Infectious disorders drug targets最新文献

Introduction: Effective disease control and prevention are central to global public health, especially amid increasing chronic diseases, re-emerging infectious threats, and socioeconomic disparities. This systematic review aims to identify and synthesize key strategies that contribute to improved disease management outcomes worldwide.

Methods: This systematic review was conducted using the keywords "disease management," "disease prevention," "public health strategies," "surveillance," "vaccination," "vector control," and "social determinants of health (SDOH)" in electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2001 to 2024. The search strategy was based on the PRISMA statement, and the research question was designed and formulated using the PICO framework. Twenty-two articles were selected for inclusion in the study.

Results: Enhanced surveillance systems enable timely outbreak detection and inform public health responses. Vaccination strategies, including mobile units and public awareness campaigns, significantly improve coverage, especially in underserved areas. Environmental sanitation through WASH programs reduces disease transmission. Vector control using Integrated Vector Management has proven effective in controlling malaria and dengue. Addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) through targeted policies reduces health inequities. The One Health approach promotes cross-sector collaboration for controlling zoonotic diseases.

Discussion: Findings highlight the importance of combining epidemiological tools, community engagement, policy reform, and intersectoral collaboration. Socioeconomic and environmental contexts significantly influence health outcomes and the success of interventions.

Conclusion: A multifaceted, integrated strategy is crucial for effective disease prevention and control. Public health systems must prioritize surveillance, vaccination, sanitation, equity-oriented policies, and cross-sectoral collaboration to improve global health resilience and reduce disparities.

Monkeypox (Mpox) has become a significant global health concern, particularly since 2022. It has spread rapidly to numerous locations, and we urgently need to learn more about it. This overview discusses what Mpox is, how it spreads, its effects on people, and the medications that can be used to assist. Between January 2022 and March 2025, approximately 129,523 people were in-fected with Mpox in 120 countries. This demonstrates that HPV has progressed from being passed down from animals to being transmitted between people, including through intimate touch, as in some sexual interactions. Scientists discovered significant alterations in the virus that could help it adapt to people. Currently, we do not have many therapy alternatives. However, certain medications, such as tecovirimat and cidofovir, as well as specific vaccines (such as MVA-BN), can aid in recovery. When administered promptly after exposure, the vaccine is extremely effective in protecting peo-ple. This review emphasizes the importance of detecting Mpox early, monitoring the virus's evolu-tion, and ensuring that people, particularly those who are more susceptible to illness, are immunized. A One Health strategy, which encompasses the care of humans, animals, and the environment in a unified approach, is crucial to preventing future outbreaks. To keep everyone safe, we must prepare for and strengthen our response to Mpox.

Mitochondria are the cellular powerhouses and are considered to be central to energy metabolism, dynamics, and homeostasis. There is growing evidence that the gut microbiome regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics (fission, fusion, mitoph-agy), and bioenergetics, and that it does so by connecting bacterial metabolites and signaling molecules. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that underlie the interplay between bacteria and mitochondria, with a particular focus on the modulation of mitochondrial activities by microbial products, including bile acids, immunological mediators, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The evolutionary relationship between bacteria and mitochondria is explored, along with the implications of microbial dysbio-sis on mitochondrial dysfunction, which is linked to a variety of inflammatory, meta-bolic, and neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, we emphasised the therapeutic potential of focusing on the microbiota to treat illnesses associated with the mitochon-dria and to restore mitochondrial health. A better understanding of the complex rela-tionship between bacteria and mitochondria can open up new avenues for disease man-agement and novel treatment possibilities.

Introduction: Toxoplasma infection is highly prevalent among patients with different autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis patients. Pyrimethamine is an antiparasitic medication that has a variable treatment response in Toxoplasma-infected patients. This study investigates the demographic, biochemical, and genetic factors influencing the response to pyrimethamine treatment in Toxoplasma gondii-infected psoriasis patients.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of 73 patients diagnosed with toxoplasmosis. Demographic characteristics, biochemical lab results, and the serum levels of TNF-α detected by ELISA, and MicroRNA-155 expression were analyzed using real-time PCR with the 2ΔΔCt method.

Results: Total cholesterol and bilirubin levels were higher in patients with good responses compared to those in the poor response group, while other biochemical parameters did not exhibit any statistically significant differences. Neither MicroRNA-155 expression nor serum TNF-α levels were found to be significantly associated with treatment response. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess predictors of treatment response to pyrimethamine.

Conclusion: Biochemical markers play a role in determining the response to pyrimethamine treatment; however, other factors may also contribute. Future research should focus on larger longitudinal studies to validate these findings and explore additional biomarkers.

Introduction: Over the past four years, SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 have become global health crises, spurring extensive research on virus behavior, complications, and treatments. The virus interacts with a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), altering inflammatory, hyper-trophic, and hemodynamic responses via binding to ACE2 found in organs like the heart, lungs, and kidneys.

Objective: This review explores the RAS-COVID-19 interplay, focusing on key molecules like ACE2, Ang-(1-7), and Ang-(1-9), influencing susceptibility, severity, and treatments. It seeks to clar-ify ACE2's dual role in viral entry and protection and assess the therapeutic potential of balancing Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9) to prevent disease progression and related complications.

Methods: Studies were chosen through a systematic search in databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria were centered on peer-reviewed research that explored the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and important RAS molecules, including ACE2, Ang-(1-7), and Ang-(1-9), seeking information on therapies, severity, and susceptibility. Non-peer-reviewed ar-ticles and those lacking focus on RAS-COVID-19 interplay were excluded. Titles and abstracts were screened, followed by full-text assessment and data extraction for analysis Results: Some studies indicate that the peptides Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9) could provide protective effects against heart-related complications by counteracting the harmful impacts of the angiotensin II pathway, which is often exacerbated by SARS-CoV-2. Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9) are recognized for promoting vasodilation, reducing inflammation, and preventing fibrosis, which can mitigate the heart damage typically associated with COVID-19.

Discussion: ACE2, a component of the non-canonical RAS, is closely linked to SARS-CoV-2 and plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(1-7) are produced by ACE2 and have demonstrated positive cardiovascular effects. In the context of COVID-19, Ang-(1-7) has shown protective effects in preclinical studies and clinical trials; however, more evidence is needed to support this effect.

Conclusion: Further research, including clinical trials, is vital to understand and develop precise therapies for COVID-19 and similar infectious diseases.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health concern and a leading cause of death world-wide. The emergence of drug-resistant TB strains poses a significant threat to public health and is contributing to the growing rate of TB infections globally. Therefore, it is crucial to explore new and safe drugs for TB treatment. Despite significant progress in developing new drugs, many ex-isting treatments and prevention strategies for TB do not achieve the desired positive health out-comes for various reasons. Small-molecule treatments can potentially address drug resistance and provide opportunities for multimodal therapy. This review focuses on recent advancements in un-derstanding the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the mechanisms of flavonoids in antimycobacterial properties. Given the urgent need for new antimycobacterial agents to enhance the effectiveness of current drugs, investigating flavonoids as potential candidates is promising. Evidence suggests that specific structural characteristics in flavonoids play a significant role in their antimycobacterial effects, among other pharmacological activities. Flavonoids can act through various mechanisms, such as disrupting bacterial cell membranes or inhibiting the produc-tion of essential cellular components like DNA. These findings may prompt further research to enhance our understanding of how flavonoids combat tuberculosis, potentially establishing their importance as key compounds in treating the disease.

Introduction: Vulvar cancer, a rare malignancy of the female genital tract, accounts for approximately 4% of all gynaecological cancers. Among vulvar malignancies, Squamous Cell Car-cinoma (SCC) constitutes about 90% of the cases, frequently arising from precursor lesions, such as Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN). This case report describes an unusual presentation of both premalignant and malignant vulvar lesions in a postmenopausal, post-hysterectomized woman, high-lighting diffuse p16 positivity on immunohistochemistry. This finding underscores the potential role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of vulvar SCC.

Case report: A 73-year-old multiparous, post-menopausal woman presented with a five-month his-tory of vulvar growth accompanied by intense vulval itching and vaginal discharge. Initially referred by the dermatology department as a case of condyloma acuminatum for gynaecological evaluation, her local examination revealed three distinct lesions on the vulva: an exophytic, cauliflower-like warty lesion on the left labia majora; a blackish, pigmented maculopapular lesion on the right labia majora; and a friable, warty lesion over the clitoris extending beneath the clitoral hood. A wide local excision was performed, and histopathological examination of the left and right labial growths indi-cated VIN Grade 3. The biopsy from the clitoral lesion revealed features of SCC. Immunohistochem-ical analysis demonstrated diffuse p16 positivity in the tumor cells of the clitoral lesion, supporting an HPV-associated etiology. Subsequently, the patient underwent a modified radical vulvectomy with bilateral lymphadenectomy. Histopathological findings confirmed SCC of the vulva, staged as IB, with no lymph node involvement.

Conclusion: This case emphasizes the diverse presentation of vulvar lesions and the critical role of HPV in vulvar carcinogenesis, particularly in postmenopausal women.

Background: Persistent bacteremia, despite the susceptibility of the causative organism to appropriate antimicrobial therapy, presents a major clinical challenge. In such cases, early identifica-tion and control of the infectious source are essential to prevent complications and reduce mortality.

Case presentation: We report the case of a 59-year-old woman with persistent Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) bacteremia following spinal surgery. Despite multiple days of in-travenous antibiotic therapy, her blood cultures remained positive for MRSA. A tagged white blood cell (Technetium-99) scan revealed an abscess in the right sacroiliac joint. Surgical drainage of the abscess led to clinical improvement and resolution of bacteremia. Interestingly, cultures of the ab-scess fluid grew Enterococcus faecalis rather than MRSA.

Discussion: This case underscores the importance of early source control in the management of per-sistent bacteremia. Even when the pathogen isolated from the presumed source differs from that in the bloodstream, drainage can play a critical role in resolving systemic infection.

Conclusion: Early source control should be pursued in persistent bacteremia, regardless of initial culture results. Imaging studies may assist in locating occult sources, and successful drainage may contribute to clinical improvement even when the primary bloodstream pathogen is not isolated from the source.

Background: There are several diagnostic techniques for detecting Helicobacter pylori, the most common of which are upper GI endoscopic biopsies and stool specimens as optimal sam-ples. The goal of this study was to detect and compare H. pylori infection using the following tech-niques: rapid urease test (RUT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, histopathology, and stool antigen test (SAT), as well as to assess their validity in detecting H. pylori infection.

Methodology: Patients with dyspepsia who presented to the Department of Gastroenterology's Out-patient Department and In-Patient Department between September 2021 and December 2022 were screened (Rome IV criteria). Endoscopy was used to diagnose and recruit patients with Functional dyspepsia (FD) and Peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Each biopsy sample was subjected to a battery of microbiological testing. Patients were considered infected with H. pylori if any three of five tests were found to be positive. The outcomes of all diagnostic modalities were documented and analysed.

Results: A total of 171 patients were enrolled; the majority of them were male (62.60%), with a median age of 43 years. In 120 cases (70.18%), H. pylori was identified. The RUT showed the following results: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy: 91.67%, 74.51%, 89.43%, 79.17%, and 86.55%; PCR (ureC gene): 91.67%, 100%, 100%, 83.61%, and 94.15%; Histopathology: 61.67%, 100%, 100%, 52.58%, and 73.10%; and SAT: 87.50%, 94.12%, 97.22%, 76.19%, and 89.47%, respectively.

Conclusion: The present study sheds light on the various diagnostic modalities and their efficacy in detecting H. pylori infection. Since several diagnostics are available for detecting H. pylori infec-tion, the question of which method to use arises. Thus, the sensitivity, specificity, availability, ra-pidity in obtaining results, and availability of the test, with added value such as detection of patho-genic qualities, must all be considered.

Aims: This research aims to develop an advanced deep-learning framework for detecting respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, pneumonia, and tuberculosis (TB), using chest X-ray scans.

Methods: A Deep Neural Network (DNN)-based system was developed to analyze medical images and extract key features from chest X-rays. The system leverages various DNN learning algorithms to study X-ray scan color, curve, and edge-based features. The Adam optimizer is employed to minimize error rates and enhance model training.

Results: A dataset of 1800 chest X-ray images, consisting of COVID-19, pneumonia, TB, and typical cases, was evaluated across multiple DNN models. The highest accuracy was achieved using the VGG19 model. The proposed system demonstrated an accuracy of 94.72%, with a sensitivity of 92.73%, a specificity of 96.68%, and an F1-score of 94.66%. The error rate was 5.28% when trained with 80% of the dataset and tested on 20%. The VGG19 model showed significant accuracy improvements of 32.69%, 36.65%, 42.16%, and 8.1% over AlexNet, GoogleNet, InceptionV3, and VGG16, respectively. The prediction time was also remarkably low, ranging between 3 and 5 seconds.

Conclusion: The proposed deep learning model efficiently detects respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, pneumonia, and TB, within seconds. The method ensures high reliability and efficiency by optimizing feature extraction and maintaining system complexity, making it a valuable tool for clinicians in rapid disease diagnosis.