Unconventional Resources最新文献

{"title":"Pore structure and gas content evaluation of coal-rock gas using well log data","authors":"Fei Zhao ,&nbsp;Jin Lai ,&nbsp;Lu Xiao ,&nbsp;Zongli Xia ,&nbsp;Zhongrui Wang ,&nbsp;Ling Li ,&nbsp;Bin Wang ,&nbsp;Guiwen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pore structure of coal significantly affects the adsorbability, desorption, and seepage behavior of coal-rock gas. This study firstly represents a comprehensive assessment of pore structure and fractal dimension characteristics for the low-medium rank coal of the Jurassic-Triassic, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, China, with a focus on their implications for methane adsorption capacity. In addition, integration the laboratory and well log data (CMR_NG) are used to evaluate gas bearing property of coal seams. Coal samples of low-medium rank were analyzed using low-pressure CO₂ adsorption (LP-CO₂GA), low-temperature N₂ adsorption (LT-N₂GA), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption-desorption isotherms of coal samples are predominantly Type H3 and H4, indicating parallel plate pores and ink-bottle or narrow slit pores, which promote coal-rock gas enrichment. Micropores, responsible for most specific surface area (SSA), dominate the pore structure, alongside macropores with two T₂ peaks. Fractal dimensions (D₁, D₂ from LT-N₂GA; D₃, D₄ from NMR) reflect pore characteristics, where higher D₁ and D₂ correlate positively with SSA and total pore volume (TPV) of micropores and mesopores. Langmuir volume (V_L) correlates with D₃, indicating greater adsorption capacity, while lower D₄ suggests better connectivity and permeability. Furthermore, industrial components and gas bearing property are evaluated by using conventional well log and CMR_NG log. The favorable coal reservoir exhibits high fixed carbon content, a broad T₁ spectrum, and bimodal T₂ distributions from CMR_NG, indicating both adsorbed and free gas with high coal-rock gas content. These insights could enhance understanding of low-medium rank coal reservoir pore structure and fractal dimension characteristics, as well as their influence on methane adsorption, gas bearing property and seepage capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100247"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative geodynamic models for ensuring the sustainability and safety of the Russian fuel and energy industry","authors":"V.M. Pizengolts ,&nbsp;V.A. Minaev ,&nbsp;A.O. Faddeev","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Risk formation and sustainable development of the fuel and energy industry of Russia are considered. Special attention is paid to their geodynamic causes. The mathematical model presented is unique and has not been presented, although others outside of Russia have discussed geodynamic risks of petroleum.</div><div>Fuel and energy is presented as a territory allocated system that implements the strategic goals of ensuring the safety of the Russian Federation. Risk management strategies are shown, their structure and relationships are described. As an example, the risks of the oil and gas complex are described. It is concluded that the geodynamic.</div><div>risks require taking into account their implementation specific in relation to the country's fuel and energy industry, which is one of the main its innovative developments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100234"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144931912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel solar panel cleaning system for improved efficiency","authors":"Hicham Oufettoul ,&nbsp;Othman Oubraik ,&nbsp;Ibtihal Ait Abdelmoula ,&nbsp;Saad Motahhir ,&nbsp;Badre EL Majid","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dust accumulation on photovoltaic module surfaces hinders sunlight penetration, causing overheating, degradation, and disposal issues that plague the solar energy industry. Climate and morphology are strongly related to dust accumulation failure, particularly in dry areas with high dust concentrations and high wind speeds. Conventional cleaning methods often require water resources, manual intervention, and risk of surface damage. This study introduces an innovative mechanism to improve PV panel efficiency through a self-cleaning strategy. The proposed prototype utilizes transparent rolling film technology across the surface of the photovoltaic panels, physically removing accumulated dust while simultaneously enabling optimal sunlight access. This novel proposition represents a significant advancement in optimizing the performance of photovoltaic systems by implementing an autonomous cleanliness assessment. This approach eliminates unnecessary cleaning cycles and facilitates waterless operation for water-scarce regions, real-time data collection, visualization, and actuator control. Several features were combined to make this new prototype an improved innovation for mitigating partial-shading faults and enhancing solar power generation. Consequently, the proposed system makes a significant contribution to the development of a more reliable and sustainable photovoltaic plant infrastructure, while promoting environmentally friendly practices through the use of waterless methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100249"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic study on geothermal energy integrated water desalination: challenges and opportunities","authors":"Mayank Kalsariya ,&nbsp;Aanya Shah ,&nbsp;Swara Patel ,&nbsp;Shiv Mandlik ,&nbsp;Rajdeep Raulji ,&nbsp;Dev Shah ,&nbsp;Mitul Prajapati ,&nbsp;Manan Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization and climate change add to the already increasing worldwide problem of freshwater scarcity, which calls for innovative solutions for sustainable water generation. This work offers a systematic examination of integrating geothermal energy with water desalination to minimize water shortages and lower environmental effects. The novelty of this work is in its thorough assessment of the combined Multi-Effect Evaporation (MEE) and Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) systems driven by geothermal energy, offering an eco-friendly alternative to traditional desalination methods. The approach involves a comprehensive analysis of current geothermal desalination systems, including thermodynamic studies, performance assessments, and economic feasibility studies. Compared to conventional fossil-fuel-based approaches, the key findings show that geothermal-driven desalination significantly reduces energy consumption and operational costs while enhancing freshwater production. Furthermore, the research emphasizes the possibility of solar-geothermal hybrid systems for increasing efficiency in areas with high water demand. Geothermal energy-powered desalination also lowers operational costs by about 30 %; hybrid solar-geothermal systems can improve efficiency by as much as 20 % in areas with high solar irradiance. Related readings imply that using geothermal energy for desalination could be quite important for long-term sustainability by lowering carbon emissions and decreasing reliance on non-renewable resources. This paper offers an insightful analysis of strategies to optimize desalination techniques for environmentally sustainable freshwater production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100226"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of CO2 sequestration potential in deep saline aquifers and salt caverns in the middle Yangtze River region: Insights from the Qingjiang Basin","authors":"Shuanglong Zhang ,&nbsp;Fuqiang Xiao ,&nbsp;Yongjun Zou ,&nbsp;Sijian Zheng ,&nbsp;Yuchen Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep saline aquifers are widely recognized as one of the most promising and scalable options for geological CO₂ storage within CCUS strategies due to their large capacity and widespread distribution. Numerical modeling plays a critical role in predicting CO₂ migration, evaluating injection safety, and optimizing site design, offering essential insights for the practical deployment of CO₂ sequestration. This study presents a comprehensive two-dimensional numerical investigation of CO₂ injection and migration in deep saline aquifers of the Qingjiang Basin, situated in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Using COMSOL Multiphysics, we developed a fully coupled flow–geomechanical model that integrates multiphase Darcy flow, mass conservation, capillary-buoyancy effects, and linear poroelastic deformation. The model domain-an axisymmetric slice extending 5.5 km laterally and 100 m vertically at a depth of 3 km was discretized with nonstructured triangular meshes refined to sub-meter scale near the injector to resolve steep pressure and saturation gradients. Transient simulations reveal a rapid pressure rise up to ∼30 MPa within 0.1 year, followed by gradual equilibration as CO₂ displaces brine. The resulting plume is characterized by a high-saturation core adjacent to the wellbore and steep radial decay, controlled by the interplay of buoyancy and capillary resistance. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate that reservoir permeability (1 × 10⁻¹⁵–1 × 10⁻¹² m²) and capillary entry pressure critically influence both plume spread and pressure footprint, underscoring the need for accurate petrophysical characterization. Our findings confirm the efficacy of the Qingjiang Basin's thick seal rocks and stable tectonic setting for CO₂ containment and provide guidance on mesh design, solver configuration, and coupling strategies for future three-dimensional, heterogeneous, reactive-transport simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100244"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of PV parameters under varied environmental conditions: A hybrid secant–Newton-Raphson method","authors":"Brahim El Fahmi,&nbsp;Driss Saadaoui,&nbsp;Imade Choulli,&nbsp;Khalid Assalaou,&nbsp;Ismail Abazine,&nbsp;Mustapha Elyaqouti,&nbsp;El hanafi Arjdal,&nbsp;Mohammed Agdam,&nbsp;Yassine El aidi Idrissi","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photovoltaic (PV) systems play a crucial role in renewable energy production, and accurate parameter estimation is essential for modeling and performance analysis. In this paper, a hybrid method combining the secant and Newton-Raphson methods is employed to accurately estimate the five key parameters (I_ph, I₀, n, R_s, and R_sh) of the single diode PV model. The method starts by using the secant method to estimate the series resistance (R_s), then analytical equations are used to estimate the other parameters (I_ph, I₀ and R_sh). The Newton-Raphson technique is then applied to iteratively solve the I-V equation to finalize parameter estimation, while minimizing the root mean square error (RMSE) between modeled and measured data. The proposed method was tested on multiple solar cells and modules, including RTC France, PVM 752, PWP-201, STM6-40/36, and STP6-120/36, achieving RMSE values of <span><math><mrow><mn>8.53</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mn>3.16</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mo>,</mo><mn>2.17</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>1.8</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>10</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mspace></mspace><mn>1.59</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, respectively. Additionally, it was applied to the SP75 and SM55 modules under variable temperature and irradiance, and exhibited high accuracy. This hybrid approach provides significant improvement over purely numerical techniques and metaheuristic algorithms because it provides rapid convergence, reduced computational load, and high accuracy in PV parameter extraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100227"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144766889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of renewable energy suitability and development constraints in Iraq","authors":"Qusay Hassan","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This nationwide study employs a spatial multi-criteria evaluation implemented in ArcGIS Model Builder to balance renewable-energy potential, ecosystem-service supply and development impacts. The analysis covers the entire of Iraq at 30 m resolution. The analysis of data identified suitable areas for renewable energy projects, including solar farms and biomass production, taking into account environmental, socio-economic, and land-use factors on the basis of four levels. The results give a more detailed land suitability classification for solar farms, using a four-class scheme according to the possible impact on ecosystem services. The results show that 49 % of the analyzed areas are suitable for both biomass and solar farms, while 6 % are suitable exclusively for solar energy, and 45 % are not suitable for either. Under the ecosystem services trade-off analysis, 82 % of the land has good suitability for balancing agricultural biomass production with water services; 10 % has intermediate suitability, and 8 % is not suitable. In the case of solar energy, the analysis found that 14 % of the land is highly suitable, 70 % moderately suitable, 11 % with lower suitability, and 5 % least suitable. The analyses also provide further details on the effect of policy and regulatory frameworks. For agricultural biomass 44 % of the areas have no constraints, 50 % are affected by policy constraints without substantial ecosystem services trade-offs, and 3 % by both constraints and trade-offs. For solar farms, 40 % of the areas are free of constraints, 14 % are affected by ecosystem services trade-offs, 42 % by policy constraints without substantial ecosystem services impacts and 7 % by both constraints and trade-offs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100248"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of hydrogen in the subsurface","authors":"Barry Jay Katz","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe. As a fuel and energy carrier it has had several false starts. Today it is thought to be on track to become a part of the future energy mix, with a multi-fold increase in usage estimated over the next 25 years. As this future develops earth science will play a role in both storage and production/manufacturing. Large-scale utilization of hydrogen will require subsurface storage. Currently, subsurface storage has largely focused on massive salt or salt diapirs. This is geographically limiting. To broaden storage opportunities bedded evaporites and porous media will need to play a role. Each subsurface storage type has multiple issues to be examined including the effects of the frequency and magnitude of drawdown, impact of microbial processes, reservoir and seal (caprock) diagenesis, and potential hydrogen losses. Storage space for hydrogen in porous media could potentially compete with CO₂ storage. On the production side there is growing interest in natural (white) hydrogen, the availability of water, especially freshwater, for electrolysis (green hydrogen), and the potential for anthropogenic (orange and gold) hydrogen in the subsurface. With respect to natural hydrogen, mechanisms and rates of generation are being investigated as is the common association with helium. Understanding the natural hydrogen system, including the trap, overlaps with issues of storage that focus on the reservoir and seal. The commercial subsurface stimulation of hydrogen generation is also being examined with respect to mechanisms and rates, with an aim of making it competitive with surface manufacturing. Large-scale production of natural hydrogen is yet to be established.One may ultimately view the current state of the subsurface hydrogen story being comparable to that of the initial stages of unconventional gas production more than two decades ago, with much still to be learned.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100245"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced clustering techniques for lithofacies and electrofacies identification in post-salt carbonate and siliciclastic reservoirs: a case study from the campos basin, Brazil","authors":"Abel Carrasquilla ,&nbsp;Herson Rocha","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effective characterization and management of hydrocarbon reservoirs require a thorough understanding of their petrophysical properties, from exploration to production. Modern borehole logging and interpretation techniques play a crucial role in reducing operational costs while enhancing reservoir evaluation. Petrophysical analysis is fundamental in this context, enabling the interpretation of subsurface lithology and the assessment of key rock-fluid interactions, including porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation. These parameters are essential for identifying source rocks, seals, reservoir zones, and aquifers. Geophysical well logs are among the most reliable tools for determining geological formations and their petrophysical attributes. This study investigates two post-salt reservoirs in the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil, utilizing data from four boreholes - two as reference wells and two as blind tests. A conventional suite of well logs was employed to define electrofacies, supported by geological data. Initial cluster analysis was conducted using singular value decomposition, hierarchical clustering (dendrograms), neutron-density lithological cross-plots, and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify inherent groupings within the dataset. Subsequently, nine unsupervised classification techniques-including eight clustering algorithms (e.g., k-means, k-medoids, Gaussian mixture models, spectral clustering, k-nearest neighbors, subtractive fuzzy clustering, fuzzy c-means, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering) and one neural-based mapping method (competitive neural network) - were applied. The exploratory data analysis was essential to understand the statistical behavior and interrelationships among the petrophysical logs, serving as a foundational step for the effective application of the clustering algorithms. Despite the diverse mathematical foundations of the clustering algorithms, the three electrofacies were reliably correlated with lithofacies. In the siliciclastic reservoir, these corresponded to sandstone, shale, and limestone, while in the carbonate reservoir, they were classified as grainstones, wackestones, and cemented grainstones. This study highlights the efficacy of multi-algorithm clustering in petrophysical facies classification, providing a reliable framework for reservoir characterization in analogous geological settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory evaluation of an innovative polyfraction nanoemulsion for enhanced oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs","authors":"Najeeb Anjum Soomro","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymers and nanoemulsions are frequently employed to boost enhanced oil recovery (EOR) systems' performance. Several physical phenomena that are essential to the process can be used in a synergistic way when both of these additives are used. Laboratory core flooding investigations utilizing natural cores are one way to evaluate these processes. Carbonate rocks are displaced by oil under extreme heat and pressure in a variety of studies. Tests are conducted on polymer solutions and a recently created polyfraction nanoemulsion. The test findings show that these compounds are stable at high temperatures, high pressures, and in the presence of H₂S, and they are useful for EOR operations. In the laboratory EOR simulation, the best results were obtained for polymer and nanoemulsion concentrations in diluted reservoir water of 0.05 % and 1 %, respectively. These concentrations were shown to be the most effective. The polymers continue to demonstrate a high level of effectiveness when it comes to the displacement of crude oil from carbonate rocks under these conditions. On the other hand, the nanoemulsion that was tested enhances the wettability of carbonate rocks and reduces interfacial tension, both of which are factors that promote the efficiency of oil displacement. When compared to the quantity that was accomplished with water that did not contain any additives, the oil recovery that was measured in this instance was 37.5 % higher.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}