<p>In early 2025, the chair of the history department at the US Naval Academy resigned in the face of the academy superintendent's demand that he revoke the acceptance of a paper to be presented at a symposium on naval history (Quinn <span>2025</span>). The superintendent's demand was widely seen as bending to Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth's priorities; the department chair refused to comply. The chair's principled stand made national headlines.</p><p>In 2022, the chair of the art department at Hamline University initially supported an instructor's academic freedom to set curriculum after a student complained about an art instructor's display of a painting of the prophet Mohammed, although she did suggest the instructor apologize for the unintended offense (American Association of University Professors <span>2023</span>). Under pressure from upper administrators to resolve the complaint, the department chair revoked her stated intention to renew the instructor's contract. That move was widely interpreted as a punishment of the instructor, and it sparked national controversy that ended with the resignation of the school's president and damage to the school's reputation.</p><p>As these two stories illustrate, department chairs can make pivotal decisions during academic freedom controversies. Whether it is a student reporting a professor for what the student perceives as harmful classroom speech, a faculty member's inflammatory social media post drawing the attention of state legislators, or a directive from upper administrators that violates academic freedom principles, it is at the department chair level where many policies are implemented and conflicts are first adjudicated. A chair's actions can resolve an academic freedom controversy or set it spinning out of control.</p><p>As someone who leads a program on campus free expression and academic freedom, I've followed academic freedom controversies and spoken with those involved. I've seen up close that department chairs are often in a tough spot when it comes to academic freedom. As a chair, you must uphold institutional policies you did not craft in situations without clear-cut answers. If you challenge senior administrators, you risk your department losing out on resources controlled by those administrators. You are also responsible for sustaining a departmental culture of free inquiry and discourse. New chairs rarely receive training on or support in managing these responsibilities.</p><p>To help fill the gap, here's a playbook for your next academic freedom controversy. Although these controversies can play out in as little as a few days or over many months, they have three key phases: your reception of the initial complaint or query; laying the groundwork for your response; and the resolution of the complaint, whether that is at the department level or higher up.</p><p>Your initial response to these challenges should be calm and confident. Keep your reply to these two messages: You're takin
{"title":"Academic Freedom: A Road Map for Chairs","authors":"Jacqueline Pfeffer Merrill","doi":"10.1002/dch.70006","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dch.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In early 2025, the chair of the history department at the US Naval Academy resigned in the face of the academy superintendent's demand that he revoke the acceptance of a paper to be presented at a symposium on naval history (Quinn <span>2025</span>). The superintendent's demand was widely seen as bending to Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth's priorities; the department chair refused to comply. The chair's principled stand made national headlines.</p><p>In 2022, the chair of the art department at Hamline University initially supported an instructor's academic freedom to set curriculum after a student complained about an art instructor's display of a painting of the prophet Mohammed, although she did suggest the instructor apologize for the unintended offense (American Association of University Professors <span>2023</span>). Under pressure from upper administrators to resolve the complaint, the department chair revoked her stated intention to renew the instructor's contract. That move was widely interpreted as a punishment of the instructor, and it sparked national controversy that ended with the resignation of the school's president and damage to the school's reputation.</p><p>As these two stories illustrate, department chairs can make pivotal decisions during academic freedom controversies. Whether it is a student reporting a professor for what the student perceives as harmful classroom speech, a faculty member's inflammatory social media post drawing the attention of state legislators, or a directive from upper administrators that violates academic freedom principles, it is at the department chair level where many policies are implemented and conflicts are first adjudicated. A chair's actions can resolve an academic freedom controversy or set it spinning out of control.</p><p>As someone who leads a program on campus free expression and academic freedom, I've followed academic freedom controversies and spoken with those involved. I've seen up close that department chairs are often in a tough spot when it comes to academic freedom. As a chair, you must uphold institutional policies you did not craft in situations without clear-cut answers. If you challenge senior administrators, you risk your department losing out on resources controlled by those administrators. You are also responsible for sustaining a departmental culture of free inquiry and discourse. New chairs rarely receive training on or support in managing these responsibilities.</p><p>To help fill the gap, here's a playbook for your next academic freedom controversy. Although these controversies can play out in as little as a few days or over many months, they have three key phases: your reception of the initial complaint or query; laying the groundwork for your response; and the resolution of the complaint, whether that is at the department level or higher up.</p><p>Your initial response to these challenges should be calm and confident. Keep your reply to these two messages: You're takin","PeriodicalId":101228,"journal":{"name":"The Department Chair","volume":"36 3","pages":"5-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dch.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146136558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>The precarity of the higher education sector endangers faculty morale. Declining enrollments, shrinking budgets, institutional reorganizations, attacks on diversity initiatives, and threats to free speech require knowledge workers to summon extraordinary resilience, endurance, adaptability, and creativity. Academic leaders need a repertoire of strategies for building and preserving faculty morale. This article shares ten strategies for morale-building, including collaborative grant writing and open educational resource building. Collaborative productivity mitigates faculty distress by reducing isolation and supporting the social and emotional energy necessary for successful adaptation to the increased stress of uncertainty.</p><p>Like many institutions, Columbia College Chicago, a four-year private arts and communications school in Chicago's south loop, faces numerous challenges to faculty vitality. As a Hispanic-serving institution in an urban environment, our institution, like many others, finds the current administration's hostility toward diversity initiatives and undocumented or recently documented students acutely challenging. Even before these latest threats to institutional vitality, the now proverbial demographic cliff, along with postpandemic reassessment of the value of college degrees, has resulted in lower enrollments and, therefore, declining travel budgets, fewer course releases, larger class sizes, and job uncertainty.</p><p>When I (Jeanne) unexpectedly stepped into an interim chair position in this context, the English department at my institution had been struggling for years to adjust to budgetary austerities. To complicate matters, our dean and provost had called for us to consider moving from a two-course first-year writing sequence to a core curriculum with just one required writing course—a shocking request for English department faculty. I wanted to shift what felt like reflex opposition and general unhappiness. What might make people feel excited and collaborative again? My answer: money that we control.</p><p>I worked with my first-year writing colleagues, librarians, development folks, and a biologist to apply for a US Department of Education grant to fund the creation of an open-access online writing textbook. Faculty were paid to write and build this textbook together (<i>Authoring Culture: The Foundations of Twenty-First Century Writing</i>). Getting paid and adding another peer reviewed publication to their vita made faculty readier to reimagine the first-year writing curriculum. Working with colleagues outside our department connected English faculty more deeply to other parts of the college community. We all worked closely with colleagues we barely knew before, which made us less lonely. We forged closer ties between adjunct faculty and tenured faculty—both groups of faculty worked on the book and both groups of faculty became eligible for travel funds to talk about the textbook. The next year, using the same m
高等教育部门的不稳定危及教师的士气。入学人数下降、预算缩减、机构重组、多样性倡议受到攻击以及言论自由受到威胁,都要求知识工作者具备非凡的韧性、忍耐力、适应能力和创造力。学术领袖需要一整套策略来建立和保持教员的士气。本文分享了十种建立士气的策略,包括合作拨款的撰写和开放教育资源的建设。通过减少孤立和支持成功适应不确定性增加的压力所必需的社会和情感能量,协作生产力减轻了教师的痛苦。像许多机构一样,芝加哥哥伦比亚学院(Columbia College Chicago)是一所位于芝加哥南部环线的四年制私立艺术和传播学院,它在师资活力方面面临着许多挑战。作为一个在城市环境中为西班牙裔服务的机构,我们的机构和许多其他机构一样,发现当前政府对多样性倡议和无证或最近有证学生的敌意极具挑战性。甚至在这些对机构活力的最新威胁之前,现在众所周知的人口悬崖,以及大流行后对大学学位价值的重新评估,已经导致入学率下降,因此,旅行预算下降,课程减少,班级规模扩大,就业不确定性增加。当我(珍妮)意外地在这种背景下担任临时主席时,我所在学院的英语系多年来一直在努力适应预算紧缩。更复杂的是,我们的院长和教务长要求我们考虑从第一年的两门写作课程改为核心课程,只有一门必修的写作课程——这对英语系教员来说是一个令人震惊的要求。我想要改变那种感觉像是反射性的对立和普遍的不快乐。什么能让人们再次感到兴奋和合作?我的回答是:我们控制的钱。我与一年级的写作同事、图书管理员、开发人员和一位生物学家一起申请了美国教育部的拨款,以资助创建一个开放获取的在线写作教科书。教师们受雇共同编写这本教材(《创作文化:二十一世纪写作的基础》)。获得报酬并在他们的简历中添加另一篇同行评议的出版物,使教师们更愿意重新构想第一年的写作课程。与系外同事的合作将英语教师与学院社区的其他部分更深入地联系起来。我们都与以前几乎不认识的同事密切合作,这让我们不那么孤独。我们在兼职教员和终身教员之间建立了更紧密的联系——两组教员都参与了这本书的编写,两组教员都有资格获得旅行基金来讨论这本教科书。第二年,使用相同的模型和类似的项目设计,我们的机构获得了一笔拨款来编写一本数学教科书。长期以来,学生们一直抱怨数学必修课程的课本太贵。在疫情期间,出版商免费提供了他们的作业软件。大流行后,教师不想回到不能向学生提供即时反馈的纸质作业。作为科学和数学系的新主任,我(贝丝)很快发现一些学生没有钱买书:学生们不及格是因为他们买不起书。教师们有机会创建一个免费的、开放获取的教科书,将解决数学教科书的费用问题。我说服教职员工和我一起写一份助学金,通过节省学生的钱和让教职员工控制自己的材料来改善学生的体验。一开始,教师们并不想申请资助。现在,同一批教员定期开会讨论这个项目,他们对我们开发了一个让学生如此直接受益的资源表示感谢。提高学生的负担能力和可及性可以激励教师。我们的数学教科书是一个复杂的项目,它帮助我们建立一个更加经济公平的未来,包括并支持那些买不起书的学生。此外,由于三个主要的数学课有一些共同的课程元素,编写这本教科书可以激发关于每个课的重要对话。如果没有这笔拨款,我们可能不会如此深入地讨论课程。我们还学习了使用Microsoft Teams、开放教育资源构建软件和辅助软件进行在线协作的新技能。在这个不确定的时期,投资企业给了我们一些积极的东西。想象积极的未来能维持一定程度的乐观,即使对没有直接参与资助的教员来说也是如此。我们并不是说我们学校的教职工士气都很好。 字典对士气的定义多种多样,包括热情、快乐、纪律和对使命的信念。士气是不可量化的,千变万化的,而且经常不受我们的管理控制。在我们学院,像许多学院一样,面临着真正令人生畏的挑战,尽管在会议上、社交媒体上和私下里表达不满,但大多数教师仍然给课堂带来了欢乐和非凡的热情。教职员工与主席和其他管理人员一起,对我们的课程进行了全面改革,重组了整个机构,并实施了重新设计的专业,这证明了教职员工对使命的持续信念。你今天在做什么来建立、重建、维持或加强教师士气?本文基于第81届美国学术院长年会的圆桌讨论,该会议于2025年2月19日至21日在亚利桑那州凤凰城举行。伊丽莎白·戴维斯-伯格(Elizabeth Davis-Berg)是生物学教授兼设计学院联席主任,珍妮·佩特勒(Jeanne Petrolle)是芝加哥哥伦比亚学院教务代理院长。邮箱:[Email protected], [Email protected]
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Case:Jennings v. Frostburg State University et al., No. ELH-21-656 (D. Md. 06/27/23)
Ruling: The US District Court, District of Maryland, refused to dismiss a claim in a suit against Frostburg State University.
Significance: A plaintiff claiming disability discrimination in violation of the Rehabilitation Act must show that he is disabled within the meaning of the statute, was otherwise qualified for the position, and suffered an adverse employment action solely because of the disability.
Summary: The plaintiff's spinal atrophy required him to use a customized power wheelchair. A few weeks after he started working as a Frostburg biology professor in August 2017, the plaintiff allegedly asked in vain for the accommodation of power door openers for his lab. A couple of months later, the plaintiff filed a petition with the provost because he learned that the department chair and the dean didn't want his contract renewed.
While the petition to the provost was pending, the department chair allegedly told two colleagues that the provost intended to renew the plaintiff's contract and that he had only one day to convince her otherwise. The department chair promptly met with the provost, and she sent a recommendation of nonrenewal to the Frostburg president two days later.
The plaintiff filed a suit when the president refused to renew his contract, claiming that the provost's reversal of her decision from renewal to nonrenewal after meeting with the department chair demonstrated disability discrimination because the Frostburg renewal process didn't contemplate a meeting between the department chair and the provost.
Frostburg filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that a department chair should remain engaged in the process because they would know the most about the faculty member whose contract was being considered. The district court judge refused to dismiss the claim, ruling that a jury would decide whether Frostburg had acted properly.
{"title":"Jennings v. Frostburg State University et al.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/dch.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dch.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Case:</b> <i>Jennings v. Frostburg State University et al.</i>, No. ELH-21-656 (D. Md. 06/27/23)</p><p><b>Ruling:</b> The US District Court, District of Maryland, refused to dismiss a claim in a suit against Frostburg State University.</p><p><b>Significance:</b> A plaintiff claiming disability discrimination in violation of the Rehabilitation Act must show that he is disabled within the meaning of the statute, was otherwise qualified for the position, and suffered an adverse employment action solely because of the disability.</p><p><b>Summary:</b> The plaintiff's spinal atrophy required him to use a customized power wheelchair. A few weeks after he started working as a Frostburg biology professor in August 2017, the plaintiff allegedly asked in vain for the accommodation of power door openers for his lab. A couple of months later, the plaintiff filed a petition with the provost because he learned that the department chair and the dean didn't want his contract renewed.</p><p>While the petition to the provost was pending, the department chair allegedly told two colleagues that the provost intended to renew the plaintiff's contract and that he had only one day to convince her otherwise. The department chair promptly met with the provost, and she sent a recommendation of nonrenewal to the Frostburg president two days later.</p><p>The plaintiff filed a suit when the president refused to renew his contract, claiming that the provost's reversal of her decision from renewal to nonrenewal after meeting with the department chair demonstrated disability discrimination because the Frostburg renewal process didn't contemplate a meeting between the department chair and the provost.</p><p>Frostburg filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that a department chair should remain engaged in the process because they would know the most about the faculty member whose contract was being considered. The district court judge refused to dismiss the claim, ruling that a jury would decide whether Frostburg had acted properly.</p>","PeriodicalId":101228,"journal":{"name":"The Department Chair","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dch.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146136563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>I am a tenured professor of sociology at a liberal arts comprehensive university. For twelve years I served as chair of my multidisciplinary social science department. I am now approaching the final stage of my academic career, a position where I can apply what the sociologist C. Wright Mills described as sociological imagination to better understand how my vision of the chair role was informed by forces of socialization that are foundational to a typical American graduate student education.</p><p>When I first took on the role of department chair, I believed that the most meaningful aspects of an academic life would be discovered in teaching and scholarship. I approached the job with a clear sense of purpose: protect my faculty colleagues from the often mindless churn of committee work, unnecessary meetings, and institutional bureaucracy. What I've come to understand, however, is that this well-meaning, pragmatic stance inadvertently contributed to a culture of disengagement and isolation in my department. The insight I share in this article is one I learned the hard way: Overburdening faculty with service obligations can stifle creativity and sap morale, but service and motivation to embrace shared governance, when approached in the right spirit, can also be vital sources of community, identity, and purpose.</p><p>I came to this realization late. Like many academics, I had never been formally coached to think of department leadership in this way. In fact, I had never really been trained to be a department chair at all. I received my PhD from one of the largest public research universities in the country. My mentors were prolific, internationally respected scholars. They led research centers and authored influential articles and books. They communicated in seminars and informal office conversation that avoiding distractions from developing a strong research trajectory was crucial for landing and keeping a tenure-track position. Indeed, they rarely spoke with enthusiasm—if at all—about departmental service. Service, although influential for tenure files and job performance reviews, was not the path to prestige, professional advancement, or personal satisfaction.</p><p>This message was reinforced in the early years of my academic career and long before I entered the role of department chair. Like many teaching-centered institutions, mine made a concerted effort to “protect” new hires from service demands. We wanted our junior colleagues to succeed, and that meant helping them build a research record and develop strong courses without getting bogged down in committee work or overloaded with academic advising. I agreed with this approach and felt I was a beneficiary of it. It matched what I had seen and internalized in graduate school: Committee work was a drain and an obligation to be completed as quickly and painlessly as possible, ideally by someone else.</p><p>By the time I became chair, I had fully absorbed and embraced this mindset. I ran ef
{"title":"When Chairs Shield Faculty from Service Opportunities: Protecting Colleagues or Hindering Community?","authors":"Nick McRee","doi":"10.1002/dch.70007","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dch.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>I am a tenured professor of sociology at a liberal arts comprehensive university. For twelve years I served as chair of my multidisciplinary social science department. I am now approaching the final stage of my academic career, a position where I can apply what the sociologist C. Wright Mills described as sociological imagination to better understand how my vision of the chair role was informed by forces of socialization that are foundational to a typical American graduate student education.</p><p>When I first took on the role of department chair, I believed that the most meaningful aspects of an academic life would be discovered in teaching and scholarship. I approached the job with a clear sense of purpose: protect my faculty colleagues from the often mindless churn of committee work, unnecessary meetings, and institutional bureaucracy. What I've come to understand, however, is that this well-meaning, pragmatic stance inadvertently contributed to a culture of disengagement and isolation in my department. The insight I share in this article is one I learned the hard way: Overburdening faculty with service obligations can stifle creativity and sap morale, but service and motivation to embrace shared governance, when approached in the right spirit, can also be vital sources of community, identity, and purpose.</p><p>I came to this realization late. Like many academics, I had never been formally coached to think of department leadership in this way. In fact, I had never really been trained to be a department chair at all. I received my PhD from one of the largest public research universities in the country. My mentors were prolific, internationally respected scholars. They led research centers and authored influential articles and books. They communicated in seminars and informal office conversation that avoiding distractions from developing a strong research trajectory was crucial for landing and keeping a tenure-track position. Indeed, they rarely spoke with enthusiasm—if at all—about departmental service. Service, although influential for tenure files and job performance reviews, was not the path to prestige, professional advancement, or personal satisfaction.</p><p>This message was reinforced in the early years of my academic career and long before I entered the role of department chair. Like many teaching-centered institutions, mine made a concerted effort to “protect” new hires from service demands. We wanted our junior colleagues to succeed, and that meant helping them build a research record and develop strong courses without getting bogged down in committee work or overloaded with academic advising. I agreed with this approach and felt I was a beneficiary of it. It matched what I had seen and internalized in graduate school: Committee work was a drain and an obligation to be completed as quickly and painlessly as possible, ideally by someone else.</p><p>By the time I became chair, I had fully absorbed and embraced this mindset. I ran ef","PeriodicalId":101228,"journal":{"name":"The Department Chair","volume":"36 3","pages":"11-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dch.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146140078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>Graduating doctoral students has become a priority as institutions pursue becoming R1 and R2 universities. The Carnegie Classification requires institutions to graduate at least seventy doctoral research degrees annually to achieve R1 status and twenty for R2. This need to produce doctoral graduates puts a renewed focus on programs to reduce time to completion and to ultimately increase doctoral enrollment. As undergraduate matriculation faces the predicted enrollment cliff nationally, increasing graduate and doctoral enrollment can offset this potentially shrinking undergraduate population. However, to graduate doctoral students, they must successfully navigate the dissertation process, which can be challenging even for the strongest students academically.</p><p>Traditionally, doctoral education has followed an apprenticeship model, where student admissions aligned with the doctoral faculty's abilities to take on new students whose research agendas aligned with the program faculty. This model fosters research mentorship centered on shared scholarly interests, which can yield scholarly productivity for the student and the faculty member. However, as enrollment grows, many institutions admit students far beyond congruence with the faculty's research specializations. Beyond admitting students with research interests that fall outside the wheelhouse of the faculty, students are readily seeking doctoral programs that are shorter and more affordable. As a result, many PhD programs traditionally took five to seven years, and EdD programs three to five years, with some now being marketed for completion in as little as three years.</p><p>These shifting expectations for increasing doctoral enrollment while graduating students sooner are disconcerting. The compression of these doctoral programs can potentially reduce the development of students' identities as researchers—particularly in research methodology courses, which are critical to successfully developing a robust research study needed for a doctoral dissertation. Recognizing that a doctoral student's success often hinges on their ability to conduct a self-directed and robust research study, this truncated coursework may be related to students remaining all but dissertation (ABD).</p><p>Programs that market three-year timelines set expectations that may be unrealistic for some students. Typically, these programs propose two years of coursework followed by one year to complete the dissertation. In reality, many institutions allow five or more years for dissertation completion before students time out, which speaks to the time-intensive and lengthy process that the dissertation can be. For those trying to complete their dissertation within the one-year time frame, students must develop a research study; write and revise chapters 1, 2, and 3 with committee feedback; defend their prospectus defense; obtain IRB approval; collect and analyze data; engage in scholarly discussion; write and revise chapter
{"title":"The Growth of Doctoral Enrollment: Compounding Interest of Dissertation Students","authors":"Steven Tolman","doi":"10.1002/dch.70011","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dch.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Graduating doctoral students has become a priority as institutions pursue becoming R1 and R2 universities. The Carnegie Classification requires institutions to graduate at least seventy doctoral research degrees annually to achieve R1 status and twenty for R2. This need to produce doctoral graduates puts a renewed focus on programs to reduce time to completion and to ultimately increase doctoral enrollment. As undergraduate matriculation faces the predicted enrollment cliff nationally, increasing graduate and doctoral enrollment can offset this potentially shrinking undergraduate population. However, to graduate doctoral students, they must successfully navigate the dissertation process, which can be challenging even for the strongest students academically.</p><p>Traditionally, doctoral education has followed an apprenticeship model, where student admissions aligned with the doctoral faculty's abilities to take on new students whose research agendas aligned with the program faculty. This model fosters research mentorship centered on shared scholarly interests, which can yield scholarly productivity for the student and the faculty member. However, as enrollment grows, many institutions admit students far beyond congruence with the faculty's research specializations. Beyond admitting students with research interests that fall outside the wheelhouse of the faculty, students are readily seeking doctoral programs that are shorter and more affordable. As a result, many PhD programs traditionally took five to seven years, and EdD programs three to five years, with some now being marketed for completion in as little as three years.</p><p>These shifting expectations for increasing doctoral enrollment while graduating students sooner are disconcerting. The compression of these doctoral programs can potentially reduce the development of students' identities as researchers—particularly in research methodology courses, which are critical to successfully developing a robust research study needed for a doctoral dissertation. Recognizing that a doctoral student's success often hinges on their ability to conduct a self-directed and robust research study, this truncated coursework may be related to students remaining all but dissertation (ABD).</p><p>Programs that market three-year timelines set expectations that may be unrealistic for some students. Typically, these programs propose two years of coursework followed by one year to complete the dissertation. In reality, many institutions allow five or more years for dissertation completion before students time out, which speaks to the time-intensive and lengthy process that the dissertation can be. For those trying to complete their dissertation within the one-year time frame, students must develop a research study; write and revise chapters 1, 2, and 3 with committee feedback; defend their prospectus defense; obtain IRB approval; collect and analyze data; engage in scholarly discussion; write and revise chapter","PeriodicalId":101228,"journal":{"name":"The Department Chair","volume":"36 3","pages":"18-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dch.70011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146136645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>To succeed in any hierarchy, leaders must manage up. This concept, pervasive in the business literature, is gaining attention in healthcare and academia.</p><p>We define managing up as follows: The deliberate process of shaping the relationship with, strategic alignment to, and perceptions of one's boss to enable workplace success.</p><p>Managing up entails self-advocacy, impression management, effective communication, steering change, and performance excellence (Molina <span>2023</span>; O'Toole et al. 2005). In addition, we introduce a novel and complementary managing-up approach: Agile behavioral nudges.</p><p>Agile science posits that we operate in complex adaptive human networks (Boustani et al. <span>2020</span>). To improve the output of such sociotechnical systems, we must harness deep understanding of human social behavior in general and the behavior of the specific human networks we seek to influence. One type of human-centered design is a behavioral nudge: a change to the social, physical, or digital environment to facilitate desired behavior without forbidding choice. In our Agile Nudge University program (Mehta et al. <span>2023</span>), we train future leaders to design (or select) human-centered nudges, then use Agile change management techniques to localize, implement, and empirically assess them in iterative sprints. Here we focus on the nudges leaders can design to manage up.</p><p>Bosses are humans too. Human behavior is driven largely by what scientists call System 1, characterized by mental shortcuts, fast emotional processing, and leveraging environmental cues (Kahneman <span>2011</span>). More rarely we use System 2, our deliberate, analytical, and systematic information processor. This is a feature, not a bug, of human cognitive systems, as System 1 is far more time- and energy-efficient than System 2 and in the typical twenty-four-hour day produces far more correct than incorrect decisions. System 1 thinking is often labeled as biased, irrational, or impulsive but is in fact adaptive for human needs, such as reducing effort, acting quickly, gaining social approval, and feeling good. People differ in—but tend to underestimate—how much and when they use System 1 over System 2.</p><p>Accepting that bosses—like other humans—engage System 1 more than System 2, leaders can deploy nudges to manage up. A leader who masters nudging can both design choices that comport to a boss's behavioral tendencies and frame existing choices to promote favorable decisions.</p><p>The MINDSPACE X framework (Hodson et al. <span>2025</span>) defines thirty-six nudgeable human tendencies, broken into nine categories (see table 1).</p><p><b>Messenger (M): The messenger who delivers the message matters more than the message.</b> A leader may be the wrong messenger for their boss and could have more influence if their message is conveyed by their boss's boss, a respected peer or an organizational champion, an outside expert consultant (M1), someone
要在任何等级制度中取得成功,领导者必须向上管理。这个在商业文献中普遍存在的概念,正在引起医疗保健和学术界的关注。我们将向上管理定义为:有意识地塑造与老板的关系、战略一致性和对老板的看法,从而使工作场所取得成功的过程。向上管理需要自我倡导、印象管理、有效沟通、转向变革和卓越绩效(Molina 2023; O’toole et al. 2005)。此外,我们还介绍了一种新颖而互补的管理方法:敏捷行为推动。敏捷科学假设我们在复杂的自适应人际网络中运作(Boustani et al. 2020)。为了提高这种社会技术系统的产出,我们必须利用对人类社会行为和我们寻求影响的特定人类网络行为的深刻理解。一种以人为中心的设计是行为推动:改变社交、物理或数字环境,在不禁止选择的情况下促进期望的行为。在我们的敏捷推动大学项目(Mehta et al. 2023)中,我们培训未来的领导者设计(或选择)以人为中心的推动,然后使用敏捷变更管理技术在迭代冲刺中对其进行本地化、实施和经验评估。在这里,我们将重点关注领导者可以设计的向上管理方法。老板也是人。人类行为在很大程度上是由科学家所谓的系统1驱动的,其特点是心理捷径、快速情绪处理和利用环境线索(Kahneman 2011)。我们很少使用系统2,我们深思熟虑的、分析的、系统的信息处理器。这是人类认知系统的一个特点,而不是缺陷,因为系统1比系统2更省时、更节能,而且在典型的24小时内,系统1做出的正确决策远远多于错误决策。系统1思维通常被贴上偏见、非理性或冲动的标签,但实际上它能适应人类的需求,比如减少努力、快速行动、获得社会认可和感觉良好。人们不同,但往往低估了他们使用系统1比系统2的程度和时间。承认老板和其他人一样,更多地使用系统1而不是系统2,领导者可以使用轻推来向上管理。一个精通推动的领导者既可以设计出符合老板行为倾向的选择,也可以构建现有的选择,以促进有利的决策。MINDSPACE X框架(Hodson et al. 2025)定义了36种可轻推的人类倾向,分为9类(见表1)。信使(M):传递信息的信使比信息本身更重要。对于老板来说,领导者可能是错误的信使,如果他们的信息是由老板的老板,受人尊敬的同事或组织冠军,外部专家顾问(M1),与老板的特征或背景相似的人(M2),或受欢迎的,有魅力的,积极的员工,教师或学生(M3)传达的话,可能会产生更大的影响。激励(I):任何大小的奖励都可以激励行为。为了利用人类的损失厌恶情绪,你可以让老板把注意力集中在可能发生的损失上,而不是收益上(11)。领导者应该确定老板高度重视的激励措施或目标(I2),利用老板的乐观态度来实现这些目标(I3),并将快速和可观察到的胜利作为强化因素(I4)。领导者应该避免比较老板独立看待或不同衡量的激励措施(15),例如,学费与研究与临床收入,即使它们有相同的数学基础(例如,金钱)。规范(N):为了适应环境,人们采取他人示范或期望的行为。即使是表面上具有创新精神、依赖他人的老板,也想要顺从,避免显得离群叛群(N1)。领导者可以通过提高老板对理想行为的意识(N2)和邀请老板会见和观察模范老板(N3)来影响从众。除非打破常规是普遍的常态,否则领导者应该招募受人尊敬的同事和追随者,帮助他们规范对老板的行为。默认设置(D):默认设置会产生很强的惰性。老板可能会继续他们已经在做或继承的行为和计划,作为现状(D1),这可能成为习惯(D2)。要改变行为,需要强有力的、令人信服的、往往代价高昂的力量。作为一个处于运动中的老板,创造变化的初始投资可以在最小的后续努力下持续下去,称为飞轮效应(Collins 2001)。默认是有效的,因为它们减少了工作。减少努力的最好方法是先做艰苦的工作,然后再寻求认可。俗话说,允许与原谅,老板更倾向于让正在进行的项目继续进行,而不是取消它们。突出性(S):突出的事物吸引我们的注意力。 为了引起老板的注意,领导者应该提出明确而突出的论点(S1),以新颖的方式提出(S2),并以干净、简单和简短的格式提出(S3)。一场有效的谈话、演讲或提议应该利用老板已有的知识和经验(S4),展示老板过去的具体行为如何与提议的方向一致(S5)。当提出一个想法或选择时,领导者可以通过熟悉的比喻、讲故事的策略和简单的比较来帮助超负荷的老板(Boustani et al. 2025)——例如,提出两个在一个关键因素上不同的选择(S6)。有效的建议用明确的数据或基准论证“相信的理由”(S7)。启动效应(P):我们会做脑海中最重要的、最近的、心理上可以理解的事情。领导者可以让老板的环境充满提示,提醒和加强期望的行为(P1)。这种频繁而有效的推动包括会议、简报和秘密会议等结构;反馈工件,如仪表板、演示文稿和电子邮件;以及工作流元素,如截止日期和提醒。除非老板非常灵活,否则应该花更多的精力帮助他们做出准确的初步判断(例如,预算规模),尽量减少鼓励调整的努力(P2)。应该邀请老板们陈述或记录他们的决定(P3)。情感(A):人类依靠“感觉”,追求积极的情绪,防范消极的情绪。要向上管理,领导者应该充满希望,强调优势(A1),而不是问题或悲观的预测(A2),尤其是当引发焦虑和回避的挑战迫在眉睫时(A3)。领导者应该设法限制老板接触心怀不满、悲观或过于挑剔的个人,这些人的消极情绪对老板的影响比他们想象的要大。与此同时,领导者不应该冲动地反对或拒绝老板。与其他辩证方法不同,直接否定老板会引发负面情绪、防御和回避。然而,确认并不是简单地同意或赞扬老板:一个人可以在提出替代方案、强调风险和分享不同观点的同时,确认老板的感受、理由、专业知识和权威。承诺(C):承诺促进后续行动。老板更容易通过具体的目标(C1)和行动计划(C2)来实现承诺。在不引起尴尬的情况下,领导者可以要求老板公开或分享承诺(C3),从而提高履行承诺的风险。为了利用互惠效应,领导者应该自由地在老板的象征性储蓄账户中投资(C4),让老板在不要求的情况下回报。对于积极向上管理的领导者来说,这条建议适用于竞选人的竞选承诺。自我(E):人们希望被自己和他人看好。虽然领导者可以用赞美来满足老板的自尊心,但更好的策略是帮助老板实施符合积极自我形象的计划(E1)。老板可能会以同情、智慧、正直、透明、谦逊、聪明、负责、高效、民主等形象出现。一个领导者可以积极地帮助他们的老板塑造他们的行为,例如,庆祝老板的预算削减是一个责任的指标,而不是冷酷无情(E2)。这是为了防止老板扮演反派角色,无意中实现批评者的预言。对老板的吹捧——但只是真诚地——既能提升他们的自尊心,也能提升他们成功的动力(E3)。相反,善意的低期望或贬低会使人失去动力,可能会被忽视以保护自我形象(E4)。反馈是至关重要的,但积极的反馈可能被误解为奉承,而批评的反馈可能被误解为自我攻击。与此相关,领导者应该优先考虑老板明确要求的工作,因为委托的错误比遗漏的错误代价更大(E5)。领导者需要权衡风险,在海龟(在壳里很安全)和长颈鹿(伸出脖子)模式之间切换。虽然轻推通常适用于人类,但有几个考虑因素(Beshears et al. 2020)。首先,并不是所有的推动都同样有效(例如,默认是强大的)或容易(例如,规范需要时间)。
{"title":"Bosses Are Human (Too): Agile Behavioral Nudges for Managing Up","authors":"Richard J. Holden, Jose M. Azar, Malaz Boustani","doi":"10.1002/dch.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dch.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To succeed in any hierarchy, leaders must manage up. This concept, pervasive in the business literature, is gaining attention in healthcare and academia.</p><p>We define managing up as follows: The deliberate process of shaping the relationship with, strategic alignment to, and perceptions of one's boss to enable workplace success.</p><p>Managing up entails self-advocacy, impression management, effective communication, steering change, and performance excellence (Molina <span>2023</span>; O'Toole et al. 2005). In addition, we introduce a novel and complementary managing-up approach: Agile behavioral nudges.</p><p>Agile science posits that we operate in complex adaptive human networks (Boustani et al. <span>2020</span>). To improve the output of such sociotechnical systems, we must harness deep understanding of human social behavior in general and the behavior of the specific human networks we seek to influence. One type of human-centered design is a behavioral nudge: a change to the social, physical, or digital environment to facilitate desired behavior without forbidding choice. In our Agile Nudge University program (Mehta et al. <span>2023</span>), we train future leaders to design (or select) human-centered nudges, then use Agile change management techniques to localize, implement, and empirically assess them in iterative sprints. Here we focus on the nudges leaders can design to manage up.</p><p>Bosses are humans too. Human behavior is driven largely by what scientists call System 1, characterized by mental shortcuts, fast emotional processing, and leveraging environmental cues (Kahneman <span>2011</span>). More rarely we use System 2, our deliberate, analytical, and systematic information processor. This is a feature, not a bug, of human cognitive systems, as System 1 is far more time- and energy-efficient than System 2 and in the typical twenty-four-hour day produces far more correct than incorrect decisions. System 1 thinking is often labeled as biased, irrational, or impulsive but is in fact adaptive for human needs, such as reducing effort, acting quickly, gaining social approval, and feeling good. People differ in—but tend to underestimate—how much and when they use System 1 over System 2.</p><p>Accepting that bosses—like other humans—engage System 1 more than System 2, leaders can deploy nudges to manage up. A leader who masters nudging can both design choices that comport to a boss's behavioral tendencies and frame existing choices to promote favorable decisions.</p><p>The MINDSPACE X framework (Hodson et al. <span>2025</span>) defines thirty-six nudgeable human tendencies, broken into nine categories (see table 1).</p><p><b>Messenger (M): The messenger who delivers the message matters more than the message.</b> A leader may be the wrong messenger for their boss and could have more influence if their message is conveyed by their boss's boss, a respected peer or an organizational champion, an outside expert consultant (M1), someone ","PeriodicalId":101228,"journal":{"name":"The Department Chair","volume":"36 3","pages":"24-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dch.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146139994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>As academics with senior leadership roles in equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) within our respective institutions, in this article we reflect on what our roles mean, the impact we have within these roles, and how they may look in the future in higher education institutions (HEIs) across the United Kingdom.</p><p>The structures that different HEIs have in place for EDI leadership within their individual institutions can vary significantly. They are organized differently across the sector, and it can be difficult to agree on consistent approaches. Although some HEIs have senior members of their executive board with sole responsibility for EDI, others combine EDI into wider and broader portfolios. We believe that everyone <i>should</i> have responsibility for EDI in HEIs. One of the significant challenges of EDI leadership structures in HEIs is empowering and enabling everyone, across often large and complex institutions, to take ownership of and responsibility for EDI while also embedding it across the HEI.</p><p>Although approaches that give individual EDI leadership to senior leaders can highlight and signal the organization's commitment to EDI, thus giving it visibility, this approach can make EDI appear separate to the organization's strategy, as an optional extra that is not embedded. Conversely, incorporating EDI into all leadership roles integrates EDI work with core university policies and business but risks losing visibility and ownership, making it difficult to see who is doing the work, who to go to in case of queries, and what tangible actions are being taken to create meaningful change.</p><p>The broad nature and lack of clear definition and focus on what EDI means practically and logistically can also lead to a lack of confidence among colleagues, particularly among senior leaders. Senior leaders often come under increased scrutiny and have additional responsibilities to deliver against strategic priorities. Therefore, they may feel substantial pressure and be afraid to “get EDI wrong” and/or feel threatened, as this could lead to both personal and professional reputational harm.</p><p>We both identify as women in HEI, and in taking on our EDI department leadership roles, we were acutely aware that EDI work is often accepted by already underrepresented groups who have lived experience in the EDI space. In addition, in agreeing to embrace EDI leadership roles, we were mindful that this may lead some colleagues to think that EDI is the responsibility of others. Although, ultimately, we were both in agreement that in taking on our respective roles that EDI leadership is required to provide strategic direction and to bring EDI to the front and center of decision-making.</p><p>Therefore, clarity is needed on what EDI leadership roles entail. EDI and its associated activities are broad and undefined. We believe that there are EDI implications to everything; therefore, if undefined, these roles can be expansive, lack structure, and,
{"title":"What Does the Future Hold for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Leadership in Higher Education in the United Kingdom?","authors":"Emma Yhnell, Stephany Veuger","doi":"10.1002/dch.70015","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dch.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As academics with senior leadership roles in equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) within our respective institutions, in this article we reflect on what our roles mean, the impact we have within these roles, and how they may look in the future in higher education institutions (HEIs) across the United Kingdom.</p><p>The structures that different HEIs have in place for EDI leadership within their individual institutions can vary significantly. They are organized differently across the sector, and it can be difficult to agree on consistent approaches. Although some HEIs have senior members of their executive board with sole responsibility for EDI, others combine EDI into wider and broader portfolios. We believe that everyone <i>should</i> have responsibility for EDI in HEIs. One of the significant challenges of EDI leadership structures in HEIs is empowering and enabling everyone, across often large and complex institutions, to take ownership of and responsibility for EDI while also embedding it across the HEI.</p><p>Although approaches that give individual EDI leadership to senior leaders can highlight and signal the organization's commitment to EDI, thus giving it visibility, this approach can make EDI appear separate to the organization's strategy, as an optional extra that is not embedded. Conversely, incorporating EDI into all leadership roles integrates EDI work with core university policies and business but risks losing visibility and ownership, making it difficult to see who is doing the work, who to go to in case of queries, and what tangible actions are being taken to create meaningful change.</p><p>The broad nature and lack of clear definition and focus on what EDI means practically and logistically can also lead to a lack of confidence among colleagues, particularly among senior leaders. Senior leaders often come under increased scrutiny and have additional responsibilities to deliver against strategic priorities. Therefore, they may feel substantial pressure and be afraid to “get EDI wrong” and/or feel threatened, as this could lead to both personal and professional reputational harm.</p><p>We both identify as women in HEI, and in taking on our EDI department leadership roles, we were acutely aware that EDI work is often accepted by already underrepresented groups who have lived experience in the EDI space. In addition, in agreeing to embrace EDI leadership roles, we were mindful that this may lead some colleagues to think that EDI is the responsibility of others. Although, ultimately, we were both in agreement that in taking on our respective roles that EDI leadership is required to provide strategic direction and to bring EDI to the front and center of decision-making.</p><p>Therefore, clarity is needed on what EDI leadership roles entail. EDI and its associated activities are broad and undefined. We believe that there are EDI implications to everything; therefore, if undefined, these roles can be expansive, lack structure, and, ","PeriodicalId":101228,"journal":{"name":"The Department Chair","volume":"36 3","pages":"28-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dch.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146140075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lilian W. Mina, Rick S. Kurtz, Christopher Nelson, Leslie Zenk
{"title":"Generative AI in Higher Education: Challenges and Strategic Responses","authors":"Lilian W. Mina, Rick S. Kurtz, Christopher Nelson, Leslie Zenk","doi":"10.1002/dch.30670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dch.30670","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101228,"journal":{"name":"The Department Chair","volume":"36 2","pages":"25-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Don't Squander Your Transition Year: Two Heads Are Better Than One","authors":"Trey Guinn, Darlene Carbajal","doi":"10.1002/dch.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dch.70000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101228,"journal":{"name":"The Department Chair","volume":"36 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}