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Hydrogen's organic genesis 氢的有机成因
Pub Date : 2023-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2023.07.003
J. Hanson , H. Hanson

Natural hydrogen exploration has been restricted in scope due to the predominance in thinking that various rock interactions with water in cratonic settings offer the best natural hydrogen sources. The limited exploration findings in these areas in conjunction with advances in the understanding of hydrogen generation via anthropogenic methods suggest that other source alternatives such as organic hydrogen generation need to be revisited. The ideas on the maturation of organic matter may need to be reassessed with respect to hydrogen. It is suggested that an overlapping thermo-catalytic set of processes occurs to produce hydrocarbons and hydrogen. Initially clay reacts with kerogen producing hydrocarbons, hydrogen and amorphous carbon, the alteration of clays releasing hydronium. During the late catagenic phase thermo-catalysis of hydrocarbons by amorphous carbon create shorter chained hydrocarbons and hydrogen whilst amorphous carbon degrades to carbon black. During expulsion of hydrocarbons and hydrogen the permeability of the source rock becomes more heterogeneous, isolating some reactants creating pyrobitumens and other carbonaceous materials. At higher temperatures during metagenesis isolated pyrobitumens and other carbonaceous materials in shales are turned to graphite releasing gaseous hydrocarbons and eventually diatomic hydrogen in a second phase by thermo-catalytic reaction with carbon black. This matches the temperatures and results at which laboratory experiments and petrochemical processes used to generate hydrogen are observed. The current conclusion of the hydrocarbon generation story at the methane preservation limit should be recognized as the start of hydrogen generation and graphitization as the end of the process. Instead of basin exploration focused solely on hydrocarbons and stopping due to concerns of over maturity of source and reservoir, exploration may continue deeper in search of organic hydrogen. This should be noted as a primary hydrogen generation mechanism globally and provide a suitable model to aid hydrogen exploration and lead the energy transition into a hydrogen economy.

天然氢勘探的范围受到限制,因为人们普遍认为克拉通环境中各种岩石与水的相互作用提供了最佳的天然氢来源。这些地区的有限勘探发现,加上对通过人为方法产生氢气的理解取得进展,表明需要重新审视有机氢气产生等其他来源的替代品。关于有机物成熟的想法可能需要就氢进行重新评估。有人认为,产生碳氢化合物和氢气的过程是一套重叠的热催化过程。最初,粘土与干酪根反应产生碳氢化合物、氢气和无定形碳,粘土的蚀变释放出水合氢。在后期的催化阶段,无定形碳对碳氢化合物的热催化产生短链碳氢化合物和氢,而无定形碳降解为炭黑。在排出碳氢化合物和氢气的过程中,烃源岩的渗透率变得更加不均匀,隔离了一些反应物,产生了焦沥青和其他碳质材料。在变成因过程中的高温下,页岩中分离的焦沥青和其他碳质材料通过与炭黑的热催化反应,在第二相中转化为石墨,释放气态碳氢化合物,最终释放双原子氢。这与观察到用于产生氢气的实验室实验和石化过程的温度和结果相匹配。甲烷保存极限下的碳氢化合物生成故事的当前结论应被视为氢气生成的开始,石墨化应被认为是该过程的结束。盆地勘探不再只关注碳氢化合物,并因担心源岩和储层过度成熟而停止,勘探可能会继续深入寻找有机氢。这应该被视为全球主要的制氢机制,并提供一个合适的模型来帮助氢气勘探和引导能源向氢气经济转型。
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引用次数: 0
Study on microscopic failure mechanism and numerical simulation of sandstone under different saturated pressure 不同饱和压力下砂岩细观破坏机理及数值模拟研究
Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2023.07.004
Xiaohui Wang , Zheng Cheng , Yaoting Zhou , Kai Xu , Yifan Liao

X-ray diffraction and SEM scanning are conducted to examine the alterations in sandstone under different saturation conditions to reveal the water-rock softening effect on sandstone from the Qilicun tunnels in China under varying saturation pressures. The mechanisms underpinning the strength softening of sandstone are analyzed using uniaxial compression tests. The experimental results demonstrated that after immersion in water, the internal cementing material within the sandstone dissolves, and the mineral particles fragment or disintegrate, increasing porosity. In the presence of water, the macroscopic compressive strength of sandstone exhibits a declining trend. Concurrently, as the saturation pressure escalates, the compressive strength diminishes by approximately 10%, the elastic modulus decreases by about 30%, and Poisson's ratio incrementally falls by about 25%. The sandstone's failure is characterized by both axial multiple splitting surface failure and shear failure surface. Finally, a strain-softening numerical model is employed to simulate the failure behaviors of sandstone under various saturation pressures. The findings indicated that the sandstone sample exhibits plastic failure characteristics under high saturation pressure.

通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜观察了不同饱和条件下砂岩的变化,揭示了不同饱和压力下中国七里村隧道水岩软化对砂岩的影响。通过单轴压缩试验,分析了砂岩强度软化的机理。实验结果表明,浸泡在水中后,砂岩内部的胶结材料溶解,矿物颗粒碎裂或崩解,增加了孔隙率。在有水存在的情况下,砂岩的宏观抗压强度呈下降趋势。同时,随着饱和压力的升高,抗压强度降低约10%,弹性模量降低约30%,泊松比逐渐降低约25%。砂岩的破坏具有轴向多裂面破坏和剪切破坏双重特征。最后,采用应变软化数值模型模拟了砂岩在不同饱和压力下的破坏行为。研究结果表明,砂岩样品在高饱和压力下表现出塑性破坏特征。
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引用次数: 0
In-situ stress analysis in the Chang 7 reservoir of northern Shannxi region 陕北地区长7储层地应力分析
Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2023.05.005
Xiaoli Cui , Xiaoxuan Kou , Shengbin Feng , Yuan You , Wenzhong Ma , Bing Hou

The Shaanbei Chang 7 shale oil reservoir in the Ordos Basin develops vertically with multiple lithologic superimpositions. The interlayer stress of sand-mud-shale thin interbeds is different, and the stress within the small layer is variable, resulting in high hydraulic pressure fractures and short extension distances. The effective retrofit volume did not meet expectations. Based on the in-situ stress of key layers tested by the Kaiser in-situ stress test, the in-situ stress distribution law of vertical multi-interbedded layers with different lithologies was obtained by finely interpreting the single-well in-situ stress logging results, combined with the geological, structural and sedimentary characteristics of the block, established a three-dimensional in-situ stress regional model of complex lithologic reservoirs based on fine geological bodies, simulated the regional in-situ stress distribution law of sand-mud-shale multi-thin interbedded lithology, and mastered the geological The spatial lateral and vertical differences of the stress field. The calculation results show that the overall three-dimensional stress of the block is σV>σH>σh, the maximum principal stress range of the longitudinal upper interlayer is 35∼58 MPa, the minimum principal stress range is 28∼55 MPa, and the horizontal stress difference range is 6∼8 MPa, the stress value of sandstone in the lateral upper layer is greater than that of shale and that of mudstone, and the difference of horizontal stress in the vertical direction increases with the increase of depth. By analyzing the in-situ stress distribution of different interlayer depths and bedding lithologies, it provides parameter guidance for the fracturing design of complex lithologic reservoirs in the Chang 7 Member in northern Shaanxi, Ordos Basin.

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北长7页岩油气藏纵向发育,岩性多叠置。砂泥页岩薄互层的层间应力不同,小层内的应力是可变的,导致了高水压裂缝和短延伸距离。有效的改造数量没有达到预期。在Kaiser地应力测试关键层地应力的基础上,通过精细解释单井地应力测井结果,结合区块的地质、结构和沉积特征,得出了不同岩性的垂直多互层的地应力分布规律,建立了基于精细地质体的复杂岩性油藏三维地应力区域模型,模拟了砂泥页岩多薄互层岩性的区域地应力分布规律,掌握了地质应力场的空间横向和纵向差异。计算结果表明,块体整体三维应力σV>;σH>;σh,纵向上层夹层的最大主应力范围为35~58MPa,最小主应力幅度为28~55MPa,水平应力差范围为6~8MPa,横向上层砂岩的应力值大于页岩和泥岩,垂直方向上的水平应力差随着深度的增加而增加。通过分析不同层间深度和层理岩性的地应力分布,为鄂尔多斯盆地陕北长7段复杂岩性油藏的压裂设计提供参数指导。
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引用次数: 0
Overview of hydrogen storage and transportation technology in China 中国氢储运技术综述
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2023.07.001
Gemeng Zhang , Zhenqiang Jiang

In response to the global climate change and the need for green and low-carbon development, hydrogen energy has been recognized as a clean energy source that can achieve carbon neutrality unlike fossil fuels. As a country with a shortage of energy resources, the development of hydrogen energy is of significant importance for China to adjust its energy structure and accelerate the new era of energy transformation. Based on the development of China's hydrogen energy industry, this paper elaborates on the current status and development trends of key technologies in the entire industrial chain of hydrogen energy in various stages including production, storage, transportation, and application, and identifies the problems and challenges of hydrogen energy development. The paper focuses on the analysis of hydrogen storage and transportation application scenarios and clarifies the selection of hydrogen storage and transportation technologies in different scenarios. To achieve healthy development of China's hydrogen energy industry, it is necessary to strengthen top-level design, make strategic planning, encourage large-scale state-owned energy enterprises to play a leading role, promote the development of the entire industry chain, increase technological research and development efforts, prevent the risk of core technology constraints, and vigorously promote the application of hydrogen energy to realize the construction of a hydrogen energy society.

为应对全球气候变化和绿色低碳发展的需要,氢能已被公认为一种不同于化石燃料的清洁能源,可以实现碳中和。作为一个能源资源短缺的国家,发展氢能对中国调整能源结构、加快能源转型新时代具有重要意义。本文从中国氢能产业发展的角度,阐述了氢能生产、储存、运输、应用等各个阶段全产业链关键技术的现状和发展趋势,指出了氢能发展中存在的问题和挑战。本文重点分析了氢气储运应用场景,明确了不同场景下氢气储运技术的选择。要实现中国氢能产业的健康发展,就要加强顶层设计,做好战略规划,鼓励国有大型能源企业发挥主导作用,推动全产业链发展,加大技术研发力度,防范核心技术制约风险,大力推进氢能应用,实现氢能社会建设。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of natural fractures in tight sandstone reservoirs in Yuanba area, northern Sichuan Basin 川北元坝地区致密砂岩储层天然裂缝特征
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2023.03.001
Yanqing Huang , Ruyue Wang

Natural fractures are quite important for the high and stable production of tight sandstone gas reservoirs. However, it is commonly difficult to accurately characterize their distribution in tight sandstone gas reservoirs due to the strong heterogeneity. A comprehensive characterization of natural fractures in tight sandstone gas reservoirs of the Xujiahe Formation in the Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin, was carried out by multimethod of core description, log interpretation and seismic prediction. The results show that (1) the natural fractures in the Xujiahe Formation are mainly low-angle fractures, with a few medium- and high-angle fractures. The degree of fracture development is mainly controlled by the distance from the fault, the flexural degree of the strata and the thickness of the rock mechanical layer. (2) The fracture-sensitive seismic attributes such as the preferred maximum likelihood, structure entropy, illuminant-based symmetry and high-precision curvature are taken as the input, and the unsupervised cluster analysis algorithm based on Bayesian probability model is applied to predict the distribution of large-scale fractures at different dip angles; on the basis of narrow azimuthal pre-stack CMP gather optimization, the anisotropy detection technique of Hampson-Russell's ProAZ full CMP gather is used to characterize the distribution of small- and medium-scale fractures, and the predicted fracture development intensity matches the fracture interpretation results of the imaging logs by more than 85%. Moreover, the predicted fracture orientation is basically consistent with that of the imaging loggings. (3) The fault-genesis fractures of the Xujiahe Formation are mainly distributed near the fault on the southeast flank of the Jiulongshan anticline, and are distributed in a narrow strip in NE direction. The fold-genesis fractures are mainly developed in the Xu 3rd Member, and are located in the axis of the Jiulongshan anticline and its southeast flank where the strata are strongly flexed. This study provides a solid foundation for the development of tight sandstone gas reservoirs and extends the approaches for the accurate characterization of fractures.

天然裂缝对于致密砂岩气藏的高产、稳产具有重要意义。然而,由于非均质性强,通常很难准确表征致密砂岩气藏中它们的分布。采用岩心描述、测井解释和地震预测相结合的方法,对四川盆地元坝地区须家河组致密砂岩气藏天然裂缝进行了综合表征。研究结果表明:(1)须家河组天然裂缝以低角度裂缝为主,少量中、高角度裂缝。裂缝发育程度主要受距断层距离、地层弯曲程度和岩石力学层厚度的控制。(2) 以优选最大似然、结构熵、基于光源的对称性和高精度曲率等裂缝敏感地震属性为输入,应用基于贝叶斯概率模型的无监督聚类分析算法预测不同倾角下大规模裂缝的分布;在窄方位叠前CMP道集优化的基础上,采用Hampson-Russel的ProAZ全CMP道集各向异性检测技术,对中小尺度裂缝的分布进行了表征,预测的裂缝发育强度与成像测井的裂缝解释结果匹配85%以上。此外,预测的裂缝方向与成像测井基本一致。(3) 徐家河组断裂成因断裂主要分布在九龙山背斜东南侧断裂附近,呈NE向窄条带分布。褶皱成因断裂主要发育于徐三段,位于九龙山背斜轴线及其东南侧,地层弯曲强烈。该研究为致密砂岩气藏的开发提供了坚实的基础,并扩展了裂缝精确表征的方法。
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引用次数: 1
Methods for identifying complex lithologies from log data based on machine learning 基于机器学习的测井数据复杂岩性识别方法
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2022.11.004
Mi Liu, Song Hu, Jun Zhang, Youlong Zou

The sedimentary environment of the marine-continental transitional facies leads to complex reservoir lithologies characterized by rapid changes in lithology, the presence of thin interbeds, and strong heterogeneity in both vertical and horizontal directions. The resultant difficulties with lithology identification pose challenges to the evaluation of reservoir parameters and the prediction of sweet spots. This study investigated the reservoirs of marine-continental transitional facies in the Permian Longtan Formation in area A, southwestern Sichuan. Based on core descriptions, mineral composition analysis, and log responses, this study divided the reservoir lithologies into eight types, i.e., coals, carbonaceous shales, mudstones, argillaceous siltstones, siltstones, fine sandstones, calcareous mudstones, and bauxitic mudstones. Then, this study determined the log response characteristics of different lithologies, established the charts for identifying typical lithologies from log data, and formed a set of methods and processes for identifying complex reservoir lithologies from log data. Furthermore, this study established lithology identification models using methods of multi-resolution graph-based clustering (MRGC), cross plot - decision tree, and random forest. These models had an accuracy rate of 84.3%, 85.6%, and 91%, respectively, indicating high identification precision overall. In addition, this study compared and analyzed the application conditions, advantages, and disadvantages of different lithology identification methods, providing guidance for subsequent identification of complex reservoir lithologies from log data.

海陆过渡相沉积环境导致储层岩性复杂,岩性变化快,存在薄互层,纵横向非均质性强。由此产生的岩性识别困难对储层参数的评估和甜点的预测提出了挑战。研究了川西南A区二叠纪龙潭组海陆过渡相储层。根据岩心描述、矿物成分分析和测井响应,本研究将储层岩性分为八种类型,即煤、碳质页岩、泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、钙质泥岩和铝土矿泥岩。然后,本研究确定了不同岩性的测井响应特征,建立了从测井数据识别典型岩性的图表,形成了一套从测井数据中识别复杂储层岩性的方法和过程。此外,本研究还采用多分辨率图聚类、交叉图决策树和随机森林等方法建立了岩性识别模型。这些模型的准确率分别为84.3%、85.6%和91%,表明总体识别精度较高。此外,本研究还比较分析了不同岩性识别方法的应用条件、优缺点,为后续从测井资料中识别复杂储层岩性提供了指导。
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引用次数: 4
Feature selection in GC-MS, NMR and MALDI-TOF spectra of tar sand bitumen 沥青的GC-MS、NMR和MALDI-TOF光谱特征选择
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2022.12.005
Svetlana Rudyk , Yerdos Ongarbayev , Pavel Spirov

Expectations from unconventional reservoirs are often overly optimistic when estimation criteria are transferred from one location to another but some of the many important elements of petroleum systems remain unaccounted for. Feature engineering used in model construction to improve the quality of the machine learning process can improve the performance of unconventional reservoir estimates.

The compositions of petroleum fluids are represented by spectra obtained from various analyses, which vary greatly in shape and dimensions, contain large amounts of data, and cannot be processed as single numbers. Selection of relevant features in the spectra can simplify interpretation, reduce dimensionality, and improve data compatibility.

The features have been selected in GC-MS, NMR and MALDI-TOF spectra of bitumen from the Bayan-Erkhet tar sand deposit in Mongolia for comparison with bitumens from other regions of the world. The GC-MS spectra have a similar baseline shape, either a triangle or two humps with peaks eluted to varying degrees. The comparison made it possible to isolate poorly eluted peaks of carbon number groups in the studied bitumen. Since NMR spectra of petroleum fluids are most often published without NMR parameters, simple indices are developed to compare the shapes of the spectra. The values of these indices are consistent with the characteristics of the samples. The sequences of hydrocarbon compounds determined in the MALDI-TOF spectrum are very similar to those of the Banik black shale, Iraq, which allowed to clarify the sequences. Some peaks are also found in the spectra of two other crude oil samples. The feature selection in spectral analyses enables revealing the hidden information.

当估计标准从一个位置转移到另一个位置时,对非常规储层的期望往往过于乐观,但石油系统的许多重要元素中的一些仍然下落不明。在模型构建中使用特征工程来提高机器学习过程的质量,可以提高非常规储层估计的性能。石油流体的组成由从各种分析中获得的光谱表示,这些光谱在形状和尺寸上变化很大,包含大量数据,不能作为单个数字处理。在光谱中选择相关特征可以简化解释,降低维度,提高数据兼容性。通过对蒙古巴彦额尔凯特焦油砂矿床沥青的GC-MS、NMR和MALDI-TOF光谱的分析,将其特征与世界其他地区的沥青进行了比较。GC-MS光谱具有相似的基线形状,要么是三角形,要么是两个峰,峰在不同程度上洗脱。该比较使得在所研究的沥青中分离出碳数基团洗脱不良的峰成为可能。由于石油流体的NMR光谱通常在没有NMR参数的情况下发表,因此开发了简单的指数来比较光谱的形状。这些指标的值与样本的特征一致。MALDI-TOF光谱中确定的碳氢化合物序列与伊拉克Banik黑色页岩的序列非常相似,这使得序列得以澄清。在另外两个原油样品的光谱中也发现了一些峰。光谱分析中的特征选择能够揭示隐藏的信息。
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引用次数: 2
Logging identification of complex lithology of the Lower Jurassic Da'anzhai Member in the eastern slope of the western Sichuan Depression 川西坳陷东斜坡下侏罗统大安寨段复杂岩性测井识别
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2022.10.001
Mengyuan Zhang , Runcheng Xie , Shuai Yin , Meizhou Deng , Jun Chen , Shaoke Feng , Ziwei Luo , Jian Chen

In recent years, with the in-depth development of oil and gas exploration in the eastern slope of the western Sichuan Depression, breakthroughs have been made in the research on high-quality gas reservoirs in the Da'anzhai Member of the Ziliujing Formation in this area. Fine logging identification of lithology in the Da'anzhai Member in the eastern slope of the western Sichuan Depression is the core subject of reservoir sweet spot prediction. In this paper, taking the Da'anzhai Member in the western Sichuan Basin as an example, the work flow and comparisons of multi-lithology logging models have been systematically conducted, using a large number of cores, geological data and logging interpretation models. The research shows that there are four main lithologies developed in the Da'anzhai Member, namely shale, marl-bearing limestone, shell limestone and sandstone. Intersection and spider diagram methods can effectively screen out the logging parameters that are sensitive to lithology, including natural gamma (GR), neutron (CNL), deep lateral resistivity (RD), and acoustic wave time difference (AC). The lithology of the Da'anzhai Member in the study area can be identified with high precision via the "lithology probability factor", "BP neural network" and cluster analysis methods. Among them, the "lithologic probability factor" and "BP neural network" methods have a prediction accuracy of lithology exceeds 80%. Therefore, these two methods are optimized as the most effective methods for logging identification of lithology in the Da'anzhai Member. This study has certain reference value for the lithology identification of similar gas reservoirs worldwide.

近年来,随着川西坳陷东坡油气勘探的深入,该区自流井组大安寨段优质气藏研究取得突破。川西坳陷东坡大安寨段岩性精细测井识别是储层甜点预测的核心课题。本文以四川盆地西部大安寨段为例,利用大量岩心、地质资料和测井解释模型,系统地进行了多岩性测井模型的工作流程和对比。研究表明,大安寨段主要发育四种岩性,即页岩、含泥灰岩灰岩、贝壳灰岩和砂岩。交会图和蜘蛛图方法可以有效地筛选出对岩性敏感的测井参数,包括自然伽马(GR)、中子(CNL)、深部横向电阻率(RD)和声波时差(AC)。利用“岩性概率因子”、“BP神经网络”和聚类分析方法,可以高精度地识别研究区大安寨段的岩性。其中,“岩性概率因子”和“BP神经网络”方法对岩性的预测精度均超过80%。因此,这两种方法被优化为大安寨段岩性测井识别的最有效方法。本研究对世界同类气藏的岩性识别具有一定的参考价值。
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引用次数: 1
Sensitivity and application of pseudo-steady-state constant for refracturing horizontal wells with fracture reorientation in anisotropic tight oil reservoirs 各向异性致密油裂缝定向重复压裂水平井拟稳态常数敏感性及应用
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2023.01.005
Ruoyu Li , Mingxian Wang , Ruifei Wang , Ying Tang

Fetkovich or Blasingame type rate decline analysis is a common and practical method to obtain reservoir parameters and evaluate well productivity. Pseudo-steady-state constant is an indispensable parameter for establishing these new type rate decline curves and works as a bridge linking conventional productivity and new type productivity. Refracturing is widely used to enhance tight oil wells’ productivity and improve their economic benefits, the pseudo-steady-state constant of refracturing horizontal wells has been presented in our previous research, but an in-depth discussion on the definition, accuracy, sensitivity, and application of this constant has not been conducted. It results in the insufficient understanding of the physical meaning, characteristics, and functions of pseudo-steady-state constant at present. In this study, taking the derived pseudo-steady-state constant for refracturing horizontal wells with fracture reorientation as an example, its accuracy was verified by an equivalent model presented in the literature, and the sensitivity of relevant key parameters on this constant was investigated. For the refracturing horizontal well defined in this study, pseudo-steady-state constant is independent of time, and related to fracture conductivity, fracture face damage, reorientation fracture number and permeability anisotropy. Results show that this constant decreases with the increase of fracture conductivity, but tends to remain unchanged when fracture conductivity increases to a certain extent. Meanwhile, this constant shows a positive correlation with fracture face damage and permeability anisotropy, but an inverse correlation with reorientation fracture number. Blasingame type rate decline curves of refracturing horizontal wells with fracture reorientation were also established, regarding as a practical application of this pseudo-steady-state constant and a concrete manifestation of its bridge-linking function. These type curves are directly conducive to the inversion of reservoir properties and fracturing parameters and the prediction of future productivity for refracturing horizontal wells. More importantly, this study is helpful to understand and strengthen the role and importance of pseudo-steady-state constant, and also beneficial to the establishment of new type rate decline curves of other similar models.

Fetkovich或Blasingame型递减率分析是获得储层参数和评价井产能的一种常用而实用的方法。拟稳态常数是建立这些新型生产率下降曲线的一个不可或缺的参数,是连接传统生产率和新型生产率的桥梁。重复压裂被广泛用于提高致密油井的产能和提高其经济效益,我们以前的研究中已经提出了重复压裂水平井的拟稳态常数,但尚未对该常数的定义、精度、灵敏度和应用进行深入讨论。这导致目前人们对伪稳态常数的物理意义、特性和函数认识不足。本研究以导出的具有裂缝重新定向的折射水平井拟稳态常数为例,通过文献中提出的等效模型验证了其准确性,并研究了相关关键参数对该常数的敏感性。对于本研究中定义的折射水平井,伪稳态常数与时间无关,与裂缝电导率、裂缝面损伤、重定向裂缝数和渗透率各向异性有关。结果表明,该常数随裂缝电导率的增加而减小,但当裂缝电导率增加到一定程度时,该常数趋于不变。同时,该常数与裂缝面损伤和渗透率各向异性呈正相关,但与重定向裂缝数呈负相关。针对这种拟稳态常数的实际应用及其桥接作用的具体体现,建立了具有裂缝重新定向的折射水平井的Blasingame型速率递减曲线。这些类型曲线直接有利于折射水平井储层性质和压裂参数的反演以及未来产能的预测。更重要的是,本研究有助于理解和加强伪稳态常数的作用和重要性,也有利于建立其他类似模型的新型速率下降曲线。
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引用次数: 2
Study on dynamic and static elastic moduli of shale oil by different loading methods 不同加载方式下页岩油动、静态弹性模量研究
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.uncres.2023.03.002
Huiyuan Bian , Fei Wang , Wenan Chen , Haiwen Wang

Experiments on the dynamic and static elastic parameters under distinct loading conditions help clarify the effects of loading rate and strain amplitude on dynamic and static elastic moduli, and gain further insight into the moduli. Significant scientific guidance are provided for fracturing transformation of oil shale reservoirs. AutoLab 1500, servo-controlled triaxial equipment with ultrasonic transducers, is used in an elastic parameter test on shale oil samples. The test concludes that the loading rate moves the dynamic elastic modulus little, with a maximum change rate of 0.8%, while it significantly affects the static elastic modulus by 31.7% at most. In the loading or unloading phase, the larger the initial differential stress (or strain), the higher the dynamic Young's modulus. The static elastic modulus, on the other hand, presents a significant negative correlation with the stress amplitude. To be specific, the smaller the strain amplitude, the higher the measured modulus; the larger the strain amplitude, the smaller the modulus. Given the loading rate, the smaller the differential stress, the smaller the difference between the dynamic and static elastic moduli. This study can provide a reference base for fracturing construction in oil shale.

不同加载条件下的动静态弹性参数实验有助于阐明加载速率和应变幅度对动静态弹性模量的影响,并进一步了解模量。为油页岩油藏的压裂改造提供了重要的科学指导。AutoLab1500是一种带超声波换能器的伺服控制三轴设备,用于页岩油样品的弹性参数测试。试验结果表明,加载速率对动弹性模量的影响较小,最大变化率为0.8%,而对静弹性模量的最大影响为31.7%。在加载或卸载阶段,初始微分应力(或应变)越大,动态杨氏模量就越高。另一方面,静态弹性模量与应力振幅呈显著负相关。具体地说,应变幅度越小,测得的模量就越高;应变幅度越大,模量越小。给定加载速率,差异应力越小,动态和静态弹性模量之间的差异就越小。本研究可为油页岩压裂施工提供参考依据。
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引用次数: 1
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