太贵。在疫情期间,出版商免费提供了他们的作业软件。大流行后,教师不想回到不能向学生提供即时反馈的纸质作业。作为科学和数学系的新主任,我(贝丝)很快发现一些学生没有钱买书:学生们不及格是因为他们买不起书。教师们有机会创建一个免费的、开放获取的教科书,将解决数学教科书的费用问题。我说服教职员工和我一起写一份助学金,通过节省学生的钱和让教职员工控制自己的材料来改善学生的体验。一开始,教师们并不想申请资助。现在,同一批教员定期开会讨论这个项目,他们对我们开发了一个让学生如此直接受益的资源表示感谢。提高学生的负担能力和可及性可以激励教师。我们的数学教科书是一个复杂的项目,它帮助我们建立一个更加经济公平的未来,包括并支持那些买不起书的学生。此外,由于三个主要的数学课有一些共同的课程元素,编写这本教科书可以激发关于每个课的重要对话。如果没有这笔拨款,我们可能不会如此深入地讨论课程。我们还学习了使用Microsoft Teams、开放教育资源构建软件和辅助软件进行在线协作的新技能。在这个不确定的时期,投资企业给了我们一些积极的东西。想象积极的未来能维持一定程度的乐观,即使对没有直接参与资助的教员来说也是如此。我们并不是说我们学校的教职工士气都很好。 字典对士气的定义多种多样,包括热情、快乐、纪律和对使命的信念。士气是不可量化的,千变万化的,而且经常不受我们的管理控制。在我们学院,像许多学院一样,面临着真正令人生畏的挑战,尽管在会议上、社交媒体上和私下里表达不满,但大多数教师仍然给课堂带来了欢乐和非凡的热情。教职员工与主席和其他管理人员一起,对我们的课程进行了全面改革,重组了整个机构,并实施了重新设计的专业,这证明了教职员工对使命的持续信念。你今天在做什么来建立、重建、维持或加强教师士气?本文基于第81届美国学术院长年会的圆桌讨论,该会议于2025年2月19日至21日在亚利桑那州凤凰城举行。伊丽莎白·戴维斯-伯格(Elizabeth Davis-Berg)是生物学教授兼设计学院联席主任,珍妮·佩特勒(Jeanne Petrolle)是芝加哥哥伦比亚学院教务代理院长。邮箱:[Email protected], [Email protected]
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引用次数: 0
Jennings v. Frostburg State University et al. 詹宁斯诉弗罗斯特堡州立大学等。
Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/dch.70019

Case: Jennings v. Frostburg State University et al., No. ELH-21-656 (D. Md. 06/27/23)

Ruling: The US District Court, District of Maryland, refused to dismiss a claim in a suit against Frostburg State University.

Significance: A plaintiff claiming disability discrimination in violation of the Rehabilitation Act must show that he is disabled within the meaning of the statute, was otherwise qualified for the position, and suffered an adverse employment action solely because of the disability.

Summary: The plaintiff's spinal atrophy required him to use a customized power wheelchair. A few weeks after he started working as a Frostburg biology professor in August 2017, the plaintiff allegedly asked in vain for the accommodation of power door openers for his lab. A couple of months later, the plaintiff filed a petition with the provost because he learned that the department chair and the dean didn't want his contract renewed.

While the petition to the provost was pending, the department chair allegedly told two colleagues that the provost intended to renew the plaintiff's contract and that he had only one day to convince her otherwise. The department chair promptly met with the provost, and she sent a recommendation of nonrenewal to the Frostburg president two days later.

The plaintiff filed a suit when the president refused to renew his contract, claiming that the provost's reversal of her decision from renewal to nonrenewal after meeting with the department chair demonstrated disability discrimination because the Frostburg renewal process didn't contemplate a meeting between the department chair and the provost.

Frostburg filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that a department chair should remain engaged in the process because they would know the most about the faculty member whose contract was being considered. The district court judge refused to dismiss the claim, ruling that a jury would decide whether Frostburg had acted properly.

案例:詹宁斯诉弗罗斯特堡州立大学等人案。ELH-21-656 (D. Md. 06/27/23)裁决:美国马里兰州地区法院拒绝驳回针对弗罗斯特堡州立大学的诉讼请求。意义:原告声称残疾歧视违反了《康复法》,必须证明他在法规的意义上是残疾的,否则他有资格担任该职位,并且仅仅因为残疾而遭受不利的就业行动。摘要:原告的脊髓萎缩要求他使用定制的电动轮椅。原告于2017年8月开始担任弗罗斯特堡生物学教授几周后,据称他要求为他的实验室提供电动开门器,但没有成功。几个月后,原告向教务长提交了一份请愿书,因为他得知系主任和院长不想让他续签合同。在向教务长提交请愿书的过程中,系主任据称告诉两名同事,教务长打算续签原告的合同,他只有一天的时间来说服她。系主任立即与教务长会面,两天后,教务长向弗罗斯特堡校长提交了一份不再续约的建议。当校长拒绝续约时,原告提起诉讼,声称教务长在与系主任会面后将她的决定从续约改为不续约,这表明了残疾歧视,因为弗罗斯特堡的续约过程没有考虑系主任和教务长之间的会面。Frostburg提出了一项即决判决的动议,他认为系主任应该继续参与这一过程,因为他们最了解正在考虑合同的教员。地区法院法官拒绝驳回这一请求,裁定陪审团将决定弗罗斯特堡的行为是否恰当。
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引用次数: 0
When Chairs Shield Faculty from Service Opportunities: Protecting Colleagues or Hindering Community? 当椅子使教师失去服务机会:保护同事还是阻碍社区?
Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/dch.70007
Nick McRee
<p>I am a tenured professor of sociology at a liberal arts comprehensive university. For twelve years I served as chair of my multidisciplinary social science department. I am now approaching the final stage of my academic career, a position where I can apply what the sociologist C. Wright Mills described as sociological imagination to better understand how my vision of the chair role was informed by forces of socialization that are foundational to a typical American graduate student education.</p><p>When I first took on the role of department chair, I believed that the most meaningful aspects of an academic life would be discovered in teaching and scholarship. I approached the job with a clear sense of purpose: protect my faculty colleagues from the often mindless churn of committee work, unnecessary meetings, and institutional bureaucracy. What I've come to understand, however, is that this well-meaning, pragmatic stance inadvertently contributed to a culture of disengagement and isolation in my department. The insight I share in this article is one I learned the hard way: Overburdening faculty with service obligations can stifle creativity and sap morale, but service and motivation to embrace shared governance, when approached in the right spirit, can also be vital sources of community, identity, and purpose.</p><p>I came to this realization late. Like many academics, I had never been formally coached to think of department leadership in this way. In fact, I had never really been trained to be a department chair at all. I received my PhD from one of the largest public research universities in the country. My mentors were prolific, internationally respected scholars. They led research centers and authored influential articles and books. They communicated in seminars and informal office conversation that avoiding distractions from developing a strong research trajectory was crucial for landing and keeping a tenure-track position. Indeed, they rarely spoke with enthusiasm—if at all—about departmental service. Service, although influential for tenure files and job performance reviews, was not the path to prestige, professional advancement, or personal satisfaction.</p><p>This message was reinforced in the early years of my academic career and long before I entered the role of department chair. Like many teaching-centered institutions, mine made a concerted effort to “protect” new hires from service demands. We wanted our junior colleagues to succeed, and that meant helping them build a research record and develop strong courses without getting bogged down in committee work or overloaded with academic advising. I agreed with this approach and felt I was a beneficiary of it. It matched what I had seen and internalized in graduate school: Committee work was a drain and an obligation to be completed as quickly and painlessly as possible, ideally by someone else.</p><p>By the time I became chair, I had fully absorbed and embraced this mindset. I ran ef
我是一所文科综合性大学的社会学终身教授。12年来,我一直担任多学科社会科学系的主任。我现在正接近我学术生涯的最后阶段,在这个位置上,我可以运用社会学家c·赖特·米尔斯(C. Wright Mills)所说的社会学想象力,更好地理解我对主席角色的看法是如何受到社会化力量的影响的,而社会化力量是典型的美国研究生教育的基础。当我第一次担任系主任的角色时,我相信学术生活最有意义的方面会在教学和学术研究中被发现。我带着明确的目标来做这份工作:保护我的同事们免受委员会工作、不必要的会议和机构官僚主义的困扰。然而,我逐渐明白的是,这种善意、务实的立场无意中助长了我所在部门的脱离和孤立文化。我在本文中分享的见解是我通过艰难的方式学到的:让教师承担过多的服务义务可能会扼杀创造力,削弱士气,但如果以正确的精神对待,服务和接受共享治理的动机也可以成为社区、身份和目标的重要来源。我很晚才意识到这一点。像许多学者一样,我从来没有被正式教导过以这种方式来看待部门领导。事实上,我从未真正接受过成为系主任的培训。我在全国最大的公立研究型大学之一获得了博士学位。我的导师都是享誉国际的多产学者。他们领导研究中心,撰写有影响力的文章和书籍。他们在研讨会和非正式的办公室谈话中表示,要想获得并保持终身教职,避免因发展强大的研究轨迹而分心是至关重要的。事实上,他们很少热情地谈论部门服务。服务虽然对终身职位档案和工作绩效评估有影响,但并不是通往声望、职业晋升或个人满足感的途径。在我学术生涯的早期,在我担任系主任之前很久,这一信息就得到了强化。像许多以教学为中心的机构一样,我的学校也齐心协力地“保护”新员工不受服务需求的影响。我们希望我们的初级同事取得成功,这意味着帮助他们建立研究记录,开发强大的课程,而不会陷入委员会工作的泥潭,也不会有过多的学术建议。我同意这种做法,并觉得自己是受益者。这与我在研究生院所看到的和内化的情况相符:委员会的工作是一种消耗,是一种义务,必须尽快、毫不费力地完成,最好是由别人来完成。当我成为主席时,我已经完全吸收并接受了这种心态。我组织了高效的会议——很少而且相隔很远,议程安排严密。我通过电子邮件传递大学的最新消息,以尽量减少同事们在房间里谈论不直接影响他们教学或研究的事情的时间。我自己处理一些小的部门事务,认为保护别人不受官僚主义的影响是一种服务。我认为我把自己的工作做得很好,让其他人更容易做好他们的工作。但在此过程中,裂痕开始显现。一些同事开始对不知道部门发生了什么感到沮丧。其他人则要求有更多的交流机会——不仅仅是在课程问题上,还有更广泛的关于我们共同的目标、挑战和经历的交流。我在新冠肺炎疫情封锁前几个月辞去了主席一职,当时通常的学术生活节奏被打乱了。我们曾经偶尔召开的教员会议变成了Zoom。走廊上的谈话消失了。学生之间的互动变成了事务性的。我感到飘忽不定,怀念我花了数年时间精简的那种结构化的大学互动。就在那时,我第一次开始反思我的假设。为了保护我的同事不让他们精疲力竭、分心,我也剥夺了他们——还有我自己——一些重要的东西。我曾以为,服务工作是有意义的学术工作的对立面。但是,参与系里、学院和更广泛的学术团体的生活,是让这份工作感觉真实、踏实和共享的一部分。委员会、讨论、协作决策——所有这些都是有助于创造归属感的结缔组织。它们并不总是高效的,而且往往是凌乱的,但它们也非常人性化。我们很少承认的一件事是,在我们担任行政职务之前,学术身份是如何形成的。大多数研究生在优先考虑研究效率的R1机构接受培训。 很少有课程为部门管理或学术管理提供认真的准备。研究生对这部分学术生活的了解是通过一种渗透——他们的导师如何讨论服务义务,他们如何参加(或不参加)部门会议,以及他们如何塑造有价值的工作。这句话传达的信息通常很清楚:尽可能地避免服务,不能的时候就把它当作一种干扰。现实情况是,我们大多数人的职业生涯并不是在精英公司度过的。我们在综合性大学、地区性公立学校和小型文理学院工作。这些机构依赖于一个强有力的共享治理模式。教师需要制定课程,监督招聘,管理预算,并为战略规划做出贡献。简而言之,我们不仅要教学和研究,还要帮助管理我们的机构。然而,我们中的许多人来的时候毫无准备,更糟糕的是,不感兴趣,因为我们已经把这项工作视为苦差事。赖特·米尔斯(Wright Mills)会认识到这种模式是他所谓的结构化环境的产物,这种环境塑造了我们的思维和行为。在《社会学想象》(1959)一书中,米尔斯认为,个人经常不加批判地吸收他们所居住的机构的主导规范和期望,把它们误认为是个人偏好或逻辑结论。在许多R1项目中,逃避服务的非正式文化是一种看待学术界的深度社会化方式。对治理和服务不感兴趣是对贬低集体责任的更广泛体系的一种习得性反应。运用我们的社会学想象力,就是要理解看似个人的立场——“我更喜欢专注于研究,而不是会议”——往往是更大的制度价值观和社会化过程的反映。这种不匹配在学术生活中造成了一个安静但持久的问题。当治理被低估时,招聘敬业的教师担任领导角色就变得更加困难。当服务被视为一种负担时,委员会的工作就变成了逃避的游戏。当校长们像我一样,把他们的主要工作视为保护他人不受服务参与流失的影响时,我们就在不经意间削弱了我们赖以维持教员代理和机构诚信的体系。我们需要重新思考如何让研究生为他们可能遇到的各种学术责任做好准备。这并不意味着把博士课程变成管理研讨会,但它确实意味着在精英研究机构的终身教职之外,对学术生活的现实要更加诚实。这意味着创造空间,把治理和行政作为一种合法的、甚至是令人满意的学术劳动形式来讨论。其次,机构不仅要在行政上支持主席,还要在智力上支持主席。新主席应该有机会接受周到的、反思性的培训——不仅仅是预算和日程安排方面的培训,还有领导力、沟通和社区建设方面的培训。我们必须创造一种文化,在这种文化中,服务不等同于痛苦,主席不是孤立的管理者,而是集体目标的促进者。最后,或许也是最重要的一点,我们必须停止这样的假设:帮助同事的最佳方式就是保护他们免于履行服务义务。有时候,是的,这是一个正确的举动——也许对于处于真正的出版和获得终身职位压力下的初级教员来说。但参与可能是一条生命线。特别是在不确定和变化的时代,人们想要感觉联系。他们想要成为比自己更大的事物的一部分。他们想知道他们的声音是重要的。回顾我担任主席的时光,我为自己取得的许多成就感到自豪。但我也意识到我错过了什么。我以为我是在帮同事的忙,尽量减少他们与官僚机构的接触。我没有看到的是,如果治理得好,它不是官僚主义,而是社区。最终,社区是我们前进的动力。这就是我想与有抱负的新主席们分享的见解:不要低估人际关系的价值。不要把效率误认为领导力。不要忘记,有时候,支持同事的最好方式是邀请他们加入,而不是屏蔽他们。尼克·麦克雷是波特兰大学社会学和犯罪学教授。邮箱:[Email protected]
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引用次数: 0
The Growth of Doctoral Enrollment: Compounding Interest of Dissertation Students 博士招生增长:论文学生的复利
Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/dch.70011
Steven Tolman
<p>Graduating doctoral students has become a priority as institutions pursue becoming R1 and R2 universities. The Carnegie Classification requires institutions to graduate at least seventy doctoral research degrees annually to achieve R1 status and twenty for R2. This need to produce doctoral graduates puts a renewed focus on programs to reduce time to completion and to ultimately increase doctoral enrollment. As undergraduate matriculation faces the predicted enrollment cliff nationally, increasing graduate and doctoral enrollment can offset this potentially shrinking undergraduate population. However, to graduate doctoral students, they must successfully navigate the dissertation process, which can be challenging even for the strongest students academically.</p><p>Traditionally, doctoral education has followed an apprenticeship model, where student admissions aligned with the doctoral faculty's abilities to take on new students whose research agendas aligned with the program faculty. This model fosters research mentorship centered on shared scholarly interests, which can yield scholarly productivity for the student and the faculty member. However, as enrollment grows, many institutions admit students far beyond congruence with the faculty's research specializations. Beyond admitting students with research interests that fall outside the wheelhouse of the faculty, students are readily seeking doctoral programs that are shorter and more affordable. As a result, many PhD programs traditionally took five to seven years, and EdD programs three to five years, with some now being marketed for completion in as little as three years.</p><p>These shifting expectations for increasing doctoral enrollment while graduating students sooner are disconcerting. The compression of these doctoral programs can potentially reduce the development of students' identities as researchers—particularly in research methodology courses, which are critical to successfully developing a robust research study needed for a doctoral dissertation. Recognizing that a doctoral student's success often hinges on their ability to conduct a self-directed and robust research study, this truncated coursework may be related to students remaining all but dissertation (ABD).</p><p>Programs that market three-year timelines set expectations that may be unrealistic for some students. Typically, these programs propose two years of coursework followed by one year to complete the dissertation. In reality, many institutions allow five or more years for dissertation completion before students time out, which speaks to the time-intensive and lengthy process that the dissertation can be. For those trying to complete their dissertation within the one-year time frame, students must develop a research study; write and revise chapters 1, 2, and 3 with committee feedback; defend their prospectus defense; obtain IRB approval; collect and analyze data; engage in scholarly discussion; write and revise chapter
随着高校努力成为“R1”和“R2”大学,博士生毕业已成为重中之重。卡内基分类要求机构每年至少毕业70个博士研究学位才能达到R1地位,每年至少毕业20个博士研究学位才能达到R2地位。这种培养博士毕业生的需求使人们重新关注缩短完成时间并最终增加博士入学率的项目。随着全国本科入学面临预期的招生悬崖,增加研究生和博士招生可以抵消这一潜在的萎缩的本科人口。然而,要毕业博士研究生,他们必须成功地驾驭论文过程,即使对学术上最强的学生来说,这也可能是具有挑战性的。传统上,博士教育遵循学徒制模式,学生入学与博士生教师的能力相一致,招收的新学生的研究议程与项目教师一致。这种模式促进了以共同学术兴趣为中心的研究指导,这可以为学生和教师带来学术生产力。然而,随着招生人数的增长,许多机构招收的学生远远超出了教师的研究专业。除了招收那些研究兴趣不属于教师专业范围的学生外,学生们也乐于寻求更短、更实惠的博士课程。因此,传统上,许多博士课程需要5到7年的时间,教育学博士课程需要3到5年的时间,有些现在被推销为只需3年就能完成。这些对增加博士招生、加快学生毕业的期望的转变令人不安。这些博士课程的压缩可能会潜在地减少学生作为研究人员的身份的发展-特别是在研究方法论课程中,这对于成功开发博士论文所需的强大研究至关重要。认识到博士生的成功往往取决于他们进行自我指导和强有力的研究的能力,这个被截断的课程可能与学生保留除论文(ABD)以外的所有内容有关。对一些学生来说,那些以三年为期限的课程设定的期望可能是不现实的。通常情况下,这些计划提出两年的课程,然后一年完成论文。在现实中,许多机构允许学生在超时之前完成五年或更长时间的论文,这说明了论文的时间密集和漫长的过程。对于那些试图在一年的时间框架内完成论文的学生,学生必须进行研究学习;根据委员会的反馈,撰写和修改第1、2、3章;为自己的招股说明书辩护;获得审查委员会批准;收集和分析数据;参与学术讨论;撰写和修改第四章和第五章;并且在整个过程的每一步中不断地根据教师的意见修改完整的手稿。根据我和我的同事的经验,只有少数学生,如果有的话,可以在一年内实现所有这些目标。大多数人需要接近两年的时间,而其他人——由于个人、职业或动机方面的挑战——如果他们完成学业,可能需要三到五年的时间。许多博士课程都是围绕“n进n出”模式构建的——每年分配一定数量的论文学生,并期望他们在接受下一批论文学生之前按时毕业。然而,这个模型假设论文主席的工作量是可管理的,其中毕业学生的数量平衡了新学生的数量。但这在实践中很少发挥作用。相反,教师每年招收的论文学生比毕业的学生还多,这导致了复利效应——随着时间的推移,论文数量稳步增长。例如,如果一位教师每年招收5名新的论文学生,那么两年内可能有2人毕业,3年内有1人毕业,4年内有1人毕业,5年内有1人毕业。在接受三到五年治疗的患者中,有一两个可能会退出或暂停治疗,继续接受ABD治疗。这导致论文学生的积压越来越多,由一名教员主持,远远超过了每年招收五名新学生,同时毕业五名学生的理想目标。这将导致在任何给定的时间携带超过五个论文学生。表1说明了这种不断增长的工作量和复利论文主席面临。这种复利对博士课程的可持续工作量是一个令人烦恼的问题,增加了他们的总体入学人数。它增加了论文主席和其他委员会成员的工作量,其中许多人是同一部门的教员,承担着自己的论文主席职责。
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引用次数: 0
Bosses Are Human (Too): Agile Behavioral Nudges for Managing Up 老板也是人:向上管理的敏捷行为推动
Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/dch.70013
Richard J. Holden, Jose M. Azar, Malaz Boustani
<p>To succeed in any hierarchy, leaders must manage up. This concept, pervasive in the business literature, is gaining attention in healthcare and academia.</p><p>We define managing up as follows: The deliberate process of shaping the relationship with, strategic alignment to, and perceptions of one's boss to enable workplace success.</p><p>Managing up entails self-advocacy, impression management, effective communication, steering change, and performance excellence (Molina <span>2023</span>; O'Toole et al. 2005). In addition, we introduce a novel and complementary managing-up approach: Agile behavioral nudges.</p><p>Agile science posits that we operate in complex adaptive human networks (Boustani et al. <span>2020</span>). To improve the output of such sociotechnical systems, we must harness deep understanding of human social behavior in general and the behavior of the specific human networks we seek to influence. One type of human-centered design is a behavioral nudge: a change to the social, physical, or digital environment to facilitate desired behavior without forbidding choice. In our Agile Nudge University program (Mehta et al. <span>2023</span>), we train future leaders to design (or select) human-centered nudges, then use Agile change management techniques to localize, implement, and empirically assess them in iterative sprints. Here we focus on the nudges leaders can design to manage up.</p><p>Bosses are humans too. Human behavior is driven largely by what scientists call System 1, characterized by mental shortcuts, fast emotional processing, and leveraging environmental cues (Kahneman <span>2011</span>). More rarely we use System 2, our deliberate, analytical, and systematic information processor. This is a feature, not a bug, of human cognitive systems, as System 1 is far more time- and energy-efficient than System 2 and in the typical twenty-four-hour day produces far more correct than incorrect decisions. System 1 thinking is often labeled as biased, irrational, or impulsive but is in fact adaptive for human needs, such as reducing effort, acting quickly, gaining social approval, and feeling good. People differ in—but tend to underestimate—how much and when they use System 1 over System 2.</p><p>Accepting that bosses—like other humans—engage System 1 more than System 2, leaders can deploy nudges to manage up. A leader who masters nudging can both design choices that comport to a boss's behavioral tendencies and frame existing choices to promote favorable decisions.</p><p>The MINDSPACE X framework (Hodson et al. <span>2025</span>) defines thirty-six nudgeable human tendencies, broken into nine categories (see table 1).</p><p><b>Messenger (M): The messenger who delivers the message matters more than the message.</b> A leader may be the wrong messenger for their boss and could have more influence if their message is conveyed by their boss's boss, a respected peer or an organizational champion, an outside expert consultant (M1), someone
要在任何等级制度中取得成功,领导者必须向上管理。这个在商业文献中普遍存在的概念,正在引起医疗保健和学术界的关注。我们将向上管理定义为:有意识地塑造与老板的关系、战略一致性和对老板的看法,从而使工作场所取得成功的过程。向上管理需要自我倡导、印象管理、有效沟通、转向变革和卓越绩效(Molina 2023; O’toole et al. 2005)。此外,我们还介绍了一种新颖而互补的管理方法:敏捷行为推动。敏捷科学假设我们在复杂的自适应人际网络中运作(Boustani et al. 2020)。为了提高这种社会技术系统的产出,我们必须利用对人类社会行为和我们寻求影响的特定人类网络行为的深刻理解。一种以人为中心的设计是行为推动:改变社交、物理或数字环境,在不禁止选择的情况下促进期望的行为。在我们的敏捷推动大学项目(Mehta et al. 2023)中,我们培训未来的领导者设计(或选择)以人为中心的推动,然后使用敏捷变更管理技术在迭代冲刺中对其进行本地化、实施和经验评估。在这里,我们将重点关注领导者可以设计的向上管理方法。老板也是人。人类行为在很大程度上是由科学家所谓的系统1驱动的,其特点是心理捷径、快速情绪处理和利用环境线索(Kahneman 2011)。我们很少使用系统2,我们深思熟虑的、分析的、系统的信息处理器。这是人类认知系统的一个特点,而不是缺陷,因为系统1比系统2更省时、更节能,而且在典型的24小时内,系统1做出的正确决策远远多于错误决策。系统1思维通常被贴上偏见、非理性或冲动的标签,但实际上它能适应人类的需求,比如减少努力、快速行动、获得社会认可和感觉良好。人们不同,但往往低估了他们使用系统1比系统2的程度和时间。承认老板和其他人一样,更多地使用系统1而不是系统2,领导者可以使用轻推来向上管理。一个精通推动的领导者既可以设计出符合老板行为倾向的选择,也可以构建现有的选择,以促进有利的决策。MINDSPACE X框架(Hodson et al. 2025)定义了36种可轻推的人类倾向,分为9类(见表1)。信使(M):传递信息的信使比信息本身更重要。对于老板来说,领导者可能是错误的信使,如果他们的信息是由老板的老板,受人尊敬的同事或组织冠军,外部专家顾问(M1),与老板的特征或背景相似的人(M2),或受欢迎的,有魅力的,积极的员工,教师或学生(M3)传达的话,可能会产生更大的影响。激励(I):任何大小的奖励都可以激励行为。为了利用人类的损失厌恶情绪,你可以让老板把注意力集中在可能发生的损失上,而不是收益上(11)。领导者应该确定老板高度重视的激励措施或目标(I2),利用老板的乐观态度来实现这些目标(I3),并将快速和可观察到的胜利作为强化因素(I4)。领导者应该避免比较老板独立看待或不同衡量的激励措施(15),例如,学费与研究与临床收入,即使它们有相同的数学基础(例如,金钱)。规范(N):为了适应环境,人们采取他人示范或期望的行为。即使是表面上具有创新精神、依赖他人的老板,也想要顺从,避免显得离群叛群(N1)。领导者可以通过提高老板对理想行为的意识(N2)和邀请老板会见和观察模范老板(N3)来影响从众。除非打破常规是普遍的常态,否则领导者应该招募受人尊敬的同事和追随者,帮助他们规范对老板的行为。默认设置(D):默认设置会产生很强的惰性。老板可能会继续他们已经在做或继承的行为和计划,作为现状(D1),这可能成为习惯(D2)。要改变行为,需要强有力的、令人信服的、往往代价高昂的力量。作为一个处于运动中的老板,创造变化的初始投资可以在最小的后续努力下持续下去,称为飞轮效应(Collins 2001)。默认是有效的,因为它们减少了工作。减少努力的最好方法是先做艰苦的工作,然后再寻求认可。俗话说,允许与原谅,老板更倾向于让正在进行的项目继续进行,而不是取消它们。突出性(S):突出的事物吸引我们的注意力。 为了引起老板的注意,领导者应该提出明确而突出的论点(S1),以新颖的方式提出(S2),并以干净、简单和简短的格式提出(S3)。一场有效的谈话、演讲或提议应该利用老板已有的知识和经验(S4),展示老板过去的具体行为如何与提议的方向一致(S5)。当提出一个想法或选择时,领导者可以通过熟悉的比喻、讲故事的策略和简单的比较来帮助超负荷的老板(Boustani et al. 2025)——例如,提出两个在一个关键因素上不同的选择(S6)。有效的建议用明确的数据或基准论证“相信的理由”(S7)。启动效应(P):我们会做脑海中最重要的、最近的、心理上可以理解的事情。领导者可以让老板的环境充满提示,提醒和加强期望的行为(P1)。这种频繁而有效的推动包括会议、简报和秘密会议等结构;反馈工件,如仪表板、演示文稿和电子邮件;以及工作流元素,如截止日期和提醒。除非老板非常灵活,否则应该花更多的精力帮助他们做出准确的初步判断(例如,预算规模),尽量减少鼓励调整的努力(P2)。应该邀请老板们陈述或记录他们的决定(P3)。情感(A):人类依靠“感觉”,追求积极的情绪,防范消极的情绪。要向上管理,领导者应该充满希望,强调优势(A1),而不是问题或悲观的预测(A2),尤其是当引发焦虑和回避的挑战迫在眉睫时(A3)。领导者应该设法限制老板接触心怀不满、悲观或过于挑剔的个人,这些人的消极情绪对老板的影响比他们想象的要大。与此同时,领导者不应该冲动地反对或拒绝老板。与其他辩证方法不同,直接否定老板会引发负面情绪、防御和回避。然而,确认并不是简单地同意或赞扬老板:一个人可以在提出替代方案、强调风险和分享不同观点的同时,确认老板的感受、理由、专业知识和权威。承诺(C):承诺促进后续行动。老板更容易通过具体的目标(C1)和行动计划(C2)来实现承诺。在不引起尴尬的情况下,领导者可以要求老板公开或分享承诺(C3),从而提高履行承诺的风险。为了利用互惠效应,领导者应该自由地在老板的象征性储蓄账户中投资(C4),让老板在不要求的情况下回报。对于积极向上管理的领导者来说,这条建议适用于竞选人的竞选承诺。自我(E):人们希望被自己和他人看好。虽然领导者可以用赞美来满足老板的自尊心,但更好的策略是帮助老板实施符合积极自我形象的计划(E1)。老板可能会以同情、智慧、正直、透明、谦逊、聪明、负责、高效、民主等形象出现。一个领导者可以积极地帮助他们的老板塑造他们的行为,例如,庆祝老板的预算削减是一个责任的指标,而不是冷酷无情(E2)。这是为了防止老板扮演反派角色,无意中实现批评者的预言。对老板的吹捧——但只是真诚地——既能提升他们的自尊心,也能提升他们成功的动力(E3)。相反,善意的低期望或贬低会使人失去动力,可能会被忽视以保护自我形象(E4)。反馈是至关重要的,但积极的反馈可能被误解为奉承,而批评的反馈可能被误解为自我攻击。与此相关,领导者应该优先考虑老板明确要求的工作,因为委托的错误比遗漏的错误代价更大(E5)。领导者需要权衡风险,在海龟(在壳里很安全)和长颈鹿(伸出脖子)模式之间切换。虽然轻推通常适用于人类,但有几个考虑因素(Beshears et al. 2020)。首先,并不是所有的推动都同样有效(例如,默认是强大的)或容易(例如,规范需要时间)。
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引用次数: 0
What Does the Future Hold for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Leadership in Higher Education in the United Kingdom? 英国高等教育的公平、多元化和包容性领导的未来是什么?
Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/dch.70015
Emma Yhnell, Stephany Veuger
<p>As academics with senior leadership roles in equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) within our respective institutions, in this article we reflect on what our roles mean, the impact we have within these roles, and how they may look in the future in higher education institutions (HEIs) across the United Kingdom.</p><p>The structures that different HEIs have in place for EDI leadership within their individual institutions can vary significantly. They are organized differently across the sector, and it can be difficult to agree on consistent approaches. Although some HEIs have senior members of their executive board with sole responsibility for EDI, others combine EDI into wider and broader portfolios. We believe that everyone <i>should</i> have responsibility for EDI in HEIs. One of the significant challenges of EDI leadership structures in HEIs is empowering and enabling everyone, across often large and complex institutions, to take ownership of and responsibility for EDI while also embedding it across the HEI.</p><p>Although approaches that give individual EDI leadership to senior leaders can highlight and signal the organization's commitment to EDI, thus giving it visibility, this approach can make EDI appear separate to the organization's strategy, as an optional extra that is not embedded. Conversely, incorporating EDI into all leadership roles integrates EDI work with core university policies and business but risks losing visibility and ownership, making it difficult to see who is doing the work, who to go to in case of queries, and what tangible actions are being taken to create meaningful change.</p><p>The broad nature and lack of clear definition and focus on what EDI means practically and logistically can also lead to a lack of confidence among colleagues, particularly among senior leaders. Senior leaders often come under increased scrutiny and have additional responsibilities to deliver against strategic priorities. Therefore, they may feel substantial pressure and be afraid to “get EDI wrong” and/or feel threatened, as this could lead to both personal and professional reputational harm.</p><p>We both identify as women in HEI, and in taking on our EDI department leadership roles, we were acutely aware that EDI work is often accepted by already underrepresented groups who have lived experience in the EDI space. In addition, in agreeing to embrace EDI leadership roles, we were mindful that this may lead some colleagues to think that EDI is the responsibility of others. Although, ultimately, we were both in agreement that in taking on our respective roles that EDI leadership is required to provide strategic direction and to bring EDI to the front and center of decision-making.</p><p>Therefore, clarity is needed on what EDI leadership roles entail. EDI and its associated activities are broad and undefined. We believe that there are EDI implications to everything; therefore, if undefined, these roles can be expansive, lack structure, and,
作为在各自机构中担任公平、多样性和包容性(EDI)高级领导角色的学者,在本文中,我们反思了我们的角色意味着什么,我们在这些角色中的影响,以及他们在英国高等教育机构(HEIs)的未来。不同的高等教育机构在各自机构内的电子数据交换领导结构可能有很大的不同。整个行业的组织方式不同,很难就一致的方法达成一致。虽然有些高等教育机构的执行委员会有高级成员专门负责电子数据交换,但其他高等教育机构将电子数据交换纳入越来越广泛的业务组合。我们相信每个人都应该对高等学校的电子数据交换负责。高等教育机构中EDI领导结构的一个重大挑战是授权并使每个人(通常是大型和复杂的机构)承担EDI的所有权和责任,同时将其嵌入高等教育机构。尽管将个人EDI领导赋予高级领导的方法可以突出并表明组织对EDI的承诺,从而使其可见性,但这种方法可以使EDI看起来与组织的战略分开,作为一个可选的额外部分,而不是嵌入的。相反,将EDI合并到所有领导角色中,将EDI工作与核心大学政策和业务集成在一起,但是有失去可见性和所有权的风险,这使得很难看到谁在做工作,在查询的情况下找谁,以及正在采取哪些切实的行动来创建有意义的更改。广泛的性质和缺乏明确的定义以及对EDI实际和逻辑意义的关注也可能导致同事之间,特别是高级领导之间缺乏信心。高级领导人经常受到越来越多的审查,并有额外的责任来实现战略重点。因此,他们可能会感到很大的压力,害怕“搞错EDI”和/或感到受到威胁,因为这可能会导致个人和职业声誉受到损害。我们都认为自己是HEI中的女性,并且在担任EDI部门的领导角色时,我们敏锐地意识到EDI工作通常被已经在EDI领域有生活经验的代表性不足的群体所接受。此外,在同意接受EDI领导角色时,我们注意到这可能会导致一些同事认为EDI是其他人的责任。尽管最终,我们都同意承担各自的角色,需要EDI领导提供战略方向,并将EDI带到决策的前沿和中心。因此,需要明确EDI领导角色的职责。EDI及其相关活动范围广泛且未定义。我们相信,EDI对所有事物都有影响;因此,如果不加以定义,这些角色可能会过于宽泛,缺乏结构,在最坏的情况下,无法交付,从而削弱了角色的重要性。实用提示:定义EDI领导角色和明确期望的权限。在反思我们的EDI角色时,我们仔细考虑了我们作为领导者可能产生的战略和操作影响。操作性EDI角色更清楚地概述,因为它们需要行动,其影响更容易在部门级别得到证明。然而,由于固有的结构层次,战略领导需要看到最佳实践在整个HEI级别上得到认可、沟通和优先考虑。因此,战略性EDI角色通常被认为是作为长期愿景和方向的领导的证据,而操作性EDI角色的影响往往是间接的,因此不太明显,并且通常被视为效率较低。在善意的战略使命声明和创造有意义变革的切实行动之间,需要达到微妙的平衡。运营角色不成比例地由代表性不足的群体承担,这些群体通常具有基于实际经验的EDI专业知识。此外,对于操作EDI角色,通常严重依赖善意,并且个人可以理解地对角色的要求和缺乏认可和奖励感到失望。需要战略EDI领导来为整个EDI提供总体原则,但是也需要操作领导来提供适合不同部门的细微差别。战略和操作EDI工作具有不同但相互关联的方面。正是由于这些当前的EDI结构,个人可能会有意地决定承担战略性EDI角色,因为他们知道,与操作角色相比,他们将获得更多的奖励和认可。
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引用次数: 0
Generative AI in Higher Education: Challenges and Strategic Responses 高等教育中的生成人工智能:挑战和战略应对
Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1002/dch.30670
Lilian W. Mina, Rick S. Kurtz, Christopher Nelson, Leslie Zenk
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引用次数: 0
Navigating Complex Challenges: Trauma-Informed Strategies for Academic Leaders 应对复杂挑战:学术领袖的创伤知情策略
Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1002/dch.30664
Corinne L. McNamara, Jennifer Willard, Chinasa Elue
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引用次数: 0
Don't Squander Your Transition Year: Two Heads Are Better Than One 不要浪费你的过渡年:三个臭皮匠胜过一个诸葛亮
Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1002/dch.70000
Trey Guinn, Darlene Carbajal
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引用次数: 0
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