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Improving oil recovery rates in THAI in situ combustion process using pure oxygen 提高纯氧原位燃烧过程中原油的采收率
Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.upstre.2021.100032
Muhammad Rabiu Ado

In-situ-combustion-type processes such as the Toe-to-Heel Air Injection (THAI) process have been shown to have advantages over other thermal enhanced oil recovery processes. The THAI process uses in situ combustion to mobilise and upgrade bitumen or heavy oil within the reservoir. This study compares the effect of injecting pure oxygen instead of air on the performance of the THAI process. It is found that over the 833 days of the process time, an additional 3.85% of oil originally in place (OOIP) was recovered with injecting pure oxygen compared to with injecting air. It is found that as the combustion front advances, higher axial length fraction of the HP well is used for oil production. Observing the oil production rate distribution along the HP well, it is concluded that highest oil flow rate enters the HP well at the toe in both models. It has been shown that it is likely that gas production might have negatively affected the oil production when air is the injected fluid (i.e. in the air model).

与其他热强化采油工艺相比,原位燃烧型工艺(如趾到脚跟空气喷射(THAI)工艺)具有优势。THAI工艺使用原位燃烧来动员和升级储层中的沥青或重油。本研究比较了注入纯氧而不是空气对泰国工艺性能的影响。研究发现,在833天的工艺时间内,与注入空气相比,注入纯氧可额外回收3.85%的原始原地油(OOIP)。研究发现,随着燃烧前缘的推进,高压井的高轴长部分被用于采油。通过对高压井产油速率分布的观察,得出两种模型中进入高压井的最大产油速率均在井趾处。已经证明,当空气是注入流体时(即在空气模型中),气体产量可能会对石油产量产生负面影响。
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引用次数: 13
Design optimization of a novel screw conveyor based system to scoop oil sludge from floor of storage tanks 基于螺旋输送机的新型储罐底油泥铲取系统的优化设计
Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.upstre.2020.100029
Bhavesh Narayani , Santhosh Ravichandran , Prabhu Rajagopal

This paper presents the design optimization and testing of a novel screw conveyor based system to scoop crude oil sludge from the floor of oil storage tanks. This proposed new system consists of a screw conveyor mounted on a ‘C’ shaped casing with a bearing on both sides driven by a waterproof motor through a worm drive. A novel mathematical model is developed to help the design of a screw conveyor for a maximum amount of sludge scooping per turn, and numerical simulations are performed using computational fluid dynamics to visualize the flow of material particles in various possible designs of the system. The proposed mechanism was 3D printed, and laboratory tests were conducted to quantify the amount of sludge removal by the different designs of the screw. Optimized design of a mechanism screw with a radius ratio of 0.40 and a pitch ratio of 0.15 scoops up to a maximum of 5.88 kghr of material at 110 revmin.

本文介绍了一种基于螺旋输送机的新型储油罐底污泥铲取系统的设计、优化和试验。提出的新系统由安装在“C”形外壳上的螺旋输送机组成,两侧的轴承由防水电机通过蜗杆传动驱动。开发了一种新的数学模型来帮助设计螺旋输送机,以实现每圈最大污泥铲取量,并使用计算流体动力学进行数值模拟,以可视化物料颗粒在各种可能设计系统中的流动。提出的机制是3D打印的,并进行了实验室测试,以量化不同设计的螺杆去除污泥的量。优化设计了半径比为0.40、螺距比为0.15的机构螺杆,在转速为110转/分的情况下,最大可舀取5.88 kghr的物料。
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引用次数: 1
A hybrid model for the combined impact of non-Darcy flow, stimulated matrix permeability, and anomalous diffusion flow in the unconventional reservoirs 非常规储层中非达西流动、增产基质渗透率和异常扩散流综合影响的混合模型
Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.upstre.2020.100020
Salam Al-Rbeawi , Mohammed Hliyil Hafiz Al-Kaabi

A hybrid model for unconventional gas reservoirs that couples three different parameters is presented in this paper. The first is the anomalous diffusion in a fractal porous media. The second is the stimulated or induced matrix permeability in the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). The third is the non-Darcy flow permeability in the hydraulic fractures. This model is generated from the multi-linear flow model for fractal reservoirs controlled by diffusive flow mechanism with adjustment for fluid flux through hydraulic fracture face considering minimum fracture relative permeability (kmr) and non-Darcy flow Number (FND).

Pressure distributions, flow regimes, and reservoir performances have been investigated for three types of unconventional reservoirs. The first is formations with homogenous matrix permeability where petrophysical properties of stimulated and un-stimulated reservoir volume are the same. The second is fractal reservoirs with different petrophysical properties in the two volumes without considering normal or classic diffusion mechanism. The third is the fractal reservoirs where anomalous diffusive flow mechanism dominates fluid flow. A set of comparisons has been generated between the three types for better understand the impact of non-Darcy flow permeability and stimulated matrix permeability on reservoir performance under normal and anomalous diffusion flow mechanisms.

The outcomes of this study are: (1) Generating a new analytical model that describes pressure distribution in fractal unconventional reservoirs and couples non-Darcy flow, stimulated or induced matrix permeability with the anomalous diffusion in porous media. (2) Understanding the impact of these different parameters on reservoir performance. (3) Developing different models for all types of flow regimes that are expected to be observed during the entire production life. (4) Comparing the productivity index of reservoirs: having homogeneous matrix permeability, fractal with normal diffusion, and fractal with anomalous diffusion. The most interesting points in this study are: (1) Minimum fracture relative permeability (kmr) significantly enhances the productivity index by eliminating the impact of non-Darcy flow while non-Darcy flow number (FND) works conversely (2) Increasing stimulated matrix permeability enhances reservoir performance (3) The impact of non-Darcy flow permeability of hydraulic fractures is seen at early and intermediate production time where transient flow is dominant. (4) Two different trends are recognized for the impact of anomalous diffusion flow: the first is a positive impact on the transient flow period and the second is negative in the pseudo-steady state flow.

提出了一种三种不同参数耦合的非常规气藏混合模型。首先是分形多孔介质中的异常扩散。二是增产储层体积(SRV)中增产或诱导基质渗透率。三是水力裂缝中的非达西渗流渗透率。该模型由受扩散渗流机制控制的分形油藏多线性渗流模型建立,考虑裂缝最小相对渗透率(kmr)和非达西流动数(FND)对水力裂缝面流体通量进行调节。研究了三种非常规油藏的压力分布、流动状态和储层性能。第一种是基质渗透率均匀的地层,经过增产和未增产的储层体积的岩石物性相同。二是在不考虑正常扩散机制和经典扩散机制的情况下,两卷中岩石物性不同的分形储层。三是不规则扩散机制主导流体流动的分形储层。为了更好地理解非达西渗流渗透率和增产基质渗透率对正常和异常扩散渗流机制下储层性能的影响,对这三种类型进行了一组比较。研究成果如下:(1)建立了新的分形非常规储层压力分布分析模型,并将非达西渗流、受激或诱导基质渗透率与孔隙介质中的异常扩散耦合在一起。(2)了解不同参数对储层动态的影响。(3)针对在整个生产寿命期间可能观察到的所有类型的流型,开发不同的模型。(4)储层产能指标对比:基质渗透率均质、正常扩散分形、异常扩散分形。本研究最有趣的点是:(1)最小裂缝相对渗透率(kmr)通过消除非达西流的影响显著提高产能指标,而非达西流数(FND)则相反;(2)增加压裂基质渗透率可以提高储层性能;(3)水力裂缝非达西流渗透率的影响主要出现在以瞬态流动为主的生产早期和中期。(4)异常扩散流的影响有两种不同的趋势:第一种趋势是对瞬态流期的积极影响,第二种趋势是对准稳态流期的消极影响。
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引用次数: 2
Monitoring and surveillance of subsurface multiphase flow and well integrity 监测和监视地下多相流和井的完整性
Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.upstre.2020.100013
Abdulaziz Al-Qasim

With maturing oil fields, there is an increasing focus on improving the oil recovery factor and pushing the envelope towards a 70% target. This target is indeed very challenging and can be reached by fully understanding the reservoir characteristics before using an enhanced oil recovery method. These include reservoir heterogeneities, displacement efficiency, horizontal sweep, vertical sweep due to flow behind the casing, and the presence of conductive faults or fractures. Therefore, a proper surveillance should be performed to evaluate the injectant plume front, reservoir conformance, well connectivity, and the assessment of well integrity, which can be crucial for the success of the project and its future development.

This paper discusses a special downhole logging technique including a set of conventional multiphase sensors alongside high precision temperature (HPT) and high-definition spectral noise logging (SNL-HD). It was run for an injector and producer pair near the wellbore area to provide complete assessment of the integrity issues that might impair the lateral sweep of injectants into the target layer. The operation was carried out with a tool string that contained no mechanical parts and was not affected by downhole fluid properties. It was also conducted under both flowing and shut-in conditions to identify flow zones, to check fracture signatures and to provide multiphase fluid velocity profiles.

The results of the survey allowed for in-depth assessment of borehole and behind casing flow, confirming lateral continuity, and allow for better well planning and anticipation of possible loss of well integrity. Combining the behind casing flow assessment with borehole multiphase flow distribution can be used for production optimization by sealing unwanted water contributing zones that might impair production in the future.

随着油田的成熟,人们越来越关注提高采收率,并将其推向70%的目标。这一目标确实非常具有挑战性,在使用提高采收率的方法之前,可以通过充分了解储层特征来实现。这些因素包括储层非均质性、驱替效率、水平波及、套管后流动造成的垂直波及以及导电断层或裂缝的存在。因此,必须对注入液柱前缘、储层一致性、井连通性和井完整性进行适当的监测,这对项目的成功和未来的发展至关重要。本文讨论了一种特殊的井下测井技术,包括一套传统的多相传感器、高精度温度(HPT)和高分辨率频谱噪声测井(SNL-HD)。该工具在井筒附近的注入器和生产器对下入,以提供完整的完整性问题评估,这些问题可能会影响注入物进入目标层的横向扫描。该作业使用的工具柱不含机械部件,不受井下流体特性的影响。同时在流动和关井条件下进行了测试,以确定流动区域,检查裂缝特征,并提供多相流体速度分布图。调查结果可以对井眼和套管后流进行深入评估,确认横向连续性,并可以更好地进行井计划和预测可能出现的井完整性损失。将套管后流评价与井内多相流分布相结合,可以通过封堵可能影响未来生产的不需要的产水层来优化生产。
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引用次数: 2
Optimal locations for non-destructive inspections to verify direct assessment of internally corroded pipelines 非破坏性检查的最佳位置,以验证对内部腐蚀管道的直接评估
Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.upstre.2020.100008
Carlos Melo , Markus R. Dann , Ronald J. Hugo , Alberto Janeta

This paper introduces a method for risk-based inspection planning based on maximizing the value of information (VOI) to select optimal verification sites for validating the results of direct assessment (DA) of internally corroded pipelines. The proposed method improves existing industry practices for DA, which are not risk-based. The effect of different corrosion growth assumptions on the VOI and optimal inspection strategies is investigated. The results show that different corrosion growth assumptions lead to different optimal verification sites. They also demonstrate that the proposed model is effective at facilitating the selection of optimal verification sites and for improved decisions regarding maintenance actions for internally-corroded pipelines.

本文介绍了一种基于信息价值最大化的基于风险的检验规划方法,以选择最优验证点来验证内腐蚀管道直接评估结果。提出的方法改进了现有的数据处理行业实践,这些实践不是基于风险的。研究了不同腐蚀生长假设对VOI的影响以及最优检测策略。结果表明,不同的腐蚀生长假设导致不同的最优验证位置。它们还表明,所建议的模型在促进选择最佳核查地点和改进关于内部腐蚀管道维修行动的决定方面是有效的。
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引用次数: 8
Design of electrical submersible pumps in methane hydrate production wells: A case study in Nankai trough methane hydrates 甲烷水合物生产井电潜泵设计——以南开槽式甲烷水合物为例
Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.upstre.2020.100023
Sukru Merey , Hakki Aydin , Tuna Eren

Gas hydrate industry aims to conduct long-term gas hydrate production trials after gaining the experiences in short-term gas hydrate production trials. Electrical submersible pumps (ESP) were mostly chosen in gas hydrate production trials to depressurize gas hydrate reservoirs. However, there is a knowledge gap about the usage and design of ESP systems in gas hydrate wells. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to design ESP systems in methane hydrate production well in the conditions of Nankai Trough (Japan) methane hydrate reservoirs. For this purpose, a set of python codes was written to design ESP in the case study gas hydrate well and also HEP simulator was used to predict gas hydrate formation risks along the wellbore during gas production from methane hydrates via ESP production string. It was shown that high variances in water production rates (50–794 m3/day) affect the pump performance negatively, especially in the outside of suggested pump working flow rates. Moreover, pump efficiencies decrease from 70 s% to 20 s% in the outside of pump working flow rates due to huge variances in water flow rates during production. Different than conventional gas wells, the temperature rise generated by the motor is important to avoid any gas hydrate formation in gas hydrate well, which was affected by the operating frequency. Above 40 Hz of operating frequency, well temperature increases (nearly 0.65–1.75°C) by the motor with increasing frequency, which is good for the prohibition of gas hydrate formation in the well. In terms of pump power requirements, there is no difference of producing water at sea surface and releasing produced water to the seafloor. According to the methane hydrate equilibrium predictions in the wellbore during production with ESP, methane hydrate is not like to form in the design conditions. However, with ESP malfunction, methane hydrate might form inside the well due to increasing wellbore pressure and decreasing well temperature.

天然气水合物行业的目标是在积累短期天然气水合物生产试验经验的基础上,进行长期天然气水合物生产试验。在天然气水合物生产试验中,大多采用电潜泵(ESP)对天然气水合物储层进行降压。然而,在天然气水合物井中ESP系统的使用和设计方面存在知识空白。因此,本研究旨在针对日本南开海槽甲烷水合物储层条件下的甲烷水合物生产井设计电潜泵系统。为此,我们编写了一套python代码来设计天然气水合物井中的ESP,并使用HEP模拟器来预测甲烷水合物通过ESP生产管柱采气过程中沿井筒形成天然气水合物的风险。研究表明,产水量(50-794 m3/天)的较大差异会对泵的性能产生负面影响,特别是在建议的泵工作流量之外。此外,由于生产过程中水流量的巨大差异,泵的效率在泵工作流量外从70 s%下降到20 s%。与常规气井不同的是,在天然气水合物井中,电机产生的温升对于避免任何气体水合物的形成至关重要,而温升受操作频率的影响。在40 Hz工作频率以上,随着频率的增加,电机使井温升高(近0.65 ~ 1.75℃),有利于防止井内形成天然气水合物。在泵的功率要求上,海面采出水和将采出水排放到海底没有区别。根据ESP生产过程中井筒内甲烷水合物平衡预测,在设计条件下不容易形成甲烷水合物。然而,当ESP发生故障时,由于井筒压力升高、井温降低,可能会在井内形成甲烷水合物。
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引用次数: 6
Evaluation and optimization of water-salt based drilling fluids for slim-hole wells in one of Iranian central oil fields 伊朗某中部油田小井水盐基钻井液评价与优化
Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.upstre.2020.100010
Iman Jafarifar , Babak Karimi Dehkordi , Hassan Abbasi , Mahin Schaffie , Mohammad Ranjbar

Slim-hole drilling in oil and gas industry has been developed extensively in recent years. Drilling fluid, in addition to providing appropriate rheological properties should produce a low annular pressure loss (APL) gradient while drilling. During slim-hole drilling, drilling mud hydraulics is an important concern, because due to reduced annular clearance, pressure loss can occur in drill pipe and annulus considerably. In this research, water based drilling muds were selected for the experimental work due to its low price, simple preparation and easy access to the required water. The research includes development and testing of water-salt based fluids. In this study, sixty-five samples of fluids were analyzed for their rheological parameters, the were considered using three various case study gas field wellbore configurations 6 1/8, 5 7/8 and 4 1/8 inch for their calculate APL gradients. Each composition was evaluated by the Power-Law and Bingham Plastic models and results of both models were compared. Choose of optimum fluids is based on suitable rheological properties, minimum annular pressure losses and maximum fluid transport ratio. Also, the effect of high temperature (180°F) on frictional pressure losses was studied. For an optimal formulation at high temperature from a well with distinct configuration 6 1/8 inch had an APL gradient of 0.149 psi/ft compared to 0.176 psi/ft at atmospheric condition. It was found that effect of high temperature on drilling fluids behavior is affirmative. On the other hand, the observed effect of high temperature on Power-Law fluids greater than Bingham Plastic fluids. Fluids with xanthan, in spite of high cutting carrying capacity and due to high viscosity have exhibited high frictional pressure loss. However, for some fluids, the annular pressure loss increased at high temperature due to green starch fermentation.

近年来,小井眼钻井在油气工业中得到了广泛的发展。钻井液除了提供适当的流变特性外,还应在钻井时产生较低的环空压力损失(APL)梯度。在小井眼钻井过程中,钻井泥浆的水力学是一个重要的问题,因为由于环空间隙的减小,钻杆和环空的压力损失可能会很大。本研究选择水基钻井液作为实验材料,因为水基钻井液价格低廉,制备简单,且容易获得所需的水。这项研究包括开发和测试水盐基流体。在这项研究中,研究人员分析了65种流体样品的流变参数,并考虑了三种不同的案例研究气田井筒配置,分别为6 1/ 8,5 7/8和4 1/8英寸,以计算APL梯度。采用幂律模型和宾汉姆塑性模型对每种成分进行了评价,并对两种模型的结果进行了比较。最佳流体的选择是基于合适的流变特性、最小的环空压力损失和最大的流体输送比。同时,研究了高温(180°F)对摩擦压力损失的影响。对于具有不同配置的高温井而言,6 1/8英寸的APL梯度为0.149 psi/ft,而大气条件下的APL梯度为0.176 psi/ft。结果表明,高温对钻井液性能的影响是肯定的。另一方面,高温对幂律流体的影响大于宾汉姆塑性流体。尽管含有黄原胶的流体具有很高的切削承载能力,但由于其高粘度,其摩擦压力损失也很高。然而,对于某些液体,由于绿色淀粉的发酵,在高温下,环空压力损失增加。
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引用次数: 7
Effect of high temperature ageing on TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced drilling fluids: A rheological and filtration study 高温老化对TiO2纳米颗粒增强钻井液的影响:流变学和过滤研究
Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.upstre.2020.100019
Mukarram Beg, Pranav Kumar , Pratham Choudhary , Shivanjali Sharma

Design of drilling fluids is critical to the techno-economic success of drilling a petroleum well bore and the present study is a forward step in that direction. Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the thermal stability of drilling fluid properties is evaluated using two different mud systems based on polyanionic cellulose (PAC) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). Drilling fluids were subjected to high temperature rolling conditions at 110 °C and 30 rpm for 16 hours in order to simulate the wellbore environment using a roller oven. Due to 16 h long hot rolling, the API FL values for DFB (base mud), DFP3 (1.0 w/v% PAC) and DFH3 (1.0 w/v% HEC) increased by ~56%, ~18% and ~46% respectively; whereas in presence of 0.5 w/v% nanoparticles respective figures were ~28%, ~16% and ~25%. In case of DFP3, AV at 25 °C was reduced due to hot rolling by ~34% without nanoparticles and by only ~15% in presence of nanoparticles. For DFH3, the percentage reduction in AV at 25 °C due to ageing was ~24% which decreased to ~16% for DFHN (1.0 w/v% HEC and 0.5 w/v% TiO2). It was found that nanoparticles imparted resistance to thermal degradation in rheological and filtration characteristics of drilling fluids. Filter cakes were studied using scanning electron microscopy and showed nanoparticles scattered over the surface of filter cakes which were filling the micro and nano sized gaps in the porous structure of mud cake and reducing the filtration rate. This study shows that using TiO2 nanoparticles along with a conventional fluid loss reducer additive not only enhances the efficacy of that additive but also improves the thermal stability and rheological properties of mud systems.

钻井液的设计是石油钻井技术经济成功的关键,本研究是在这方面迈出的一步。采用聚阴离子纤维素(PAC)和羟乙基纤维素(HEC)两种不同的泥浆体系,评价了TiO2纳米颗粒对钻井液性能热稳定性的影响。为了模拟井筒环境,钻井液在110°C和30 rpm的高温条件下滚动16小时。经过16 h的长时间热轧,DFB(基泥)、DFP3 (1.0 w/v% PAC)和DFH3 (1.0 w/v% HEC)的API FL值分别提高了~56%、~18%和~46%;而存在0.5 w/v%的纳米颗粒,分别为~28%,~16%和~25%。对于DFP3,在25°C下,由于没有纳米颗粒的热轧,AV降低了~34%,而纳米颗粒的存在仅降低了~15%。对于DFH3,在25°C时由于老化导致的AV下降百分比为~24%,而对于DFHN (1.0 w/v% HEC和0.5 w/v% TiO2),由于老化导致的AV下降百分比为~16%。研究发现,纳米颗粒增强了钻井液流变和过滤特性的抗热降解能力。利用扫描电镜对滤饼进行了研究,发现滤饼表面散布着纳米颗粒,这些纳米颗粒填充了泥饼多孔结构中的微纳级空隙,降低了滤饼的过滤速率。该研究表明,将TiO2纳米颗粒与传统的降滤失剂添加剂一起使用,不仅可以提高添加剂的效果,还可以改善泥浆体系的热稳定性和流变性能。
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引用次数: 27
Heavy organic deposit comprehensive analysis and testing techniques 重有机质矿床综合分析测试技术
Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.upstre.2020.100021
Abdulaziz Al-Qasim, Fahad Almudairis, Mutaz Alsubhi

Formation damage resulting from organic and inorganic depositions, such as calcium carbonate, asphaltene and paraffin, is one of the most commonly encountered types of damage in the oil and gas industry. These depositions are usually associated with a decrease in crude productivity, accelerated failure of production equipment, such as electrical submersible pumps (ESPs), and less footage covered while running with production and flow profile logging tools. Therefore, formation damage and in particular organic deposits should be analyzed and complete testing should be performed to increase the productivity and ensure smooth operations.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis procedure for heavy organic sample deposits collected from wells located in one of the oilfields in Saudi Arabia. The samples were collected from different sources such as production logging tools, pulling out a failed ESP, and lowering completion equipment. The hydrocarbon phase was removed by organic solvent and the precipitated solid materials were collected for a lab analysis and solubility test. An identification and evaluation of the organic deposit compositions were investigated using SARA analysis and coreflood techniques. Organic solvents are used to replace the aromatic ones in order to minimize the toxicity and health concerns.

Several testing techniques were used for better understanding of the collected samples including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The TGA was used to determine the rate of thermal decomposition and measure and change in weight of the samples. Three temperatures were used, 180 °C, 550 °C, and 990 °C and the total weight loss values ranged from 19 to 66 wt% except for the oriental sample, which showed a 71%. The XRD was used to identify the complete structure of the samples and found that they are mainly carbonate of Calcite and Halite in which can be removed by acids like 15 wt% of HCI at reservoir conditions. A small fraction of dolomites, quartz, microcline, chlorite, and illite were identified as well. Static and dynamic solubility tests were performed with more solids observed in the static one. Two different soaking times: 3 and 24 h at both room temperature and 50 °C were implemented using 1:10 ratio of weight to solvent. The samples were found to be purely organic with between 20% and 60% asphaltene content. The performance of the solvents was negatively affected by the soaking time and better to be limited to 3–5 h.

由碳酸钙、沥青质和石蜡等有机和无机沉积引起的地层损害是油气行业中最常见的损害类型之一。这些沉积通常伴随着原油产量的下降,生产设备(如电潜泵(esp))的加速故障,以及使用生产和流量剖面测井工具时覆盖的进尺较少。因此,应该分析地层损害,特别是有机沉积,并进行完整的测试,以提高产能,确保顺利作业。本文介绍了在沙特阿拉伯某油田的井中采集的重质有机样品沉积物的综合分析方法。样品来自不同的来源,如生产测井工具、拔出故障的电潜泵和下放完井设备。用有机溶剂除去烃类相,并收集沉淀固体物质进行实验室分析和溶解度测试。利用SARA分析和岩心驱替技术对有机质沉积物组成进行了识别和评价。使用有机溶剂代替芳香族溶剂,以尽量减少毒性和健康问题。为了更好地了解所收集的样品,使用了几种测试技术,包括热重分析(TGA)和x射线衍射(XRD)。用热重分析仪测定样品的热分解速率,测定样品的重量变化。使用了180°C、550°C和990°C三种温度,总失重值从19%到66%不等,东方样品的失重值为71%。利用XRD对样品进行了完整的结构鉴定,发现样品主要为方解石和岩盐的碳酸盐,在储层条件下,其中的15 wt%的HCI可以被酸去除。少量白云岩、石英、微斜长石、绿泥石和伊利石也被发现。静态溶解度试验和动态溶解度试验在静态溶解度中观察到更多的固体。两种不同的浸泡时间:在室温和50℃下,以1:10的重量与溶剂的比例进行3和24 h。这些样品是纯有机的,沥青质含量在20%到60%之间。溶剂的性能受浸泡时间的不利影响,最好限制在3-5 h。
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引用次数: 2
Integrated approach for non-Darcy flow in hydraulic fractures considering different fracture geometries and reservoir characteristics 考虑不同裂缝几何形状和储层特征的水力裂缝非达西渗流综合方法
Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.upstre.2020.100011
Fadhil S. Kadhim , Salam Al-Rbeawi , Ghanim M. Farman

The motivation is eliminating the uncertainties in predicting reservoir performance, and reducing the errors in the reservoir characterization resulted by neglecting the impact of non-Darcy flow. In this study, an analytical multi-linear flow regimes model has been developed for pressure distribution in hydraulically fractured reservoirs and modified for the existence of non-Darcy flow by introducing the rate-dependent skin factor to the flow equations. This model is solved for different impacts of non-Darcy flow by assuming a constant flow rate and different non-Darcy flow coefficients. The effects of different cross-section areas of flow inside hydraulic fractures on the non-Darcy flow coefficient are considered in this study as well as different fracture conductivities. Reservoir configurations and petrophysical properties are also considered in calculating pressure distributions. Analytical models for hydraulic fracture linear flow regime, bi-linear flow regime, and boundary-dominated flow regime are developed based on pressure responses for different non-Darcy flow impact. Analytical models for transient and pseudo-steady state productivity indices are presented in this paper to demonstrate the impact of non-Darcy flow on these indices. The results of this study showed there are considerable effects of non-Darcy flow on reservoir performance and developed analytical mathematical models for recognized flow regimes which observed during reservoir production period. Additionally, results illustrated the reservoir configurations and petrophysical properties may not have significant contribution in developing non-Darcy flow. Finally, the productivity index has been sharply declined for later production time. Meanwhile, it is constant for high rate-dependent skin factors at the early time of production.

其动机是消除预测储层动态的不确定性,减少由于忽略非达西流动的影响而导致的储层表征误差。在本研究中,建立了水力压裂油藏压力分布的解析型多线性流动模型,并通过在流动方程中引入与速率相关的表皮因子来修正非达西流动的存在。该模型通过假设一定的流量和不同的非达西流系数来求解不同的非达西流影响。本研究考虑了水力裂缝内不同流动截面面积对非达西流动系数的影响以及不同的裂缝导流性。在计算压力分布时还考虑了储层结构和岩石物理性质。基于不同非达西流冲击的压力响应,建立了水力裂缝线性流型、双线性流型和边界主导流型的分析模型。本文提出了暂态和拟稳态产能指标的分析模型,以证明非达西流动对这些指标的影响。研究结果表明,非达西流动对储层性能有相当大的影响,并为油藏生产期间观察到的公认流动模式建立了分析数学模型。此外,研究结果表明,储层结构和岩石物性对非达西流的开发可能没有太大的贡献。最后,生产后期的生产率指数急剧下降。同时,在生产初期,高速率依赖的表皮因子是恒定的。
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引用次数: 1
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Upstream Oil and Gas Technology
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