Upstream Oil and Gas Technology最新文献

This work reports on the synthesis of allyl-activated carbon modified with polyacrylic and then aminated by melamine. The obtained melamine-modified polyacrylic grafted activated carbon (C-g-AM) was then characterized for structural and morphological properties. The synthesized C-g-AM was characterized by several tools. This was followed by an evaluation of the inhibitive ability of the material by performing various inhibition tests, including shale recovery, anti-swelling, and immersion tests. 2 wt% C-g-AM effectively decreased water invasion into shale, because the combination of activated carbon as a core-center particle with the melamine–polyacrylic acid component is absorbed on clay surface through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions.

Production of wax associated light crude is quite difficult as the pressure drops from the reservoir to production facility are quite large. This often leads to the precipitation and deposition of common organic solids (wax). These solids may deposit on surfaces, collect in low-energy regions or increase the effective viscosity of the flowing fluid. The two types of wax crystal studied which are microcrystalline and macro crystalline waxes. Microcrystalline waxes (naphthene or isoparaffinic) are produced by de-oiling of petroleum. Macrocrystalline waxes (Paraffins) consists of long straight chain saturated hydrocarbons (linear alkanes). Proper knowledge of wax crystal type would help in understanding fluid flow dynamics and simulate it accordingly. It also helps in prevent blockage and select an effective wax inhibitor in the treatment of wax precipitation and deposition. Therefore, its necessary to analyze the behavior and property of waxy crude. The current study determines different physical & microscopic properties along with the chemical composition of the crude sample obtained from Cambay Basin. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to identify chemical component with its composition. The behavior of the crudes is studied in static and dynamic conditions with different temperatures and shear rates. The crude oil shows a decrease in viscosity with increasing temperature and shear rate. The paperwork also investigates the use of Cross-Polarized Microscopy (CPM) to determine whether crude oil shows microcrystalline or macrocrystalline wax behavior.

Water-based mud (WBM) is an environmentally acceptable drilling fluid. However, it makes shale to be prone to swelling owing to its interaction with active clays. Shale swelling makes drilling to be difficult, so, additives are added to inhibit shale swelling, and improve rheological and filtration properties. The use of conventional additives particularly organic and inorganic compounds are not suitable at extreme conditions of drilling. Other materials like nanomaterials have emerged as promising alternatives used under such conditions. This review aims to highlight in detail the essential types of inhibitors and the evolvement of nanoparticles in enhancing drilling fluid properties.

Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is a thermodynamic inhibitor of gas hydrate formation used in the oil industry. Regeneration of MEG for reinjection in wells is necessary to minimize operating costs due to the large amounts of this additive employed. However, this scenario favors the precipitation of inorganic salts from the produced water, mainly calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). This work is devoted to evaluating the CaCO₃ precipitation in water + MEG mixtures (0–50 vol.% MEG) at different concentrations of reacting salts (0.01–0.1 mol L⁻¹) and temperatures (25–60 °C). The focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) technique was used for inline monitoring of chord length and CaCO₃ particles distribution in the suspension for 60 min. Optical microscopy was used to understand the particle precipitation phenomena. FBRM results show that the size distribution and the number of CaCO₃ particles in the aqueous solution vary with time, temperature, reacting salts, and MEG concentrations. The higher the salt concentration, the larger both the size and number of precipitated chords. Temperature expressively affects salt precipitation. For a given concentration of MEG, the enhancement in temperature favors the increase in the amount and size of chords. Specifically, for 10% v/v of MEG solutions, the particle size increases from 8.0 ± 0.5 μm (at 25 °C) to 20.4 ± 2.1 μm (at 60 °C). Additionally, at 30% v/v of MEG in the solution, the particle size increases from 5.4 ± 0.4 μm (at 25 °C) to 15.5 ± 0.2 μm (at 60 °C). These outcomes are related to the reduction in CaCO₃ solubility and the improvement in MEG viscosity with temperature. Optical microscopy measurements corroborate the FBRM data, thus demonstrating the influence of the parameters MEG concentration, ionic concentration, and temperature have on the number and size of precipitated carbonate crystals.

Essential oils of medicinal and aromatic plants have been known to possess inherent anti-microbial properties. In the present study field application of lemongrass essential oil (hydrosol form) was undertaken as substitute to conventionally used synthetic bactericides in an Oil Collecting Station located in Assam, India. Results obtained during the course of the three-month long field assessment has successfully demonstrated that Lemongrass essential oil (hydrosol form) can be used as a bactericide to arrest growth of harmful corrosion causing sulphate reducing bacteria in produced water co-produced with oil and gas during the primary processing of crude at the Oil Collecting Station.

Applications of nanoparticles (NPs) in petroleum drilling are the state-of-the art for nanotechnology and petroleum technology. Highlighting the role of iron oxide NPs as an additive and substitute to commercial additives, the research aims in formulation of a novel nano based drilling fluid (NDF) by meticulously studying the rheological and filtration properties. The research emphasizes on two perspectives of high cost of NPs and enhancement of properties of drilling fluid with maximum feasibility to explore the reservoirs of Upper Assam basins. Chemical reduction method was employed for synthesizing iron oxide NPs and characterized by ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer and particle size analyzer. Rheological and filtration properties of the NDF were conducted by addition of iron oxide NPs from 5 wt% to 40 wt%. The research presents the formulation of a smart drilling fluid using NPs as a sole additive replacing other commercial ones. NDF, so far has not been used in the reservoirs of Upper Assam Basins owing to economic factors and real-time feasibility. Apart from unleashing the various reasons for compatibility of NDF in such reservoirs, the research also highlights the practical limitations encountered during mud formulation and field use.

This study presents two independent methodologies for estimation of original gas in place (OGIP) by production dynamics diagnostic of gas-condensate reservoir with no-flow outer boundary based on black-oil concept. Classic Blasingame decline-type curves are also extended to apply in gas-condensate reservoir to calculate kh. Both numerically simulated case and field data are used to demonstrate the applicability and validity of proposed methodologies.

One method develops a novel analytical model to obtain average reservoir pressure, OGIP and Diatz shape factor at the same time by coupling flow equation of gas-condensate reservoir for boundary dominated flow (BDF) and general material balance equation (GMBE). The two-phase variable-rate flow equation at late time for BDF is clearly and concisely derived in this study in terms of defined two-phase pseodopressure and two-phase material balance pseudotime. In addition, another innovative, simple and effective method for estimation of OGIP is proposed in this study requiring input data of only cumulative production of well and reservoir fluid PVT characteristics of Constant Volume Depletion (CVD) experiment. The fundamental concept of this method suggests that transient cumulative production GOR is determined by only current gas recovery degree and fluid PVT characteristics of the reservoir. Due to the accurate, simple and relaxed data-requiring nature of this method, widespread use in field to estimate OGIP of gas-condensate reservoir is potentially encouraging. On the contrary, if OGIP is already known, an intermediate equation of the method can also be applied to check accuracy of CVD experiment results from laboratory.

The first methodology extends OGIP estimation to gas-condensate reservoir from Blasingame and Lee (1988)’s method for dry-gas reservoir. Often used two-phase z factor, which is inconvenient to evaluate and easy to yield error, for gas-condensate reservoir in material balance equation is avoided in this methodology by applying more analytical and accurate Walsh et al. (1994)’s GMBE instead. The second methodology, to the authors’ knowledge, is the first proposed allowing OGIP estimation of gas condensate reservoir without requiring bottom hole flowing pressure (BHFP), pressure tests and complex calculation.

To convert the hazardous oil-based mud waste into a resource, this study has addressed reclaimed nanoclays and its application as a filler material for reinforcing polyamide 6 polymer matrix into a novel polymer composite material. This work focuses on the synergistic effect of complex mixture of various clay minerals reclaimed from oil-based mud waste on different mechanical properties in polyamide-6 (PA6)/oil-based mud fillers (OBMFs) nanocomposites. PA6/OBMFs nanocomposites were manufactured through the melt compounding of OBMFs with PA6 in a twin-screw extruder followed by injection moulding.

The study shows significant improvement for mechanical properties. For instance, the tensile properties increased with the incremental loadings of OBMFs in PA6 matrix. The Young's moduli were increased by 42% and 35% in PA6 with 7.5 and 10 wt% OBMFs nanocomposites respectively whereas the tensile strengths were increased by 24% and 16% in PA6 with 7.5 and 10 wt% OBMFs nanocomposites respectively. The flexural strength increased by 26% with the addition of OBMFs from 0 to 10 wt% in PA6. The storage modulus of the nanocomposite containing 10 wt% OBMFs was 16% higher than the storage modulus of neat PA6 at 30 °C, whereas at 60 °C (glass transition temperature, T_g of neat PA6) the storage modulus of PA6 with 10 wt% OBMFs was 56% higher than that of neat PA6. The study shows that the oil-based mud waste can be appropriately management to develop a new raw materials resource for polymer technology.